Chapter DXXIII: Section 63: of this latter act reads: 'For all purposes (2)

During the wars of the French in Algeria, there arose a body
of soldiers "who, both in the campaign in Algeria and in the
contest in the Crimea, have acquired the very highest renown.
The name of the Zouaves will never be forgotten as long as the
story of the siege of Sebastopol endures. … They were
originally intended to be regiments composed of Frenchmen who
had settled in Algeria, or their descendants; but the
intermixture of foreigners in their ranks ere long became so
considerable, that when they were transported to the shores of
the Crimea, though the majority were French, they were rather
an aggregate of the 'Dare-devils' of all nations. In their
ranks at Sebastopol were some that held Oxford degrees, many
those of Göttingen and Paris, crowds who had been ruined at
the gaming-table, not a few who had fled from justice, or
sought escape from the consequences of an amorous adventure.
Yet had this motley crowd, composed of the most daring and
reckless of all nations, become, in the rude school of the
wars in Algeria, an incomparable body of soldiers, second to
none in the world in every military duty, perhaps superior to
any in the vehemence and rush of an assault."

_Sir A. Alison,
History of Europe, 1815-1852,
chapter 45._

ZÜLPICH, Battle of (A. D. 496).

See ALEMANNI: A. D. 496-504;
also FRANKS: A. D. 481-511.

ZULUS, AMAZULU. The Zulu War.

See SOUTH AFRICA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS:
and SOUTH AFRICA, A. D. 1877-1879.

ZUÑI.

See AMERICA, PREHISTORIC;
also AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ZUÑIAN FAMILY, and PUEBLOS.

ZURICH: A. D. 1519-1524.
Beginning of the Swiss Reformation, under Zwingli.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1519-1524;
and SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.

ZURICH: A. D. 1799.
Battle of French and Russians.
Carnage in the city.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

ZURICH, Treaty of (1859).

See ITALY: A. D. 1859-1861.

ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1572.
Massacre by the Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1572-1573.

ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1586.
Battle of English and Spaniards.
Death of Sir Philip Sidney.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1585-1586.

ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1591.
Capture by Prince Maurice.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1588-1593.

ZUYDERZEE, Naval battle on the (1573).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1573-1574.

ZWINGLI, and the Swiss Reformation.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1519-1524;
and SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.

ZYP, Battle of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).

{3669}

SUPPLEMENT.

This Supplement contains:

1. Some passages translated from German and French writings,
touching matters less competently treated in the body of the
work, where the compilation is restricted to "the literature
of history in the English language," either originally or in
published translations.

2. Some postscripts on recent events, and some excerpts from
recent books.

3. Treatment of some topics that were omitted from their
places in the body of the work, either intentionally or by
accident, and which it seems best to include.

4. Some cross-references needed to complete the
subject-indexing of the work throughout.

5. A complete series of chronological tables, by centuries.

6. A series of dynastic genealogies, in a form different from
the usual plan of their construction, and which, it is hoped,
may be found more easily intelligible.

7. Select bibliographies, partly annotated, of several of the
more important fields of history.

8. A full list of the works quoted from in this compilation of
"History for Ready Reference and Topical Reading," with the
names of the publishers.

The selections and translations from the German, excepting
Bismarck's speeches, have been made by Ernest F. Henderson,
A. M., Ph. D., author of "A History of Germany in the Middle
Ages." Mr. Henderson has also prepared and annotated the
bibliography of German and French writings.

---------- A --------

ABELARD AND THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL (page 692).

ABHORRERS.

Charles II. and his court, in England, were troubled about
1680 with numerous petitions for the calling of parliament.
"As the king found no law by which he could punish those
importunate, and, as he deemed them, undutiful solicitations,
he was obliged to encounter them by popular applications of a
contrary tendency. Wherever the church and court party
prevailed, addresses were framed, containing expressions of
the highest regard to his majesty, the most entire
acquiescence in his wisdom, the most dutiful submission to his
prerogative, and the deepest abhorrence of those who
endeavoured to encroach upon it, by prescribing to him any
time for assembling the parliament. Thus the nation came to be
distinguished into 'petitioners' and 'abhorrers.'"

_D. Hume,
History of England,
chapter 68._

ACCAD. ACCADIANS.

See SEMITES: PRIMITIVE BABYLONIA (page 2888).

ADAIS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ADAIS (page 77).

ADAMS, John Quincy.
His defense of the right of petition.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1842 (page 3378).

ADELBERT COLLEGE.

See EDUCATION (page 743).

ADMIRALTY LAW, History of.

See LAW (page 1955).

ADVENTURERS, Merchant.

See MERCHANT ADVENTURERS (page 2153).

----------AFRICA: Start--------

AFRICA.
A chronological record of European Exploration,
Missionary Settlement, Colonization and Occupation.

AFRICA: 1415.
Conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese.

AFRICA: 1434-1461.
Portuguese explorations down the western coast, from Cape
Bojador to Cape Mesurado, in Liberia, under the direction of
Prince Henry, called the Navigator.

AFRICA: 1442.
First African slaves brought into Europe by one
of the ships of the Portuguese-Prince Henry.

AFRICA: 1471-1482.
Portuguese explorations carried beyond the Guinea Coast,
and to the Gold Coast, where the first settlement was
established, at El Mina.

AFRICA: 1482.
Discovery of the mouth of the Zaire or Congo by the
Portuguese explorer, Diogo Cao, or Diego Cam.

AFRICA: 1485-1596.
Establishment of Roman Catholic missions on the western coast,
and creation, by Pope Clement VIII., of the diocese of Mbazi
(San Salvador), embracing Congo, Angola and Benguela.

AFRICA: 1486.
Unconscious rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by
Bartholomew Diaz.

AFRICA: 1490-1527.
Visit to Abyssinia of Pedro da Covilhão, or Covilham,
the Portuguese explorer.

AFRICA: 1497.
Voyage of Vasco da Gama round the Cape of Good Hope to India.

{3670}

AFRICA: 1505-1508.
Portuguese settlements and fortified stations' established on
the eastern coast, from Sofala to Zanzibar.

AFRICA: 1506.
Discovery of Madagascar by the Portuguese.

AFRICA: 1520-1527.
Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia, narrated by Father Alvarez.

AFRICA: 1552-1553.
Beginning of English voyages to the Guinea and Gold Coasts.

AFRICA: 1560.
French trading to the Senegal and Gambia begun.

AFRICA: 1562.
First slave-trading voyage of Sir John Hawkins to the Guinea
Coast.

AFRICA: 1569.
Expedition of Barreto up the Zambesi from its mouth to Sena
and beyond.

AFRICA: 1578.
Founding of St. Paul de Loando, the capital of the Portuguese
possessions on the west coast.

AFRICA: 1582 (about).
Founding of the French post, St. Louis, at the mouth of the
Senegal.

AFRICA: 1588.
First (English) African Company chartered by Queen Elizabeth.

AFRICA: 1595.
Opening of trade on the western coast by the Dutch.

AFRICA: 1618-1621.
Exploration of the River Gambia by George Thompson and Captain
Richard Jobson, for the Royal Niger Company of England.

AFRICA: 1625.
Jesuit mission of Father Lobo and his companions to Abyssinia.

AFRICA: 1637.
Visit of Claude Jannequin, Sieur de Rochfort, to the River
Senegal.

AFRICA: 1644.
Fort Dauphin founded by the French in the island of Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1652.
Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope.

AFRICA: 1662.
British African Company chartered by Charles II.
and fort built on the Gambia.

AFRICA: 1664-1684.
Wars of France with the Algerines.

AFRICA: 1681-1683.
Brandenburg African Company formed by "the Great Elector";
settlements established and trade opened on the western coast.

AFRICA: 1694-1724.
Explorations of the River Senegal and interior by André Brue,
the French governor, for the Royal Senegal Company.

AFRICA: 1698.
Arab conquests from the Portuguese on the eastern coast,
breaking their ascendancy.

AFRICA: 1702-1717.
Captivity of Robert Drury in Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1723.
Exploration of the Gambia by Captain Bartholomew Stibbs, for
the English Royal African Company.

AFRICA: 1736.
Moravian Mission planted on the Gold Coast.

AFRICA: 1737.
Moravian Mission planted by George Schmidt among the
Hottentots; suppressed by the Dutch government in 1744, and
revived in 1792.

AFRICA: 1754.
Substantial beginning of the domination in Madagascar of the
Hovas, a people of Malay origin.

AFRICA: 1758.
British conquest of the French establishments on the Senegal.

AFRICA: 1761-1762.
Dutch expedition from Cape Colony beyond the Orange River into
Namaqualand.

AFRICA: 1768-1763.
Journey of James Bruce to the fountains of the Blue Nile in
Abyssinia.

AFRICA: 1774.
Founding of a French colony in Madagascar by Count Benyowsky.

AFRICA: 1775-1776.
Explorations of Andrew Sparrman from Cape Town to Great Fish
River.

AFRICA: 1778.
Cession by Portugal to Spain of the island of Fernando Po.

AFRICA: 1779.
Recovery of Senegal from the English by the French.

AFRICA: 1781-1785.
Travels of M. Le Vaillant from the Cape of Good Hope into the
interior of South Africa, among the Hottentots and Kafirs.

AFRICA: 1787.
Founding of the English settlement for freed slaves at Sierra
Leone.

AFRICA: 1788.
Formation of the African Association in England, under the
presidency of Sir Joseph Banks, for systematic exploration in
the interest of geographical science.

AFRICA: 1789-1794.
Fruitless attempts by agents of the African Association to
reach the Niger and Timbuctoo from the west coast and from the
Nile.

AFRICA: 1795.
The Cape Colony taken from the Dutch by the English.

AFRICA: 1795-1797.
The first exploring journey of Mungo Park, in the service of
the African Association, from the Gambia, penetrating to the
Niger, at Sego.

AFRICA: 1798.
Mission of Dr. John Vanderkemp to the Kafirs, with the support
of the London Missionary Society.

AFRICA: 1798.
Journey of the Portuguese Dr. Lacerda from the Lower Zambesi
to the kingdom of Cazembe, on Lake Moero.

AFRICA: 1800.
Unsuccessful attempts of the Dutch Missionary Society in Cape
Town among the Bechuanas.

AFRICA: 1801-1805.
War of the United States with the pirates of Tripoli.

AFRICA: 1802-1806.
Restoration of Cape Colony to the Dutch and its reconquest by
the English.

AFRICA: 1802-1811.
Journey of the Pombeiros, Baptista and Jose (negroes) across
the continent from Angola to Tete, on the Zambesi River.

AFRICA: 1804.
Founding of the Church of England Mission in Sierra Leone.

AFRICA: 1805.
Second expedition of Mungo Park from the Gambia to the Niger,
from which he never returned.

AFRICA: 1805.
Travels of Dr. Lichtenstein in Bechuanaland.

AFRICA: 1806.
Missionary journey of Christian and William Albrecht beyond
the Orange River.

AFRICA: 1809.
Second conquest of Senegal by the English.

AFRICA: 1810.
Missions in Great Namaqualand and Damaraland begun by the
London Missionary Society.

AFRICA: 1812.
Exploration of the Orange River and the headwaters of the
Limpopo by Campbell, the missionary.

AFRICA: 1812-1815.
Journey of Burckhardt under the auspices of the African
Association, up the Nile, through Nubia, to Berbera, Shendy,
and Suakin; thence through Jidda to Mecca, in the character of
a Mussulman.

AFRICA: 1815.
Senegal restored to France by the Treaty of Paris.

AFRICA: 1815.
War of the United States with the piratical Algerines.

AFRICA: 1815.
Shipwreck and enslavement of Captain James Riley in Morocco.

AFRICA: 1816.
Bombardment of Algiers by a British fleet under Lord Exmouth.

AFRICA: 1816-1818.
Fatal and fruitless attempts of Tuckey, Peddie, Campbell, Gray
and Dochard to explore the lower course and determine the
outlet of the Niger.

{3671}

AFRICA: 1818.
Mission in Madagascar undertaken by the London Missionary
Society.

AFRICA: 1818.
Beginning, on the Orange River, of the missionary labors of
Robert Moffat in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1818.
Exploration of the sources of the Gambia by Gaspard Mollien,
from Fort St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal.

AFRICA: 1818-1820.
Exploration of Fezzan to Its southern limit, from Tripoli, by
Captain Lyon.

AFRICA: 1820.
First Wesleyan Mission founded in Kafirland.

AFRICA: 1820.
Treaty abolishing the slave-trade in Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1821.
Mission-work in Kaffraria undertaken by the Glasgow Missionary
Society.

AFRICA: 1822.
Founding of the republic of Liberia by the American
Colonization Society.

AFRICA: 1822.
Official journey of Lieutenant Laing from Sierra Leone in the
"Timannee, Kooranko and Soolima" countries.

AFRICA: 1822-1825.
Expedition of Captain Clapperton, Dr. Oudney, and Colonel
Denham, from Tripoli to Lake Tchad and beyond.

AFRICA: 1825-1826.
Expedition of Major Laing, in the service of the British
Government, from Tripoli, through the desert, to Timbuctoo,
which he reached, and where he remained for a month. Two days
after leaving the city he was murdered.

AFRICA: 1825-1827.
Expedition of Captain Clapperton from the Bight of Benin to
Sokoto.

AFRICA: 1827.
Moravian Mission settled in the Tambookie territory, South
Africa.

AFRICA: 1827.
Journey of Linant de Bellefonds, for the African Association,
up the White Nile to 18° 6' north latitude.

AFRICA: 1827-1828.
Journey of Caillé from a point on the west coast, between
Sierra Leone and the Gambia, to Jenna and Timbuctoo; thence to
Fez and Tangier.

AFRICA: 1828.
Undertakings of the Basle Missionary Society on the Gold
Coast.

AFRICA: 1830-1831.
Exploration of the Niger to the sea by Richard and John
Lender, solving the question as to its mouth.

AFRICA: 1830-1846.
French conquest and subjugation of Algiers.

AFRICA: 1831.
Portuguese mission of Major Monteiro and Captain Gamitto to
the court of Muata Cazembe.

AFRICA: 1831.
Absorption of the African Association by the Royal
Geographical Society of London.

AFRICA: 1832-1834.
First commercial exploration of the lower Niger, from its
mouth, by Macgregor Laird, with two steamers.

AFRICA: 1833.
Mission in Basutoland established by the Evangelical
Missionary Society of Paris.

AFRICA: 1834.
Beginning of missionary labors under the American Board of
Missions in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1834.
Mission founded at Cape Palmas on the western coast, by the
American Board for Foreign Missions.

AFRICA: 1834.
The Great Trek of the Dutch Boers from Cape Colony and their
founding of the republic of Natal.

AFRICA: 1835.
Mission among the Zulus established by the American Board of
Foreign Missions.

AFRICA: 1835-1849.
Persecution of Christians in Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1836-1837.
Explorations of Captain Sir James E. Alexander in the
countries of the Great Namaquas, the Bushmen and the Hill
Damaras.

AFRICA: 1839-1811.
Egyptian expeditions sent by Mehemet Ali up the White Nile to
latitude 6° 35' North; accompanied and narrated in part by
Ferdinand Werne.

AFRICA: 1839-1843.
Missionary residence of Dr. Krapf in the kingdom of Shoa, in
the Ethiopian highlands.

AFRICA: 1840.
Arrival of Dr. Livingstone in South Africa as a missionary.

AFRICA: 1841.
Expedition of Captains Trotter and Allen, sent by the British
Government to treat with tribes on the Niger for the opening
of commerce and the suppression of the slave trade.

AFRICA: 1842.
Travels of Dr. Charles Johnston in Southern Abyssinia.

AFRICA: 1842.
Gaboon Mission, on the western coast near the equator, founded
by the American Board of Foreign Missions.

AFRICA: 1842.
The Rhenish Mission established by German missionaries at
Bethanien in Namaqualand.

AFRICA: 1842.
Wesleyan and Norwegian Missions opened in Natal.

AFRICA: 1842-1862.
French occupation of territory on the Gaboon and the Ogowé.

AFRICA: 1843.
British annexation of Natal, and migration of the Boers to
found the Orange Free State.

AFRICA: 1843.
Exploration of the Senegal and the Falémé by Huard-Bessinières
and Raffenel.

AFRICA: 1843-1845.
Travels and residence of Mr. Parkyns in Abyssinia.

AFRICA: 1843-1848.
Hunting journeys of Gordon Cumming in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1844.
Mission founded by Dr. Krapf at Mombassa, on the Zanzibar
coast.

AFRICA: 1845.
Duncan's journey for the Royal Geographical Society from
Whydah, via Abome, to Adofudia.

AFRICA: 1845.
Mission to the Cameroons established by the Baptist Missionary
Society of England.

AFRICA: 1846.
Unsuccessful attempt of Raffenel to cross Africa from Senegal
to the Nile, through the Sudan.

AFRICA: 1846.
Mission of Samuel Crowther (afterwards Bishop of the Niger), a
native and a liberated slave, to the Yoruba country.

AFRICA: 1846.
Mission on Old Calabar River founded by the United
Presbyterian Church in Jamaica.

AFRICA: 1847-1849.
Interior explorations of the German missionaries Dr. Krapf and
Mr. Rebmann, from Mombassa on the Zanzibar coast.

AFRICA: 1848.
Founding of the Transvaal Republic by the Boers.

AFRICA: 1849.
Missionary journey of David Livingstone northward from the
country of the Bechuanas, and his discovery of Lake Ngami.

AFRICA: 1849-1851.
Journey of Ladislaus Magyar from Benguela to the kingdoms of
Bihe and Moluwa on the interior table-land, and across the
upper end of the Zambesi valley.

AFRICA: 1850.
Sale of Danish forts at Quetta, Adds, and Fingo, on the
western coast, to Great Britain.

AFRICA: 1850-1851.
Travels of Andersson and Galton from Walfish Bay to
Ovampo-land and Lake Ngami.

AFRICA: 1850-1855.
Travels of Dr. Barth from Tripoli to Lake Tchad, Sokoto and
the Upper Niger to Timbuctoo, where he was detained for nine
months.

AFRICA: 1851.
Discovery of the Zambesi by Dr. Livingstone.

{3672}

AFRICA: 1852-1863.
Hunting and trading journeys of Mr. Chapman in South Africa,
between Natal and Walfish Bay and to Lake Ngami and the
Zambesi.

AFRICA: 1853.
Founding of the Diocese of Natal by the English Church and
appointment of Dr. Colenso to be its bishop.

AFRICA: 1853-1856.
Journey of Dr. Livingstone from Linyanti, the Makololo
capital, up the Zambesi and across to the western coast, at
St. Paul de Loando, thence returning entirely across the
continent, down the Zambesi to Quilimane at its mouth,
discovering the Victoria Falls on his way.

AFRICA: 1853-1858.
Ivory-seeking expeditions of John Petherick, up the
Bahr-el-Ghazel.

AFRICA: 1853-1859.
Roman Catholic mission established at Gondokoro, on the Upper
Nile.

AFRICA: 1854.
Exploration of the Somali country—the "eastern horn of
Africa"—by Captains Burton and Speke.

AFRICA: 1855.
Beginning of attempts by the French governor of Senegal,
General Faidherbe, to carry the flag of France into the
Western Sudan.

AFRICA: 1856-1859.
Journeys of Du Chaillu in the western equatorial regions, on
the Gaboon and the Ogobai.

AFRICA: 1857-1858.
Expedition of Captains Burton and Speke, from Zanzibar,
through Uzaramo, Usagara, Ugogo, and Unyamwezi, to Ujiji, on
Lake Tanganyika—making the first European discovery of the
lake; returning to Kazé, and thence continued by Speke alone,
during Burton's illness, to the discovery of Lake Victoria
Nyanza.

AFRICA: 1858.
Journey of Andersson from Walfish Bay to the Okavango River.

AFRICA: 1858.
English mission station founded at Victoria on the Cameroons
coast.

AFRICA: 1858-1863.
Expedition of Dr. Livingstone, in the service of the British
Government, exploring the Shiré and the Rovuma, and
discovering and exploring Lake Nyassa—said, however, to have
been known previously to the Portuguese.

AFRICA: 1860-1861.
Journey of Baron von Decken from Mombassa on the Zanzibar
coast, to Kilimanjaro mountain.

AFRICA: 1860-1862.
Return of Speke, with Captain Grant, from Zanzibar to Lake
Victoria Nyanza, visiting Karagwe, and Uganda, and reaching
the outlet of the Nile; thence through Unyoro to Gondokoro,
and homeward by the Nile.

AFRICA: 1861.
Establishment of the Universities Mission by Bishop Mackenzie
on the Upper Shiré.

AFRICA: 1861-1862.
English acquisition of the town and kingdom of Lagos on the
Bight of Benin by cession from the native ruler.

AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Sir Samuel Baker's exploration of the Abyssinian tributaries
of the Nile.

AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Journey of Captain Burton from Lagos, on the western coast, to
Abeokuta, the capital of the Akus, in Yoruba, and to the
Camaroons Mountains.

AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Journey of Mr. Baines from Walfish Bay to Lake Ngami and
Victoria Falls.

AFRICA: 1862.
Resumption of the Christian Mission in Madagascar, long
suppressed.

AFRICA: 1862-1867.
Travels of Dr. Rohlfs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunis, and
exploring journey from the Gulf of the Syrtes to the Gulf of
Guinea.

AFRICA: 1863.
Travels of Winwood Reade on the western coast.

AFRICA: 1863.
Incorporation of a large part of Kaffraria with Cape Colony.

AFRICA: 1863.
Second visit of Du Chaillu to the western equatorial region
and journey to Ashangoland.

AFRICA: 1863-1864.
Official mission of Captain Burton to the King of Dahomey.

AFRICA: 1863-1864.
Exploration of the Bahr-el-Ghazel from Khartoum by the wealthy
Dutch heiress, Miss Tinné, and her party.

AFRICA: 1863-1865.
Expedition by Sir Samuel Baker and his wife up the White Nile
from Khartoum, resulting in the discovery of Lake Albert
Nyanza, as one of its sources.

AFRICA: 1864.
Mission of Lieutenant mage and Dr. Quintin, sent by General
Faidherbe from Senegal to the king of Segou, in the Sudan.

AFRICA: 1866.
Founding of a Norwegian mission in Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1866-1873.
Last journey of Dr. Livingstone, from the Rovuma River, on the
eastern coast, to Lake Nyassa; thence to Lake Tanganyika, Lake
Moero, Lake Bangweolo, and the Lualaba River, which he
suspected of flowing into the Albert Nyanza, and being the
ultimate fountain head of the Nile. In November, 1871,
Livingstone was found at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, by Henry
M. Stanley, lender of an expedition sent in search of him.
Declining to quit the country with Stanley, and pursuing his
exploration of the Lualaba, Livingstone died May 1, 1873, on
Lake Bangweolo.

AFRICA: 1867.
Mission founded in Madagascar by the Society of Friends.

AFRICA: 1867-1868.
British expedition to Abyssinia for the rescue of captives;
overthrow and death of King Theodore.

AFRICA: 1868.
British annexation of Basutoland in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1869.
Christianity established as the state religion in Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1869.
Fatal expedition of Miss Tinné from Tripoli into the desert,
where she was murdered by her own escort.

AFRICA: 1869-1871.
Explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth between the Bahr-el-Ghazel
and the Upper Congo, discovering the Wellé River.

AFRICA: 1869-1873.
Expedition of Dr. Nachtigal from Tripoli through Kuka,
Tibesti, Borku, Wadai, Darfur, and Kordofan, to the Nile.

AFRICA: 1870-1873.
Official expedition of Sir Samuel Baker, in the service of the
Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, to annex Gondokoro, then named
Ismalia, and to suppress the slave-trade in the Egyptian
Sudan, or Equatoria.

AFRICA: 1871.
Transfer of the rights of Holland on the Gold Coast to Great
Britain.

AFRICA: 1871.
Annexation of Griqualand West to Cape Colony.

AFRICA: 1871.
Scientific tour of Sir Joseph D. Hooker and Mr. Ball in
Morocco and the Great Atlas.

AFRICA: 1871.
Missionary journey of Mr. Charles New in the Masai country and
ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro.

AFRICA: 1871-1880.
Hunting journeys of Mr. Selous in South Africa, beyond the
Zambesi.

AFRICA: 1872-1875.
Travels of the naturalist, Reinhold Buchholz, on the Guinea
coast.

AFRICA: 1872-1879.
Trave]s of Dr. Holub between the South African diamond fields
and the Zambesi.

AFRICA: 1873-1875.
Expedition of Captain V. L. Cameron, from Zanzibar to Lake
Tanganyika, and exploration of the Lake; thence to Nyangwe on
the Lnalaba, and thence across the continent, through Ulunda,
to the Portuguese settlement at Benguela, on the Atlantic
coast.

{3673}

AFRICA: 1873-1875.
Travels of the naturalist, Frank Oates, from Cape Colony to
the Victoria Falls.

AFRICA: 1873-1876.
Explorations of Güsfeldt, Falkenstein and Pechuel-Loesche,
under the auspices of the German African Association, from the
Loango coast, north of the Congo.

AFRICA: 1874.
British expedition against the Ashantees, destroying their
principal town Coomassie.

AFRICA: 1874.
Mission of Colonel Chaillé-Long from General Gordon, at
Gondokoro, on the Nile, to M'tesé, king of Uganda, discovering
Lake Ibrahim on his return, and completing the work of Speke
and Baker, in the continuous tracing of the course of the Nile
from the Victoria Nyanza.

AFRICA: 1874-1875.
Expedition of Colonel C. Chaillé-Long to Lake Victoria Nyanza
and the Makraka Niam-Niam country, in the Egyptian service.

AFRICA: 1874-1876.
First administration of General Gordon, commissioned by the
Khedive as Governor of Equatoria.

AFRICA: 1874-1876.
Occupation and exploration of Darfur and Kordofan by the
Egyptians, under Colonels Purdy, Mason, Prout and Colston.

AFRICA: 1874-1877.
Expedition of Henry M. Stanley, fitted out by the proprietors
of the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph, which
crossed the continent from Zanzibar to the mouth of the Congo
River; making a prolonged stay in the empire of Uganda and
acquiring much knowledge of it; circumnavigating Lakes
Victoria and Tanganyika, and exploring the then mysterious
great Congo River throughout its length.

AFRICA: 1874-1877.
Explorations of Dr. Junker in Upper Nubia and in the basin of
the Bahr-el-Ghazel.

AFRICA: 1875.
Expedition of Dr. Pogge, for the German African Association,
from the west coast, south of the Congo, in the Congo basin,
penetrating to Kawende, beyond the Ruru or Lulua River,
capital of the Muata Yanvo, who rules a kingdom as large as
Germany.

AFRICA: 1875.
Expedition of Colonel Chaillé-Long into the country of the
Makraka Niam-Niams.

AFRICA: 1875.
Founding by Scottish subscribers of the mission station called
Livingstonia, at Cape Maclear, on the southern shores of Lake
Nyassa; headquarters of the mission removed in 1881 to
Bandawé, on the same lake.

AFRICA: 1875.
Mission founded at Blantyre, in the highlands above the Shiré,
by the Established Church of Scotland.

AFRICA: 1875-1876.
Seizure of Berbera and the region of the Juba River, on the
Somali Coast, by Colonel Chaillé-Long, for the Khedive of
Egypt, and their speedy evacuation, on the remonstrance of
England.

AFRICA: 1876.
Conference at Brussels and formation of the International
African Association, under the presidency of the king of the
Belgians, for the exploration and civilization of Africa.

AFRICA: 1876.
Voyage of Romolo Gessi around Lake Albert Nyanza.

AFRICA: 1876.
Mission in Uganda established by the Church Missionary Society
of England.

AFRICA: 1876-1878.
Scientific explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth in the Arabian
Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea.

AFRICA: 1876-1880.
Explorations and French annexations by Svorgnan de Brazza
between the Ogowé and the Congo.

AFRICA: 1877.
The Livingstone Inland Mission, for Christian work in the
Congo valley, established by the East London Institute for
Home and Foreign Missions.

AFRICA: 1877-1879.
Second administration of General Gordon, as Governor-General
of the Sudan, Darfur and the Equatorial Provinces.

AFRICA: 1877-1879.
War of the British in South Africa with the Zulus, and
practical subjugation of that nation.

AFRICA: 1877-1879.
Journey of Serpa Pinto across the continent from Benguela via
the Zambesi.

AFRICA: 1877-1880.
Explorations of the Portuguese officers, Capello and Ivens, in
western and central Africa, from Benguela to the territory of
Yacca, for the survey of the river Cuango in its relations to
the hydrographic basins of the Congo and the Zambesi.

AFRICA: 1878.
Founding in Glasgow of the African Lakes Company, or "The
Livingstone Central Africa Company," for trade on Lakes Nyassa
and Tanganyika; by which company the "Stevenson Road" was
subsequently built between the two lakes above named.

AFRICA: 1878.
Walfish Bay and fifteen miles around it (on the western coast,
in Namaqualand) declared British territory.

AFRICA: 1878.
Journey of Paul Soleillet from Saint-Louis to Segou.

AFRICA: 1878-1880.
Royal Geographical Society's East Central African expedition,
under Joseph Thomson, to the Central African lakes,
Tanganyika, Nyassa and Leopold, from Zanzibar.

AFRICA: 1879.
Establishment, by the Belgian International Society, of a
station at Karema, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1879.
Formation of the International Congo Association and the
engagement of Mr. Stanley in its service.

AFRICA: 1879.
Missionary expeditions to the Upper Congo region by the
Livingstone Inland Mission and the Baptist Missionary Society.

AFRICA: 1879.
Journey of Mr. Stewart, of the Livingstonia Mission, on Lake
Nyassa, from that lake to Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1879.
Discovery of the sources of the Niger, in the hills about 200
miles east of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, by the
French explorers, Zweifel and Moustier.

AFRICA: 1879-1880.
Journey of Dr. Oskar Lenz, under the auspices of the German
African Society, from Morocco to Timbuctoo, and thence to the
Atlantic coast in Senegambia. The fact that the Sahara is
generally above the sea-level, and cannot therefore be
flooded, was determined by Dr. Lenz.

AFRICA: 1879-1881.
Expedition of Dr. Buchner from Loanda to Kawende and the
kingdom of the Muata Yanvo, where six months were spent in
vain efforts to procure permission to proceed further into the
interior.

AFRICA: 1880.
Mission established by the American Board of Foreign Missions
in "the region of Bihé and the Coanza," or Quanza, south of
the Congo.

AFRICA: 1880-1881.
War of the British with the Boers of the Transvaal.

AFRICA: 1880-1881.
Official mission of the German explorer, Gerhard Rohlfs,
accompanied by Dr. Stecker, to Abyssinia.

{3674}

AFRICA: 1880-1884.
Campaigns of Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes in Upper Senegal,
capturing Bamakou and extending French supremacy to the Niger.

AFRICA: 1880-1884.
German East African Expedition, under Kaiser, Böhm, and
Reichard, to explore, in the Congo Basin, the region between
the Lualaba and the Luapula.

AFRICA: 1880-1886.
Explorations of Dr. Junker in the country of the Niam-Niam,
seeking to determine the course and the outlet of the great
river Wellé, and his journey from the Equatorial Province held
by Emin Pasha against the Mahdl, through Unyoro and Uganda, to
Zanzibar.

AFRICA: 1880-1889.
Journey of Captain Casati, as correspondent of the Italian
geographical review, "L' Exploratore," from Suakin, on the Red
Sea, into the district of the Mombuttu, west of Lake Albert,
and the country of the Niam-Niam; in which travels he was
arrested by the revolt of the Mahdi and forced to remain with
Emin Pasha until rescued with the latter by Stanley, in 1889.

AFRICA: 1881.
French Protectorate extended over Tunis.

AFRICA: 1881.
Portuguese expedition of Captain Andrada from Senna on the
Zambesi River to the old gold mines of Manica.

AFRICA: 1881.
Journey of F. L. and W. D. James from Suakin, on the Red Sea,
through the Base country, in the Egyptian Sudan.

AFRICA: 1881.
Founding of a mission on the Congo, at Stanley Pool, by the
Baptist Missionary Society of England.

AFRICA: 1881-1884.
Expedition of Dr. Pogge and Lieutenant Wissmann to Nyangwe on
the Lualaba, from which point Lieutenant Wissmann pursued the
journey to Zanzibar, crossing the continent, while Dr. Pogge,
returning, died soon after his arrival at St. Paul de Loanda.

AFRICA: 1881-1885.
Revolt of the Mahdl in the Sudan; the mission of General
Gordon to Khartoum to effect the evacuation of the country;
his beleaguerment there by the Mahdists; the unsuccessful
expedition from England to rescue him; the fall of the city
and his death.

AFRICA: 1881-1887.
French protectorate established over territory on the Upper
Niger and Upper Senegal.

AFRICA: 1882.
Italian occupation of Abyssinian territory on the Bay of
Assab.

AFRICA: 1882.
Formation in England of the National African Company for the
development of trade in the region of the Niger.

AFRICA: 1882.
Missionary visit to the Masal people by Mr. J. T. Last.

AFRICA: 1882-1883.
German scientific expedition, under Dr. Böhm and Herr
Reichard, to Lakes Tanganyika and Moero.

AFRICA: 1882-1883.
Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston on the Congo.

AFRICA: 1882-1885.
Mr. Stutfield's travels through Morocco.

AFRICA: 1883.
German acquisition of territory on Angra Pequeña Bay, in Great
Namaqualand.

AFRICA: 1883.
Exploration of Masailand by Dr. Fischer, under the auspices of
the Hamburg Geographical Society.

AFRICA: 1883.
Explorations of Lieutenant Giraud in East Central Africa,
descending for some distance the Luapula, which flows out of
Lake Bangweolo, but driven back by hostile natives.

AFRICA: 1883.
Geological and botanical investigation of the basins of Lakes
Nyassa and Tanganyika, by Mr. Henry Drummond, for the African
Lakes Company.

AFRICA: 1883.
Journey of Mr. O'Neill to Lake Shirwa and the sources of the
Lujenda.

AFRICA: 1883.
Journey of Mr. Révoil in the South Somali country to the Upper
Jub.

AFRICA: 1883-1884.
Explorations of Mr. Joseph Thomson from Mombassa, through
Masailand, to the northeast corner of the Victoria Nyanza,
under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society.

AFRICA: 1883-1885.
War of the French with the Hovas of Madagascar, resulting in
the establishment of a French Protectorate over the island.

AFRICA: 1883-1885.
Exploration of Lieutenant Giraud in the lake region—Lake
Nyassa to Lake Bangweolo, Lake Moero and Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1883-1886.
Austrian expedition, under Dr. Holub, from Cape Colony,
through the Boer states, Bechuanaland and Matabeleland to the
Zambesi, and beyond, to the borders of the Mashukulumbe
territory, where the party was attacked, plundered, and driven
back.

AFRICA: 1884.
Annexation by Germany of the whole western coast (except
Walfish Bay) between the Portuguese Possessions and those of
the British in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1884.
German occupation of territory on the Cameroons River, under
treaties with the native chiefs. English treaties securing
contiguous territory to and including the delta of the Niger.

AFRICA: 1884.
German Protectorate over Togoland on the Gold Coast declared.

AFRICA: 1884.
Expedition of Dr. Peters, representing the Society of German
Colonization, to the coast region of Zanzibar, and his
negotiation of treaties with ten native chiefs, ceding the
sovereignty of their dominions.

AFRICA: 1884.
Crown colony of British Bechuanaland acquired by convention
with the South African Republic.

AFRICA: 1884.
Portuguese Government expedition, under Major Carvalho, from
Loanda to the Central African potentate called the Muata
Yanvo.

AFRICA: 1884.
Exploration of the Benué and the whole region of the Adamawa,
by Herr Flegel, for the German African Society.

AFRICA: 1884.
Scientific expedition of Mr. H. H. Johnston to Kilimanjaro
mountain, sent by the British Association for the Advancement
of Science and the Royal Society.

AFRICA: 1884.
Discovery of the M'bangi or Ubangi River (afterwards
identified with the Wellé—see below, 1887), by Captain Hansens
and Lieutenant Van Gèle.

AFRICA: 1884.
Exploration of Reichard in the southeastern part of the Congo
State.

AFRICA: 1884-1885.
The Berlin Conference of Powers, held to determine the limits
of territory conceded to the International Congo Association;
to establish freedom of trade within that territory, and to
formulate rules for regulating in future the acquisition of
African territory.

AFRICA: 1884-1885.
Journey of Mr. Walter M. Kerr from Cape Colony, across the
Zambesi, to Lake Nyassa, and down the Shiré River to the
coast.

AFRICA: 1884-1885.
Travels of Mr. F. L. James and party in the Somali country.

AFRICA: 1884-1887.
Exploration by Dr. Schinz of the newly acquired German
territories in southwest Africa.

AFRICA: 1885.
Transfer of the rights of the Society of German Colonization
to the German East Africa Company, and extension of imperial
protection to the territories claimed by the Company. German
acquisition of Witu, north of Zanzibar.

{3675}

AFRICA: 1885.
Agreement between Germany and France, defining their
respective spheres of influence on the Bight or Biafra, on the
slave coast and in Senegambia.

AFRICA: 1885.
Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent
State of the Congo, with King Leopold of Belgium as its
sovereign.

AFRICA: 1885.
British Protectorate extended to the Zambesi, over the country
west of the Portuguese province of Sofala, to the 20th degree
of east longitude.

AFRICA: 1885.
British Protectorate extended over the remainder of
Bechuanaland.

AFRICA: 1885.
Italian occupation of Massowa, on the Red Sea.

AFRICA: 1885.
Mission of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the National African
Company, up the Niger, to Sokoto and Gando, securing treaties
with the sultans under which the company acquired paramount
rights.

AFRICA: 1885-1888.
Mission of M. Borelli to the kingdom of Shoa (Southern
Ethiopia) and south of it.

AFRICA: 1885-1889.
When, after the fall of Khartoum and the death of General
Gordon, in 1885, the Sudan was abandoned to the Mahdi and the
fanatical Mohammedans of the interior, Dr. Edward Schnitzer,
better known as Emin Pasha, who had been in command, under
Gordon, of the province of the Equator, extending up to Lake
Albert, was cut off for six years from communication with the
civilized world. In 1887 an expedition to rescue him and his
command was sent out under Henry M. Stanley. It entered the
continent from the west, made its way up the Congo and the
Aruwimi to Yambuya; thence through the unexplored region to
Lake Albert Nyanza and into communication with Emin Pasha;
then returning to Yambuya for the rearguard which had been
left there; again traversing the savage land to Lake Albert,
and passing from there, with Emin and his companions, by way
of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza (then ascertained to be the
ultimate reservoir of the Nile system) around the southern
extremity of the Victoria Nyanza, to Zanzibar, which was
reached at the end of 1889.

AFRICA: 1886.
Settlement between Great Britain and Germany of the coast
territory to be left under the sovereignty of the Sultan of
Zanzibar, and of the "spheres of influence" to be appropriated
respectively by themselves, between the lakes and the eastern
coast, north of the Portuguese possessions.

AFRICA: 1886.
Agreement between France and Portugal defining limits of
territory in Senegambia and at the mouth of the Congo.

AFRICA: 1886.
Transformation of the National African Company into the
British Royal Niger Company, with a charter giving powers of
administration over a large domain on the River Niger.

AFRICA: 1886.
Mission station founded by Mr. Arnot at Bunkeya, in the
southeastern part of the Congo State.

AFRICA: 1886-1887.
Journey of Lieutenant Wissmann across the continent, from
Luluaburg, a station of the Congo Association, in the dominion
of Muata Yanvo, to Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, and thence to
Zanzibar.

AFRICA: 1886-1889.
Expeditions of Dr. Zintgraff in the Cameroons interior and to
the Benue, for the bringing of the country under German
influence.

AFRICA: 1887.
Annexation of Zululand, partly to the Transvaal, or South
African Republic, and the remainder to the British
possessions.

AFRICA: 1887.
French gunboats launched on the Upper Niger, making a
reconnoissance nearly to Timbuctoo.

AFRICA: 1887.
Identity of the Wellé River with the M'bangi or Ubangi
established by Captain Van Gèle and Lieutenant Liénart.

AFRICA: 1887.
First ascent of Kilimanjaro by Dr. Hans Meyer.

AFRICA: 1887-1889.
Exploration by Captain Ringer of the region between the great
bend of the Niger and the countries of the Gold Coast.

AFRICA: 1887-1890.
Expedition of Count Teleki through Masailand, having for its
most important result the discovery of the Basso-Narok, or
Black Lake, to which the discoverer gave the name of Lake
Rudolf, and Lake Stefanie.

AFRICA: 1888.
Chartering of the Imperial British East Africa Company, under
concessions granted by the sultan of Zanzibar and by native
chiefs, with powers of administration over a region defined
ultimately as extending from the river Umba northward to the
river Jub, and inland to and across Lake Victoria near its
middle to the eastern boundary of the Congo Free State.

AFRICA: 1888.
British supremacy over Matabeleland secured by treaty with its
King Lobengula.

AFRICA: 1888.
British Protectorate extended over Amatongaland.

AFRICA: 1888.
Ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro by Mr. Ehlers and Dr. Abbott; also
by Dr. Hans Meyer.

AFRICA: 1888.
Travels of Joseph Thomson in the Atlas and southern Morocco.

AFRICA: 1889.
Royal charter granted to the British South Africa Company,
with rights and powers in the region called Zambesia north of
British Bechuanaland and the South African Republic, and
between the Portuguese territory on the east and the German
territory on the west.

AFRICA: 1889.
Will of King Leopold, making Belgium heir to the sovereign
rights of the Congo Free State.

AFRICA: 1889.
Protectorate of Italy over Abyssinia acknowledged by the
Negus.

AFRICA: 1889.
Portuguese Roman Catholic Mission established on the south
shore of Lake Nyassa. Portuguese exploration under Serpa Pinto
in the Lake Nyassa region, with designs of occupancy
frustrated by the British.

AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of M. Crampel from the Ogowé to the Likuala tributary
of the Congo, and return directly westward to the coast.

AFRICA: 1889.
Dr. Wolf's exploration of the southeast Niger basin, where be
met his death.

AFRICA: 1889.
Major Macdonald's exploration of the Benue, sometimes called
the Tchadda (a branch of the Niger), and of its tributary the
Kebbi.

AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston north of Lake Nyassa and to Lake
Leopold.

AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of Mr. Sharpe through the country lying between the
Shiré and Loangwa Rivers.

AFRICA: 1889.
Mr. Pigott's journey to the Upper Tana, in the service of the
Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
British Protectorate declared over Nyassaland and the Shiré
Highlands.

{3676}

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Italian Protectorate established over territory on the eastern
(oceanic) Somali coast, from the Gulf of Aden to the Jub
River.

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Imperial British East Africa Company's expedition, under
Jackson and Gedge, for the exploring of a new road to the
Victoria Nyanza and Uganda.

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Captain Lugard's exploration of the river Sabakhi for the
Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Journey of Lieutenant Morgen from the Cameroons, on the
western coast to the Benue.

AFRICA: 1889-1890.
French explorations in Madagascar by Dr. Catat and MM. Maistre
and Foucart.

AFRICA: 1890.
Anglo-German Convention, defining boundaries of the
territories and "spheres of influence" respectively claimed by
the two powers; Germany withdrawing from Vitu, and from all
the eastern mainland coast north of the river Tana, and
conceding a British Protectorate over Zanzibar, in exchange
for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea.

AFRICA: 1890.
French "sphere of influence" extending over the Sahara and the
Sudan, from Algeria to Lake Tchad and to Say on the Niger,
recognized by Great Britain.

AFRICA: 1890.
Exploration of the river Sangha, an important northern
tributary of the Congo, by M. Cholet.

AFRICA: 1890.
Exploring journey of M. Hodister, agent of the Upper Congo
Company, up the Lomami river and across country to the
Lualaba, at Nyangwe.

AFRICA: 1890.
Journey of Mr. Garrett in the interior of Sierra Leone to the
upper waters of the Niger.

AFRICA: 1890.
Journey of Dr. Fleck from the western coast across the
Kalihari to Lake Ngami.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Italian possessions in the Red Sea united in the colony of
Eritrea.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Mission of Captain Lugard to Uganda and signature of a treaty
by its king acknowledging the supremacy of the British East
Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Exploration by M. Paul Crampel of the central region between
the French territories on the Congo and Lake Tchad, ending in
the murder of M. Crampel and several of his companions.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Journey of Mr. Sharpe from Mandala, in the Shiré Highlands, to
Garenganze, the empire founded by an African adventurer,
Mshidi, in the Katanga copper country, between Lake Moero and
the Luapula river on the east, and the Lualaba on the west.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Journey of Lieutenant Mizon from the Niger to the Congo.

AFRICA: 1890-1891.
Journey of Captain Becker from Yambuya, on the Aruwimi,
north-northwest to the Wellé.

AFRICA: 1890-1892.
Italian explorations in the Somali countries by Signor
Robecchi, Lieutenant Baudi di Vesme, Prince Ruspoli, and
Captains Bottego and Grixoni.

AFRICA: 1890-1893.
Expedition of Dr. Stuhlmann, with Emin Pasha, from Bagamoyo,
via the Victoria Nyanza and the Albert Edward, to the plateau
west of the Albert Nyanza. From this point Dr. Stuhlmann
returned, while Emin pursued his way, intending it is said, to
reach Kibonge, on the right bank of the Congo, south of
Stanley Falls. He was murdered at Kinena, 150 miles northeast
of Kibonge, by the order of an Arab chief.

AFRICA: 1891.
Extension of the British Protectorate of Lagos over the
neighboring districts of Addo, Igbessa, and Ilaro, which form
the western boundary of Yoruba.

AFRICA: 1891.
Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal defining their
possessions; conceding to the former an interior extension of
her South African dominion up to the southern boundary of the
Congo Free State, and securing to the latter defined
territories on the Lower Zambesi, the Lower Shiré, and the
Nyassa, as well as the large block of her possessions on the
western coast.

AFRICA: 1891.
Convention between Portugal and the Congo Free State for the
division of the disputed district of Lunda.

AFRICA: 1891.
Convention of the Congo Free State with the Katanga Company,
an international syndicate, giving the Company preferential
rights over reputed mines in Katanga and Urua, with a third of
the public domain, provided it established an effective
occupation within three years.

AFRICA: 1891.
French annexation of the Gold Coast between Liberia and the
Grand Bassam.

AFRICA: 1891.
Opening of the Royal Trans-African Railway, in West Africa,
from Loanda to Ambaca, 140 miles.

AFRICA: 1891.
Survey of a railway route from the eastern coast to Victoria
Lake by the Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1891.
Exploration of the Jub River, in the Somali country, by
Commander Dundas.

AFRICA: 1891.
Exploration by Captain Dundas, from the eastern coast, up the
river Tana to Mount Kenia.

AFRICA: 1891.
Mr. Bent's exploration of the ruined cities of Mashonaland.

AFRICA: 1891.
Journey of M. Maistre from the Congo to the Shari.

AFRICA: 1891.
Journeys of Captain Gallwey in the Benin country, West Africa.

AFRICA: 1891.
Mission established by the Berlin Missionary Society in the
Konde country, at the northern end of Lake Nyassa.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Incorporation of the African Lakes Company with the British
South Africa Company. Organization of the administration of
Northern Zambesia and Nyassaland.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Expedition of the Katanga Company, under Captain Stairs, from
Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika, thence through the country at the
head of the most southern affluents of the Congo, the Lualaba
and the Luapula.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Belgian expeditions under Captain Bia and others to explore
the southeastern portion of the Congo Basin, on behalf of the
Katanga Company, resulting in the determination of the fact
that the Lukuga River is an outlet of Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Journey of Dr. James Johnston across the continent, from
Benguela to the mouth of the Zambesi, through Bihe, Ganguela,
Barotse, the Kalihari Desert, Mashonaland, Manica, Gorongoza,
Nyassa, and the Shiré Highlands.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Expedition of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the British South Africa
Company, from Kilimane or Quillimane on the eastern coast to
Lake Bangweolo.

{3677}

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Journey of Captain Monteil from the Niger to Lake Tchad and
across the Sahara to Tripoli.

AFRICA: 1891-1892.
Exploration by Lieutenant Chaltin of the river Lulu, and the
country between the Aruwimi and the Welle Makua rivers, in the
Congo State.

AFRICA: 1891-1893.
Journey of Dr. Oscar Baumann from Tanga, a port on the eastern
coast, in the northern part of the German Protectorate;
passing to the south of Kilimanjaro, discovering two lakes
between that mountain and the Victoria Nyanza; exploring the
southeastern shores of the Victoria, traversing the Shashi
countries lying east of the lake, and the Urundi country
between the Victoria and Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1891-1894.
Expedition under the command of Captain Van Kerckhoven and M.
de la Kéthulle de Ryhove, fitted out by the Congo Free State,
for the subjugation of the Arabs, the suppression of the slave
trade and the exploration of the country, throughout the
region of the Wellé or Ubangi Uellé and to the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892.
Decision of the Imperial British East Africa Company to
withdraw from Uganda.

AFRICA: 1892.
Practical conquest of Dahomey by the French, General Dodds
taking possession of the capital November 16.

AFRICA: 1892.
Journey of M. Méry in the Sahara to the south of Wargla,
resulting in a report favorable to the construction of a
railway to tap the Central Sudan.

AFRICA: 1892.
French expedition under Captain Binger to explore the southern
Sudan and to act conjointly with British officials in
determining the boundary between French and English
possessions.

AFRICA: 1892.
Journey of Mr. Sharpe from the Shiré River to Lake Moero or
Mweru and the Upper Luapula.

AFRICA: 1892-1893.
Construction of a line of telegraph by the British South
African Company, from Cape Colony, through Mashonaland, to
Fort Salisbury, with projected extension across the Zambesi
and by the side of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika to Uganda,—and
ultimately down the valley of the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892-1893.
French scientific mission, under M. Dècle, from Cape Town to
the sources of the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892-1893.
Italian explorations, under Captain Bòttego and Prince
Ruspoli, in the upper basin of the River Jub.

AFRICA: 1893.
Brussels Antislavery Conference, ratified in its action by the
Powers.

AFRICA: 1893.
Official mission of Sir Gerald Porter to Uganda, sent by the
British Government to report as to the expediency of the
withdrawal of British authority from that country.

AFRICA: 1893.
Scientific expedition of Mr. Scott-Elliot to Uganda.

AFRICA: 1893.
Scientific expedition of Dr. Gregory, of the British Museum,
from Mombassa, on the eastern coast, through Masailand to
Mount Kenia.

AFRICA: 1893.
Journey of Mr. Bent to Aksum, in Abyssinia, the ancient
capital and sacred city of the Ethiopians.

AFRICA: 1893.
Journey of M. Foureau in the Sahara, crossing the plateau of
Tademait from north to south.

AFRICA: 1893-1894.
German scientific survey of Mount Kilimanjaro, under Drs. Lent
and Volkens.

AFRICA: 1893-1894.
Expedition of Mr. Astor Chanler and Lieutenant von Höhnel from
Witu, on the eastern coast, to the Jombini Range and among the
Rendile.

AFRICA: 1893-1894.
Explorations of Baron von Uechtritz and Dr. Passarge on the
Benue.

AFRICA: 1893-1894.
Journey of Baron von Schele from the eastern coast to Lake
Nyassa, and thence by a direct route to Kihsa.

AFRICA: 1893-1894.
Journey of Count von Götzen across the continent, from
Dar-es-Salaam, on the eastern coast, to the Lower Congo.

AFRICA: 1894.
Treaty between Great Britain and the Congo Free State,
securing to the former a strip of land on the west side of the
Nile between the Albert Nyanza and 10° north latitude, and to
the latter the large Bahr-el-Ghazel region, westward. This
convention gave offense to France, and that country
immediately exacted from the Congo Free State a treaty
stipulating that the latter shall not occupy or exercise
political influence in a region which covers most of the
territory assigned to it by the treaty with Great Britain.

AFRICA: 1894.
Franco-German Treaty, determining the boundary line of the
Cameroons, or Kamerun.

AFRICA: 1894.
Treaty concluded by Captain Lugard, November 10, at Nikki, in
Borgu, confirming the rights claimed by the Royal Niger
Company over Borgu, and placing that country under British
protection.

AFRICA: 1894.
Agreement between the British South Africa Company and the
Government of Great Britain, signed November 24, 1894,
transferring to the direct administration of the Company the
Protectorate of Nyassaland, thereby extending its domain to
the south end of Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1894.
Renewed war of France with the Hovas of Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1894.
Expedition of Dr. Donaldson Smith from the Somali coast,
aiming to reach Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie, but stopped and
turned back by the Abyssinians, in December.

AFRICA: 1894.
Visit of Mr. Cecil Rhodes to England to arrange financially
for the extension of the Cape railway system northwards from
Mafeking into Matabeleland.

AFRICA: 1894.
Completed conquest of Dahomey by the French; capture of the
deposed king, January 25, and his deportation to exile in
Martinique. Decree of the French Government, June 22,
directing the administrative organization of the "colony of
Dahomey and Dependencies"; with a ministerial order of the
same date which divides the new conquest into "Territoirés
annexés; Territoirés protégés; Territoirés d'action
politique."

AFRICA: 1894.
Occupation of Timbuctoo by a French force.

AFRICA: 1894.
Journey of Count von Götzen across the continent, from the
eastern coast, through Ruanda and the Great Forest to and
along the Lowa, an eastern tributary of the Congo, reaching
the Lower Congo in December.

AFRICA: 1894.
Exploration of the Upper Congo and the Lukuga by Mr. R. Dorsey
Mohun, American Agent on the Congo, and Dr. Hinde.

AFRICA: 1894.
Scientific to the Zambesi and Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1894-1895.
War of the Italians in their colony of Eritrea with both the
Abyssinians and the Mahdists. Italian occupation of Kassala as
a base of operations against the Mahdists.

{3678}

AFRICA: 1895.
Franco-British agreement, signed January 21, 1895, respecting
the "Hinterland" of Sierra Leone, which secures to France the
Upper Niger basin.

AFRICA: 1895.
Convention between Belgium and France signed February 5,
recognizing a right of pre-emption on the part of the latter,
with regard to the Congo State, in case Belgium should at any
time renounce the sovereignty which King Leopold desires to
transfer to it.

AFRICA: 1895.
Russian scientific expedition to Abyssinia, under Lieutenant
Leontieff.

----------AFRICA: End--------

AKKADIANS, ACCADIANS.

See SEMITES: PRIMITIVE BABYLONIA (page 2888).

ALEXANDRIA:
Early Christian Church.

See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 33-100,
and 100-312 (pages 43 and 445).

ALEXANDRIA:
Library.

See LIBRARIES, ANCIENT (page 2003).

AMANA COMMUNITY, The.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1843-1874 (page 2945).

----------AMERICA: Start--------

AMERICA:
The discoverers of the Northern Continent.
Mr. Harrisse's conclusions.

"The main points attained in this elaborate survey of all the
facts and documents known can be recapitulated as
follows,—perhaps with less assurance than a desire to be
succinct may undesignedly impart to our expressions:

1. The discovery of the continent of North America, and the
first landing on its east coast were accomplished not by
Sebastian Cabot, but by his father John, in 1497, under the
auspices of King Henry VII.

2. The first landfall was not Cape Breton Island, as is stated
in the planisphere made by Sebastian Cabot in 1544, but eight
or ten degrees further north, on the coast of Labrador; which
was then ranged by John Cabot, probably as far as Cape
Chudley.

3. This fact was tacitly acknowledged by all pilots and
cosmographers throughout the first half of the 16th century;
and the knowledge of it originated with Sebastian Cabot
himself, whatever may have been afterwards his contrary
statements in that respect.

4. The voyage of 1498, also accomplished under the British
flag, was likewise carried out by John Cabot personally. The
landfall on that occasion must be placed south of the first;
and the exploration embraced the northeast coast of the
present United States, as far as Florida.

5. In the vicinity of the Floridian east coast, John Cabot, or
one of his lieutenants, was detected by some Spanish vessel,
in 1498 or 1499.

6. The English continued in 1501, 1502, 1504, and afterwards,
to send ships to Newfound·land, chiefly for the purpose of
fisheries. …

7. The Portuguese mariners who lived in the Azores were the
first who probed the Atlantic in search of oceanic islands and
continents. Their objective, after the discovery achieved by
Christopher Columbus, was the north-east coast of the New
World.