Chapter IV: , VII (184)

"The Saints who had as yet been unable to leave Nauvoo
continued to labour assiduously at the completion of the
temple, so as to accomplish one of the most solemn prophecies
of their well-beloved martyr. The sacred edifice was
ultimately entirely finished, at the end of April, 1846, after
having cost the Saints more than a million dollars. It was
consecrated with great pomp on the 1st and 2nd of May, 1846.
… The day after the consecration of the temple had been
celebrated, the Mormons withdrew from the building all the
sacred articles which adorned it, and satisfied with having
done their duty in accomplishing, though to no purpose
otherwise, a Divine command, they crossed the Mississippi to
rejoin those who had gone before them. Nauvoo was abandoned.
There remained within its deserted walls but some hundred
families, whom the want of means and the inability to sell
their effects had not allowed as yet to start upon the road to
emigration. The presence of those who were thus detained,
together with the bruit caused by the ceremony of dedication,
raised the murmurs of the gentiles, and seemed to keep alive
their animosity and alarm. Their eager desire to be entirely
rid of the Mormons made them extremely sensitive to every idle
story respecting the projects of the latter to return. They
imagined that the Saints had only left in detachments to seek
recruits among the red-skins, meaning to come back with
sufficient force once more to take possession of their
property in Illinois. These apprehensions rose to such a pitch
that the anti-Mormons plunged into fresh acts of illegality
and barbarism. … On the 10th of September, 1846, an army of
1,000 men, possessing six pieces of artillery, started to
begin the attack under the direction of a person named Carlin,
and of the Reverend Mr. Brockman. Nauvoo had only 300 men to
oppose to this force, and but five small cannon, made from the
iron of an old steamboat. The fire opened on the afternoon of
the 10th, and continued on the 11th, 12th and 13th of
September." Every attack of the besiegers was repulsed, until
they consented to terms under which the remnant of the Mormons
was to evacuate the town at the end of five days. "The Mormons
had only three men killed and a few wounded during the whole
affair; the loss of their enemies is unknown, but it would
seem that it was heavy. It was agreed that a committee of five
persons should remain at Nauvoo to attend to the interests of
the exiles, and on the 17th of September, while the enemy, to
the number of 1,625, entered the city to plunder, the remnant
of the Mormons crossed the Mississippi to follow 'the track of
Israel towards the west.' …
{2234}
About the end of June, 1846, the first column of the emigrants
arrived on the banks of the Missouri, a little above the point
of confluence of this immense river with the Platte, in the
country of the Pottawatamies, where it stopped to await the
detachments in its rear. This spot, now known by the name of
Council Bluffs, was christened Kanesville by the Mormons. …
At this place, in the course of July, the federal government
made an appeal to the patriotism of the Mormons, and asked
them to furnish a contingent of 500 men for the Mexican war.
Did the government wish to favour the Saints by affording them
an opportunity of making money by taking service, or did it
merely wish to test their fidelity? This we cannot decide. …
The Saints generally regarded this levy as a species of
persecution; however … they furnished a battalion of 520
men, and received $20,000 for equipment from the war
department." The head quarters of the emigration remained at
Kanesville through the winter of 1846-47, waiting for the
brethren who had been left behind. There were several
encampments, however, some of them about 200 miles in advance.
The shelters contrived were of every kind—huts, tents, and
caves dug in the earth. The suffering was considerable and
many deaths occurred. The Indians of the region were
Pottawatamies and Omahas, both hostile to the United States
and therefore friendly to the Mormons, whom they looked upon
as persecuted foes of the American nation. "On the 14th of
April [1847], Brigham Young and eight apostles, at the head of
143 picked men and 70 carts laden with grain and agricultural
implements, started in search of Eden in the far-west. … The
23rd of July, 1847, Orson Pratt, escorted by a small advanced
guard, was the first to reach the Great Salt Lake. He was
joined the following day by Brigham Young and the main body of
the pioneers. That day, the 24th of July, was destined to be
afterwards celebrated by the Mormons as the anniversary of
their deliverance. … Brigham Young declared, by divine
inspiration, that they were to establish themselves upon the
borders of the Salt Lake, in this region, which was nobody's
property, and wherein consequently his people could follow
their religion without drawing upon themselves the hatred of
any neighbours. He spent several weeks in ascertaining the
nature of the country, and then fixed upon a site for the holy
city. … When he had thus laid the foundations of his future
empire, he set off on his return to Council Bluffs, leaving on
the borders of the Salt Lake the greater portion of the
companions who had followed him in his distant search. During
the summer, a convoy of 566 waggons, laden with large
quantities of grain, left Kanesville and followed upon the
tracks of the pioneers. … On their arrival at the spot
indicated by the president of the Church, they set to work
without a moment's repose. Land was tilled, trees and hedges
planted, and grain sown before the coming frost." The main
body of the emigrants, led by Brigham Young, moved from the
banks of the Missouri about the 1st of May, 1848, and arrived
at the Salt Lake the following autumn.

_J. Remy and J. Brenchley,
Journey to Great-Salt-Lake City,
book 2, chapter 4 (volume 1)._

"On the afternoon of the 22d [August, 1847] a conference was
held, at which it was resolved that the place should be called
the City of the Great Salt Lake. The term 'Great' was retained
for several years, until changed by legislative enactment. It
was so named in contradistinction to Little Salt Lake, a term
applied to a body of water some 200 miles to the south."

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 21, chapter 10._

MORMONISM: A. D. 1850.
Organization of the Territory of Utah.

See UTAH: A. D. 1849-1850.

MORMONISM: A. D. 1857-1859.
The rebellion in Utah.

See UTAH: A. D. 1857-1859.

MORMONISM: A. D. 1894.
Admission of Utah to the Union as a State.

See UTAH: A. D. 1894.

----------MORMONISM: End----------

MOROCCO.

See MAROCCO.

MORONA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

MORRILL TARIFF, The.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION: A. D. 1861-1864 (UNITED STATES).

MORRIS, Gouverneur,
The framing of the Federal Constitution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1787.

The origin of the Erie Canal.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1817-1825.

MORRIS, Robert, and the finances of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1784.

MORRIS-DANCE, The.

"Both English and foreign glossaries, observes Mr. Douce,
uniformly ascribe the origin of this dance to the Moors,
although the genuine Moorish or Morisco dance was, no doubt,
very different from the European morris. … It has been
supposed that the morris-dance was first brought into England
in the reign of Edward III., and when John of Gaunt returned
from Spain: but it is much more probable that we had it from
our Gallic neighbours, or the Flemings."

_H. Smith,
Festivals, Games, etc.,
chapter 18._

MORRIS ISLAND, Military operations on.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY: SOUTH CAROLINA).

MORRIS'S PURCHASE.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1786-1799.

MORRISTOWN, N. J.:
Washington in winter quarters (1777-1778).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1776-1777; and 1777 (JANUARY-DECEMBER).

MORTARA, Battle of (1849).

See ITALY; A. D. 1848-1849.

MORTEMER, Battle of.

The French army invading Normandy, A. D. 1054, was surprised
by the Normans, in the town of Mortemer and utterly routed.
The town was destroyed and never rebuilt.

_E. A. Freeman,
Norman Conquest,
chapter 12, section 2 (volume 3)._

MORTIMER'S CROSS, Battle of (1461).

One of the battles in the "Wars of the Roses," fought February 2,
1461, on a small plain called Kingsland Field, near Mortimer's
Cross, in Herefordshire, England. The Yorkists, commanded by
young Edward, Earl of March (soon afterwards King Edward IV.)
were greatly superior in numbers to the Lancastrians, under
the Earl of Pembroke, and won a complete victory.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

MORTMAIN, The Statute of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1279.

MORTON, Thomas, at Merrymount.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1622-1628.

MORTUATH, The.

See TUATH, THE.

MOSA, The.

The ancient name of the river Meuse.

{2235}

----------MOSCOW: Start--------

MOSCOW: A. D. 1147.
Origin of the city.

"The name of Moscow appears for the first time in the
chronicles at the date of 1147. It is there said that the
Grand Prince George Dolgorouki, having arrived on the domain
of a boyard named Stephen Koutchko, caused him to be put to
death on some pretext, and that, struck by the position of one
of the villages situated on a height washed by the Moskowa,
the very spot whereon the Kremlin now stands, he built the
city of Moscow. … During the century following its
foundation, Moscow remained an obscure and insignificant
village of Souzdal. The chroniclers do not allude to it except
to mention that it was burned by the Tartars (1237), or that a
brother of Alexander Nevski, Michael of Moscow, was killed
there in a battle with the Lithuanians. The real founder of
the principality of the name was Daniel, a son of Alexander
Nevski, who had received this small town and a few villages as
his appanage. … He was followed, in due course, by his
brothers George and Ivan."

_A. Rambaud,
History of Russia,
volume 1, chapter 12._

MOSCOW: A. D. 1362-1480.
Rise of the duchy which grew to be the Russian Empire.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1237-1480.

MOSCOW: A. D. 1571.
Stormed and sacked by the Crim Tartars.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1569-1571.

MOSCOW: A. D. 1812.
Napoleon in possession.
The burning of the city.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER);
and (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

----------MOSCOW: End--------

MOSKOWA, BORODINO, Battle of the.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).

MOSLEM.

See ISLAM;
also MAHOMETAN CONQUEST AND EMPIRE.

MOSQUITO INDIANS AND MOSQUITO COAST.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSQUITO,
or MOSQUITO INDIANS;
also NICARAGUA: A. D. 1850;
and CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1871.

MOTASSEM, Al, Caliph, A. D. 833-841.

MOTAWAKKEL, Al, Caliph, A. D. 847-861.

MOTYE, Siege of.

See SYRACUSE: B. C. 397-396.

MOUGOULACHAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

MOULEY-ISMAEL, Battle of (1835).

See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1830-1846.

MOULTRIE, Colonel, and the defense of Charleston.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (JUNE).

MOUND-BUILDERS OF AMERICA, The.

See AMERICA, PREHISTORIC.

MOUNT BADON, Battle of.

This battle was fought A. D. 520 and resulted in a crushing
defeat of the West Saxons by the Britons, arresting the
advance of the latter in their conquest of southwestern
England for a generation. It figures in some legends among the
victories of King Arthur.

_J. R. Green,
The Making of England,
chapter 3._

MOUNT CALAMATIUS, Battle of.

See SPARTACUS, RISING OF.

MOUNT ETNA, Battle of (1849).

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

MOUNT GAURUS, Battle of.

See ROME: B. C. 343-290.

MOUNT TABOR, Battle of (1799).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-AUGUST).

MOUNT VESUVIUS, Battle of (B. C. 338).

See ROME: B. C. 339-338.

MOUNTAIN, The Party of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER);
1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER);
and after, to 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).

MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE, The (1857).

See UTAH: A. D. 1857-1859.

MOURU.

See MARGIANA.

MOXO, The Great.

See EL DORADO.

MOXOS, MOJOS, The.

See BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS;
also, AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

MOYTURA, Battle of.

Celebrated in the legendary history of Ireland and represented
as a fatal defeat of the ancient people in that country called
the Firbolgs by the new-coming Tuatha-de-Danaan. "Under the
name of the 'Battle of the Field of the Tower' [it], was long
a favourite theme of Irish song."

_T. Moore,
History of Ireland,
chapter 5 (volume 1)._

MOZARABES, MOSTARABES.

The Christian people who remained in Africa and southern Spain
after the Moslem conquest, tolerated in the practice of their
religion, "were called Mostarabes or Mozarabes; they adopted
the Arabic language and customs. … The word is from the
Arabic 'musta'rab,' which means one 'who tries to imitate or
become an Arab in his manners and language.'"

_H. Coppée,
History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors,
book 4, chapter 3 (volume 1), with foot-note._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 51._

MOZART HALL.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871.

MUFTI.

See SUBLIME PORTE.

MUGELLO, Battle of (A. D. 542).

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

MUGGLETONIANS.

See RANTERS.

MUGHAL OR MOGUL EMPIRE.

See INDIA: A. D. 1399-1605.

MUGWUMPS.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.

MUHAJIRIN, The.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

MUHLBERG, Battle of (1547).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1546-1552.

MÜHLDORF, OR MAHLDORF, Battle of (1322).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1314-1347.

MULATTO.

See MESTIZO.

MULE, Crompton's, The invention of.

See COTTON MANUFACTURE.

MÜLHAUSEN, Battle of (1674).

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

MULLAGHMAST, The Massacre of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.

MULLIGAN, Colonel James A.:
Defense of Lexington, Missouri.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI).

MULTAN, OR MOOLTAN:
Siege and capture by the English (1848-1849).

See INDIA: A. D. 1845-1849.

MUNDA, Battle of.

See ROME: B. C. 45.

MUNDRUCU, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TUPI.

MUNERA GLADIATORIA.

See LUDI.

----------MUNICH: Start--------

MUNICH: 13th Century.
First rise to importance.

See BAVARIA: A. D. 1180-1356.

MUNICH: A. D. 1632.
Surrender to Gustavus Adolphus.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1631-1632.

MUNICH: A. D. 1743.
Bombardment and capture by the Austrians.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1743.

----------MUNICH: End--------

MUNICIPAL CONSTITUTIONS AND FORMS.

See COMMUNE; BOROUGH; and GUILD.

{2236}

MUNICIPAL CURIA OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE.

See CURIA, MUNICIPAL.

MUNICIPIUM.

"The term Municipium appears to have been applied originally
to those conquered Italian towns which Rome included in her
dominion without conferring on the people the Roman suffrage
and the capacity of attaining the honours of the Roman state.
… If the inhabitants of such Municipia had everything Roman
except the right to vote and to be eligible to the Roman
magistracies, they had Commercium and Connubium. By virtue of
the first, such persons could acquire property within the
limits of the Roman state, and could dispose of it by sale,
gift, and testament. By virtue of the second, they could
contract a legal marriage with the daughter of a Roman
citizen."

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 2, chapter 14._

MUNSEES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES,
and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
also, MANHATTAN ISLAND.

----------MÜNSTER: Start--------

MÜNSTER: A. D. 1532-1536.
The reign of the Anabaptists.

See ANABAPTISTS OF MÜNSTER.

MÜNSTER: A. D. 1644-1648.
Negotiation of the Peace of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648;
and NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1646-1648.

----------MÜNSTER: End--------

MUNYCHIA.

See PIRÆUS.

MUNYCHIA, Battle of (B. C. 403).

See ATHENS: B. C. 404-403.

MURA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

MURAD V., Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1876 (MAY-AUGUST).

MURAT, King of Naples, The career of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1800-1801 (JUNE-FEBRUARY),
1806 (JANUARY-OCTOBER);
GERMANY: A. D. 1806 (OCTOBER), to 1807 (FEBRUARY-JUNE);
SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (MAY-SEPTEMBER);
ITALY: A. D. 1808-1809;
RUSSIA: A. D. 1812;
GERMANY: A. D. 1812-1813, 1813 (AUGUST), to (OCTOBER);
ITALY: A. D. 1814, and 1815.

MURCI.

A name given to degenerate Romans, in the later days of the
Empire, who escaped military service by cutting off the
fingers of their right hands.

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 17._

MURET, Battle of (A. D. 1213).

See ALBIGENSES: A. D. 1210-1213;
and SPAIN: A. D. 1035-1258.

MURFREESBOROUGH, STONE RIVER, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862-1863 (DECEMBER-JANUARY: TENNESSEE).

MURRAY, The Regent, Assassination of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

MURRHINE VASES.

"The highest prices were paid for the so-called Murrhine vases
(vasa Murrhina) brought to Rome from the East. Pompey, after
his victory over Mithridates, was the first to bring one of
them to Rome, which he placed in the temple of the Capitoline
Jupiter. Augustus, as is well known, kept a Murrhine goblet
from Cleopatra's treasure for himself, while all her gold
plate was melted. The Consularis T. Petronius, who owned one
of the largest collections of rare vases, bought a basin from
Murrha for 300,000 sestertii; before his death he destroyed
this matchless piece of his collection, so as to prevent Nero
from laying hold of it. Nero himself paid for a handled
drinking-goblet from Murrha a million sestertii. Crystal vases
also fetched enormous prices. There is some doubt about the
material of these Murrhine vases, which is the more difficult
to solve, as the only vase in existence which perhaps may lay
claim to that name is too thin and fragile to allow of closer
investigation. It was found in the Tyrol in 1837.

See
_Neue Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums,
volume v. 1839._

Pliny describes the colour of the Murrhine vases as a mixture
of white and purple; according to some ancient writers, they
even improved the taste of the wine drunk out of them."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 91._

"I believe it is now understood that the murrha of the Romans
was not porcelain, as had been supposed from the line,
'Murrheaque in Parthis pocula cocta focis' (Propert. iv. 5.
26.), but an imitation in coloured glass of a transparent
stone."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 39, foot-note._

MURSA, Battle of (A. D. 351).

See ROME: A. D. 337-361.

MUSCADINS.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).

MUSCULUS, The.

A huge movable covered way which the Romans employed in siege
operations. Its construction, of heavy timbers, with a
roof-covering of bricks, clay and hides, is described in
Cæsar's account of the siege of Massilia.

_Cæsar,
The Civil War,
book 2, chapter 10._

MUSEUM, British.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN: ENGLAND.

MUSEUM OF ALEXANDRIA, The.

See ALEXANDRIA: B. C. 282-246.

MUSKHOGEES, OR MASKOKALGIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

MUSSULMANS.

See ISLAM.

MUSTAPHA I., Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1617-1618; and 1622-1623.

Mustapha II., Turkish Sultan, 1695-1703.

Mustapha III., Turkish Sultan, 1757-1774.

Mustapha IV., Turkish Sultan, 1807-1808.

MUTA, Battle of.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

MUTHUL, Battle of the.

See NUMIDIA: B. C. 118-104.

MUTINA, Battle of (B. C. 72).

See SPARTACUS, RISING OF.

MUTINA, Battle of (B. C. 43).

See ROME: B. C. 44-42.

MUTINA AND PARMA.

On the final conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans, about
220 B. C. the Senate planted the colonies of Mutina (Modena)
and Parma on the line of the Æmilian Road and assigned the
territory of the Apuans to the new colony of Luca (Lucca).

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
book 5, chapter 41 (volume 2)._

MUTINY ACTS, The English.

In 1689 the Parliament (called a Convention at first) which
settled the English crown upon William of Orange and Mary,
"passed the first Act for governing the army as a separate and
distinct body under its own peculiar laws, called 'The Mutiny
Act.' … The origin of the first Mutiny Act was this. France
had declared war against Holland, who applied under the treaty
of Nimeguen to England for troops. Some English regiments
refused to go, and it was felt that the common law could not
be employed to meet the exigency. The mutineers were for the
time by military force compelled to submit, happily without
bloodshed; but the necessity for soldiers to be governed by
their own code and regulations became manifest. Thereupon the
aid of Parliament was invoked, but cautiously.
{2237}
The first Mutiny Act was very short in enactments and to
continue only six months. It recited that standing armies and
courts martial were unknown to English law, and enacted that
no soldier should on pain of death desert his colours, or
mutiny. At the expiration of the six months another similar
Act was passed, also only for six months: and so on until the
present practice was established of regulating and governing
the army, now a national institution, by an annual Mutiny Act,
which is requisite for the legal existence of a recognised
force, whereby frequent meeting of Parliament is indirectly
secured, if only to preserve the army in existence."

_W. H. Torriano,
William the Third,
chapter 7._

"These are the two effectual securities against military
power: that no pay can be issued to the troops without a
previous authorisation by the commons in a committee of
supply, and by both houses in an act of appropriation; and
that no officer or soldier can be punished for disobedience,
nor any court-martial held, without the annual re-enactment of
the mutiny bill."

_H. Hallam,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 15 (volume 3)._

ALSO IN:
_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 11 (volume 3)._

MUTINY OF THE ENGLISH FLEET.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1797.

MUTINY OF THE PHILADELPHIA LINE.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1781 (JANUARY).

MUTINY OF THE SEPOYS.

See INDIA: A. D. 1857, to 1857-1858 (JULY-JUNE).

MUYSCAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CHIBCHAS.

MYCALE, Battle of.

See GREECE: B. C. 479.

MYCENÆ.

See GREECE: MYCENÆ: AND ITS KINGS;
also ARGOS; HERACLEIDÆ; and HOMER.

MYCIANS, The.

A race, so-called by the Greeks, who lived anciently on the
coast of the Indian Ocean, east of modern Kerman. They were
known to the Persians as Maka.

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Persia,
chapter 1._

MYLÆ, Naval battle at (B. C. 260).

See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.

MYONNESUS, Battle of (B. C. 190).

See SELEUCIDÆ: B. C. 224-187.

MYRMIDONS, The.

"Æakus was the son of Zeus, born of Ægina, daughter of Asopus,
whom the god had carried off and brought into the island to
which he gave her name. … Æakus was alone in Ægina: to
relieve him from this solitude, Zeus changed all the ants in
the island into men, and thus provided him with a numerous
population, who, from their origin, were called Myrmidons."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 1, chapter 10._

According to the legends, Peleus, Telamon and Phocus were the
sons of Æakus; Peleus migrated, with the Myrmidons, or some
part of them, to Thessaly, and from there the latter
accompanied his son Achilles to Troy.

MYSIANS, The.

See PHRYGIANS.—MYSIANS.

MYSORE, The founding of the kingdom of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1767-1769.

MYSORE WARS, with Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib.

See INDIA: A. D. 1767-1769; 1780-1783; 1785-1793;
and 1798-1805.

MYSTERIES, Ancient Religious.

See ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES.

MYSTICISM. QUIETISM.

"The peculiar form of devotional religion known under these
names was not, as most readers are aware, the offspring of the
17th century. It rests, in fact, on a substratum of truth
which is coeval with man's being, and expresses one of the
elementary principles of our moral constitution. … The
system of the Mystics arose from the instinctive yearning of
man's soul for communion with the Infinite and the Eternal.
Holy Scripture abounds with such aspirations—the Old
Testament as well as the New; but that which under the Law was
'a shadow of good things to come,' has been transformed by
Christianity into a living and abiding reality. The Gospel
responds to these longings for intercommunion between earth
and heaven by that fundamental article of our faith, the
perpetual presence and operation of God the Holy Ghost in the
Church, the collective 'body of Christ,' and in the individual
souls of the regenerate. But a sublime mystery like this is
not incapable of misinterpretation. … The Church has ever
found it a difficult matter to distinguish and adjudicate
between what may be called legitimate or orthodox Mysticism
and those corrupt, degrading, or grotesque versions of it
which have exposed religion to reproach and contempt. Some
Mystics have been canonized as saints; others, no less
deservedly, have been consigned to obloquy as pestilential
heretics. It was in the East—proverbially the fatherland of
idealism and romance—that the earliest phase of error in this
department of theology was more or less strongly developed. We
find that in the 4th century the Church was troubled by a sect
called Massalians or Euchites, who placed the whole of
religion in the habit of mental prayer; alleging as their
authority the Scripture precept 'That men ought always to
pray, and not to faint.' They were for the most part monks of
Mesopotamia and Syria; there were many of them at Antioch when
St. Epiphanius wrote his Treatise against heresies, A. D. 376.
They held that every man is from his birth possessed by an
evil spirit or familiar demon, who can only be cast out by the
practice of continual prayer. They disparaged the Sacraments,
regarding them as things indifferent: they rejected manual
labor; and, although professing to be perpetually engaged in
prayer, they slept, we are told, the greater part of the day,
and pretended that in that state they received revelations
from above. … The Massalians did not openly separate from
the Church; they were condemned, however, by two Councils—one
at Antioch in 391, the other at Constantinople in 426.
Delusions of the same kind were reproduced from time to time
in the Oriental Church; and, as is commonly the case, the
originators of error were followed by a race of disciples who
advanced considerably beyond them. The Hesychasts, or
Quietists of Mount Athos in the 14th century, seem to have
been fanatics of an extreme type. They imagined that, by a
process of profound contemplation, they could discern
internally the light of the Divine Presence—the 'glory of
God'—the very same which was disclosed to the Apostles on the
Mount of Transfiguration. Hence they were also called
Thaborites.
{2238}
The soul to which this privilege was vouchsafed had no need to
practise any of the external acts or rites of religion. …
The theory of abstract contemplation, with the extraordinary
fruits supposed to be derived from it, travelled in due course
into the West, and there gave birth to the far-famed school of
the Mystics, of which there were various ramifications. The
earliest exponent of the system in France was John Scotus
Erigena, the contemporary and friend of Charles the Bald. …
Erigena incurred the censures of the Holy See; but the results
of his teaching were permanent. … The Mystics, or
Theosophists as some style them, attained a position of high
renown and influence at Paris towards the close of the 12th
century. Here two of the ablest expositors of the learning of
the middle age, Hugh and Richard of St. Victor, initiated
crowds of ardent disciples into the mysteries of the 'via
interna,' and of 'pure love'—that marvellous quality by which
the soul, sublimated and etherialized, ascends into the very
presence-chamber of the King of kings. … The path thus
traced was trodden by many who were to take rank eventually as
the most perfect masters of spiritual science; among them are
the venerated names of Thomas à Kempis, St. Bonaventure, John
Tauler of Strasburg, Gerson, and St. Vincent Ferrier. … But,
on the other hand, it is not less true that emotional religion
has been found to degenerate, in modern as well as in ancient
times, into manifold forms of moral aberration. … To exalt
above measure the dignity and privileges of the spiritual
element in man carries with it the danger of disparaging the
material part of our nature; and this results in the
preposterous notion that, provided the soul be absorbed in the
contemplation of things Divine, the actions of the body are
unimportant and indifferent. How often the Church has combated
and denounced this most insidious heresy is well known to all
who have a moderate acquaintance with its history. Under the
various appellations of Beghards, Fratricelli, Cathari,
Spirituals, Albigenses, Illuminati, Guerinets, and Quietists,
the self-same delusion has been sedulously propagated in
different parts of Christendom, and with the same ultimate
consequences. A revival of the last-named sect, the Quietists,
took place in Spain about the year 1675, when Michel de
Molinos, a priest of the diocese of Saragossa, published his
treatise called 'The Spiritual Guide,' or, in the Latin
translation, 'Manuductio spiritualis.' His leading principle,
like that of his multifarious predecessors, was that of
habitual abstraction of the mind from sensible objects, with a
view to gain, by passive contemplation, not only a profound
realisation of God's presence, but so perfect a communion with
Him as to end in absorption into His essence. … Persons of
the highest distinction—Cardinals, Inquisitors, nay, even
Pope Innocent himself—were suspected of sharing these
dangerous opinions. Molinos was arrested and imprisoned, and
in due time the Inquisition condemned sixty-eight propositions
from his works; a sentence which was confirmed by a Papal bull
in August, 1687. Having undergone public penance, he was
admitted to absolution; after which, in 'merciful'
consideration of his submission and repentance, he was
consigned for the rest of his days to the dungeons of the Holy
Office. Here he died in November, 1692. … 'The principles of
Quietism had struck root so deeply, that they were not to be
soon dislodged either by the terrors of the Inquisition, or by
the well-merited denunciations of the Vatican. The system was
irresistibly fascinating to minds of a certain order. Among
those who were dazzled by it was the celebrated Jeanne Marie
De la Mothe Guyon," whose ardent propagation of her mystic
theology in the court circles of France—where Fenelon,
Madame de Maintenon, and other important personages were
greatly influenced—gave rise to bitter controversies and
agitations. In the end, Madame Guyon was silenced and
imprisoned and Fenelon was subjected to humiliating papal
censures.

_W. H. Jervis,
History of the Church of France,
volume 2, chapter 4._

ALSO IN:
_R. A. Vaughan,
Hours with the Mystics._

_J. Bigelow,
Miguel Molinos, the Quietist._

_T. C. Upham,
Life of M'me Guyon._

_H. L. S. Lear,
Fenelon,
chapters 3-5._

_S. E. Herrick,
Some Heretics of Yesterday,
chapter 1._

_H. C. Lea,
Chapters from the Religious History of Spain: Mystics._

MYTILENE, Siege of.

See LESBOS.

N

N. S.
New Style.

See CALENDAR, GREGORIAN.

NAARDEN: A. D. 1572.
Massacre by the Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1572-1573.

NABATHEANS, The.

"Towards the seventh century B. C., the name Edomite suddenly
disappears, and is used only by some of the Israelitish
prophets, who, in doing so, follow ancient traditions. Instead
of it is found the hitherto unknown word, Nabathean.
Nevertheless the two names, Nabathean and Edomite, undoubtedly
refer to the same people, dwelling in the same locality,
possessing the same empire, with the same boundaries, and the
same capital, Selah [Petra]. Whence arose this change of name?
According to an appearances from an internal revolution, of
which we have no record, a change in the royal race and in the
dominant tribe."

_F. Lenormant,
Manual of Ancient History,
book 7, chapter 4._

"This remarkable nation [the Nabatheans, or Nabatæans] has
often been confounded with its eastern neighbours, the
wandering Arabs, but it is more closely related to the Aramæan
branch than to the proper children of Ishmael. This Aramæan
or, according to the designation of the Occidentals, Syrian
stock must have in very early times sent forth from its most
ancient settlements about Babylon a colony, probably for the
sake of trade, to the northern end of the Arabian gulf; these
were the Nabatæans on the Sinaitic peninsula, between the gulf
of Suez and Aila, in the region of Petra (Wadi Mousa). In
their ports the wares of the Mediterranean were exchanged for
those of India; the great southern caravan-route, which ran
from Gaza to the mouth of the Euphrates and the Persian gulf,
passed through the capital of the Nabatæans—Petra—whose
still magnificent rock-palaces and rock-tombs furnish clearer
evidence of the Nabatæan civilization than does an almost
extinct tradition."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 5, chapter 4._

ALSO IN:
_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
volume 5, page 351._

{2239}

NABOB. NAWAB.

Under the Moghul empire, certain viceroys or governors of
provinces bore the title of Nawab, as the Nawab Wuzeer or
Vizier of Oude, which became in English speech Nabob, and
acquired familiar use in England as a term applied to rich
Anglo-Indians.

NADIR SHAH, sovereign of Persia, A. D. 1736-1747.

NAEFELS, OR NÖFELS, Battle of (1388).

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1386-1388.

Battle of (1799).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

NAGPUR:
The British acquisition and annexation.

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819, and 1848-1856.

NAHANARVALI, The.

See LYGIANS.

NAHUA PEOPLES. NAHUATL.

See MEXICO, ANCIENT.

NAIRS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

NAISSUS, The Battle of.

See GOTHS: A. D. 268-270.

NAJARA, Battle of.

See NAVARETTE.

NAMANGAN, Battle of (1876).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

NAMAQUA, The.

See SOUTH AFRICA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

NAMNETES, NANNETES, The.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

----------NAMUR: Start--------

NAMUR: A. D. 1692.
Siege and capture by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1692.

NAMUR: A. D. 1695.
Siege and recovery by William of Orange.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1695-1696.

NAMUR: A. D. 1713.
Ceded to Holland.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714;
and NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1713-1715.

NAMUR: A. D. 1746-1748.
Taken by the French and ceded to Austria.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1746-1747;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: CONGRESS.

----------NAMUR: End--------

NANA SAHIB, and the Sepoy Revolt.

See INDIA: A. D. 1848-1856; 1857 (MAY-AUGUST);
and 1857-1858 (JULY-JUNE).

NANCY: Defeat and death of Charles the Bold (1477).

See BURGUNDY: A. D. 1476-1477.

----------NANKING: Start--------

NANKING: A. D. 1842.
Treaty ending the Opium War and opening Chinese ports.

See CHINA: A. D. 1839-1842.

NANKING: A. D. 1853-1864.
The capital of the Taiping Rebels.

See CHINA: A. D. 1850-1864.

----------NANKING: End--------

----------NANTES: Start--------

NANTES:
Origin of the name.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

NANTES: A. D. 1598.
The Edict of Henry IV.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1598-1599.

NANTES: A. D. 1685.
The Revocation of the Edict.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1681-1698.

NANTES: A. D. 1793.
Unsuccessful attack by the Vendeans.
The crushing of the revolt and the frightful
vengeance of the Terrorists.
The demoniac Carrier and his Noyades.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER);
THE CIVIL WAR; and 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

----------NANTES: End--------

NANTICOKES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

NANTWICH, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1644 (JANUARY).

NAO.

See CARAVELS.

NAPATA.

See ETHIOPIA.

----------NAPLES: Start--------

NAPLES:
Origin of the city.

See NEAPOLIS AND PALÆPOLIS.

NAPLES: A. D. 536-543.
Siege and capture by Belisarius.
Recovery by the Goths.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

NAPLES: A. D. 554-800.
The dukedom.

See ROME: A. D. 554-800.

NAPLES: 8-9th Centuries.
The duchy of Beneventum.

See BENEVENTUM; also, AMALFI.

NAPLES: A. D. 1000-1080.
The Norman Conquest.
Grant by the Pope as a fief of the Church.

See ITALY: A. D. 1000-1090.

NAPLES: A. D. 1127.
Union of Apulia with Sicily and formation of the
kingdom of Naples or the Two Sicilies.

See ITALY: A. D. 1081-1194.

NAPLES: A. D. 1282-1300.
Separation from Sicily.
Continuance as a separate kingdom under the House of Anjou.
Adhesion to the name "Sicily."

See ITALY: A. D. 1282-1300;
also, TWO SICILIES.

NAPLES: A. D. 1312-1313.
Hostilities between King Robert and the Emperor, Henry VII.

See ITALY: A. D. 1310-1313.

NAPLES: A. D. 1313-1328.
King Robert's leadership of the Guelf interest in Italy.
His part in the wars of Tuscany.

See ITALY: A. D. 1313-1330.

NAPLES: A. D. 1343-1389.
The troubled reign of Joanna I.
Murder of her husband, Andrew of Hungary.
Political effects of the Great Schism in the Church.
War of Charles of Durazzo and Louis of Anjou.
Interfering violence of Pope Urban VI.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1389.

NAPLES: A. D. 1386-1414.
Civil war between the Durazzo and the Angevin parties.
Success of Ladislas.
His capture, loss, and recapture of Rome.

See ITALY: A. D. 1386-1414.

NAPLES: A. D. 1414-1447.
Renewal of civil war.
Defeat of the Angevins and acquisition of the
crown by Alfonso, king of Aragon and Sicily.
League with Florence and Venice against Milan.

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

NAPLES: A. D.1447-1454.
Claim of King Alfonso to the duchy of Milan.
War with Milan and Florence.

See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454.

NAPLES: A. D. 1458.
Separation of the crown from those of Aragon and Sicily.
Left to an illegitimate son of Alfonso.
Revived French claims.

See ITALY: A. D. 1447-1480.

NAPLES: A. D. 1494-1496.
Invasion and temporary conquest by Charles VIII. of France.
Retreat of the French.
Venetian acquisitions in Apulia.

See ITALY: A. D. 1492-1494, 1494-1496;
and VENICE: A. D. 1494-1503.

NAPLES: A. D. 1501-1504.
Perfidious treaty of partition between
Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand of Aragon.
Their joint conquest.
Their quarrel and war.
The French expelled.
The Spaniards in possession.

See ITALY: A. D. 1501-1504.

NAPLES: A. D. 1504-1505.
Relinquishment of French claims.

See ITALY: A. D. 1504-1506.

NAPLES: A. D. 1508-1509.
The League of Cambrai against Venice.

See VENICE: A. D. 1508-1509.

NAPLES: A. D. 1528.
Siege by the French and successful defense.

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

NAPLES: A. D. 1528-1570.
Under the Spanish viceroys.
Ravages of the Turks along the coast.
The blockade and peril of the city.
Revolt against the Inquisition.
Alva's repulse of the French.

See ITALY: A. D. 1528-1570;
and FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

{2240}

NAPLES: A. D. 1544.
Repeated renunciation of the claims of Francis I.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1532-1547.

NAPLES: A. D. 1647-1654.
Revolt of Masaniello.
Undertakings of the Duke of Guise and the French.

See ITALY: A. D. 1646-1654.

NAPLES: A. D. 1713.
The kingdom ceded to the House of Austria.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

NAPLES: A. D. 1734-1735.
Occupation by the Spaniards.
Cession to Spain, with Sicily, forming a kingdom for
Don Carlos, the first of the Neapolitan Bourbons.

See ITALY: A. D. 1715-1735;
and FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735.

NAPLES: A. D. 1742.
The neutrality of the kingdom in the War of the Austrian
Succession enforced by England.

See ITALY: A. D. 1741-1743.

NAPLES: A. D. 1744.
The War of the Austrian Succession.
Neutrality broken.

See ITALY: A. D. 1744.

NAPLES: A. D. 1749-1792.
Under the Spanish-Bourbon regime.

See ITALY: A. D. 1749-1792.

NAPLES: A. D. 1769.
Seizure of Papal territory.
Demand for the suppression of the Order of the Jesuits.

See JESUITS: A. D. 1761-1769.

NAPLES: A. D. 1793.
Joined in the Coalition against Revolutionary France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1796.
Armistice with Bonaparte.
Treaty of Peace.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER), and (OCTOBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1798-1799.
The king's attack upon the French at Rome.
His defeat and flight.
French occupation of the capital.
Creation of the Parthenopeian Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-APRIL).

NAPLES: A. D. 1799.
Expulsion of the French.
Restoration of the king.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1800-1801.
The king's assistance to the Allies.
Saved from Napoleon's vengeance by the intercession
of the Russian Czar.
Treaty of Foligno.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1800-1801 (JUNE-FEBRUARY).

NAPLES: A. D. 1805 (April).
Joined in the Third Coalition against France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805 (JANUARY-APRIL).

NAPLES: A. D. 1805-1806.
Napoleon's edict of dethronement against the king and queen.
Its enforcement by French arms.
Joseph Bonaparte made king of the Two Sicilies.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805-1806 (DECEMBER-SEPTEMBER)

NAPLES: A. D. 1808.
The crown resigned by Joseph Bonaparte (now king of Spain),
and conferred on Joachim Murat.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (MAY-SEPTEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1808-1809.
Murat on the throne.
Expulsion of the English from Capri.
Popular discontent.
Rise of the Carbonari.
Civil war in Calabria.

See ITALY: A. D. 1808-1809.

NAPLES: A. D. 1814.
Desertion of Napoleon by Murat.
His treaty with the Allies.

See ITALY: A. D. 1814.

NAPLES: A. D. 1815.
Murat's attempt to head an Italian national movement.
His downfall and fate.
Restoration of the Bourbon Ferdinand.

See ITALY: A. D. 1815.

NAPLES: A. D. 1815.
Accession to the Holy Alliance.

See HOLY ALLIANCE.

NAPLES: A. D. 1820-1821.
Insurrection.
Concession of a Constitution.
Perjury and duplicity of the king.
Intervention of Austria to overthrow the Constitution.
Merciless re-establishment of despotism.

See ITALY: A. D. 1820-1821.

NAPLES: A. D. 1820-1822.
The Congresses of Troppau, Laybach and Verona.
Austrian intervention sanctioned.

See VERONA, THE CONGRESS OF.

NAPLES: A. D. 1830.
Death of Francis I.
Accession of Ferdinand II.

See ITALY: A. D.1830-1832.

NAPLES: A. D. 1848.
Abortive revolt.

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

NAPLES: A. D. 1859-1861.
Death of Ferdinand II.
Accession of Francis II.
The overthrow of his kingdom by Garibaldi.
Its absorption in the kingdom of Italy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861.

----------NAPLES: End--------

NAPO, QUIJO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

NAPOLEON I.:
His career.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER);
and 1795 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER), to 1815 (JUNE-AUGUST).

NAPOLEON III.:
His career as conspirator, President of the
French Republic, and Emperor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1830-1840;
and 1848 (APRIL-DECEMBER), to 1870 (SEPTEMBER).

----------NARBONNE: Start--------

NARBONNE:
Founding of the city.

"In the year B. C. 118 it was proposed to settle a Roman
colony in the south of France at Narbo (Narbonne). … The
Romans must have seized some part of this country, or they
could not have made a colony, which implies the giving of land
to settlers. Narbo was an old native town which existed at
least as early as the latter part of the sixth century before
the Christian era. … The possession of Narbo gave the Romans
easy access to the fertile valley of the Garonne, and it was
not long before they took and plundered Tolosa (Toulouse),
which is on that river. … Narbo also commanded the road into
Spain."

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 1, chapter 22._

NARBONNE: A. D. 437.
Besieged by the Goths.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 419-451.

NARBONNE: A. D. 525-531.
The capital of the Visigoths.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 507-711.

NARBONNE: A. D. 719.
Capture and occupation by the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 715-732.

NARBONNE: A. D. 752-759.
Siege and recovery from the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 752-759.

----------NARBONNE: End--------

NARISCI, The.

See MARCOMANNI.

NARRAGANSETTS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1636;
and NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1637, 1674-1675,
1675, and 1676-1678.

NARSES, Campaigns of.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

NARVA, Siege and Battle of (1700).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1697-1700.

NARVAEZ, Expedition of.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1528-1542.

NASEBY, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JUNE).

----------NASHVILLE, Tennessee: Start--------

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1779-1784.
Origin and name of the city.

See TENNESSEE: A. D. 1785-1796.

{2241}

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1862.
Occupied by the Union forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE);
and (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1864.
Under siege.
Defeat of Hood's army.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A D. 1864 (DECEMBER: TENNESSEE).

----------NASHVILLE, Tennessee: End--------

NASI, The.

This was the title of the President of the Jewish Sanhedrin.

NASR-ED-DEEN, Shah of Persia, A. D. 1848-.

NASSAU, The House of.

"We find an Otho, Count of Nassau, so long ago as the
beginning of the 10th century, employed as general under the
Emperor Henry I … in subduing a swarm of savage Hungarians,
who for many years had infested Germany. … The same
fortunate warrior had a principal hand afterwards in reducing
the Vandals, Danes, Sclavonians, Dalmatians, and Bohemians.
Among the descendants of Otho of Nassau, Walram I and III more
particularly distinguished themselves in the cause of the
German Emperors; the former under the victorious Otho I, the
latter under Conrad II. It was to these faithful services of
his progenitors that, in a great measure, were owing the large
possessions of Henry, surnamed the Rich, third in descent from
the last mentioned Walram, and grandfather to the brave but
unhappy Emperor Adolphus [deposed and slain at the battle of
Gelheim, in 1298.]

See GERMANY: A. D. 1273-1308.

The accession, by marriage, of Breda, Vianden, and other
lordships in the Netherlands, gave the Nassaus such a weight
in those provinces that John II of Nassau-Dillemburg, and his
son Engelbert II, were both successively appointed Governors
of Brabant by the Sovereigns of that State [Charles the Bold,
Duke of Burgundy, and his son-in-law, the Emperor Maximilian].
… The last, who was likewise honoured with the commission of
Maximilian I's Lieutenant-General in the Low-Countries,
immortalized his fame, at the same time that he secured his
master's footing there, by the glorious victory of
Guinegaste,"—or Guinegate, or the "Battle of the Spurs."

See FRANCE: A. D. 1513—1515.

_J. Breval,
History of the House of Nassau,
pages 2-3._

Engelbert II. dying childless, "was succeeded by his brother
John, whose two sons, Henry and William, of Nassau, divided
the great inheritance after their father's death. William
succeeded to the German estates, became a convert to
Protestantism, and introduced the Reformation into his
dominions. Henry, the eldest son, received the family
possessions and titles in Luxembourg, Brabant, Flanders and
Holland, and distinguished himself as much as his uncle
Engelbert, in the service of the Burgundo-Austrian house. The
confidential friend of Charles V., whose governor he had been
in that Emperor's boyhood, he was ever his most efficient and
reliable adherent. It was he whose influence placed the
imperial crown upon the head of Charles. In 1515 he espoused
Claudia de Chalons, sister of Prince Philibert of Orange, 'in
order,' as he wrote to his father, 'to be obedient to his
imperial Majesty, to please the King of France, and more
particularly for the sake of his own honor and profit.' His
son Rene de Nassau-Chalons succeeded Philibert. The little
principality of Orange, so pleasantly situated between
Provence and Dauphiny, but in such, dangerous proximity to the
seat of the 'Babylonian captivity' of the popes at Avignon,
thus passed to the family of Nassau. The title was of high
antiquity. Already in the reign of Charlemagne, Guillaume au
Court-Nez, or 'William with the Short Nose,' had defended the
little town of Orange against the assaults of the Saracens.
The interest and authority acquired in the demesnes thus
preserved by his valor became extensive, and in process of
time hereditary in his race. The principality became an
absolute and free sovereignty, and had already descended, in
defiance of the Salic law, through the three distinct families
of Orange, Baux, and Chalons. In 1544, Prince Rene died at the
Emperor's feet in the trenches of Saint Dizier. Having no
legitimate children, he left all his titles and estates to his
cousin-german, William of Nassau [the great statesman and
soldier, afterwards known as William the Silent], son of his
father's brother William, who thus at the age of eleven years
became William the Ninth of Orange."

_J. L. Motley,
The Rise of the Dutch Republic,
part 2, chapter 1 (volume 1)._

The Dutch branch of the House of Nassau is now represented by
the royal family of Holland. The possessions of the German
branch, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, after
frequent partitioning, was finally gathered into a duchy,
which Prussia extinguished and absorbed in 1866.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

ALSO IN:
_E. A. Freeman,
Orange
(Macmillan's Magazine, February, 1875)._

_Baron Maurier,
Lives of all the Princes of Orange._

See, also, ORANGE;
and GUELDERLAND: A. D. 1079-1473.

NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832.

----------NATAL: Start--------

NATAL: The Name.

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1486-1806.

NATAL: A. D. 1834-1843.
Founding of the colony as a Dutch republic.
Its absorption in the British dominions.

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1806-1881.

----------NATAL: End--------

NATALIA, Queen of Servia.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: A. D. 1879-1889.

NATCHEZ, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
NATCHESAN FAMILY, and MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

NATCHEZ: A. D. 1862.
Taken by the National forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY-JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

NATCHITOCHES, The.

See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, French Revolution.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (JUNE).

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, German Revolution.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1848 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

NATIONAL BANK SYSTEM.

See MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1861-1878.

NATIONAL CONVENTION, French, End of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN: FRANCE.

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1825-1828.

NATIONALISTS, OR HOME RULERS, Irish.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886.

{2242}

NATIONALITY, The Principle of.

"Among the French a nationality is regarded as the work of
history, ratified by the will of man. The elements composing
it may be very different in their origin. The point of
departure is of little importance; the only essential thing is
the point reached. The Swiss nationality is the most complete.
It embraces three families of people, each of which speaks its
own language. Moreover, since the Swiss territory belongs to
three geographical regions, separated by high mountains,
Switzerland, which has vanquished the fatality of nature, from
both the ethnographical and geographical point of view, is a
unique and wonderful phenomenon. But she is a confederation,
and for a long time has been a neutral country. Thus her
constitution has not been subjected to the great ordeal of
fire and sword. France, despite her diverse races—Celtic,
German, Roman, and Basque—has formed a political entity that
most resembles a moral person. The Bretons and Alsacians, who
do not all understand the language of her government, have not
been the least devoted of her children in the hour of
tribulation. Among the great nations France is the nation par
excellence. Elsewhere the nationality blends, or tends to
blend, with the race, a natural development and, hence, one
devoid of merit. All the countries that have not been able to
unite their races into a nation, have a more or less troubled
existence. Prussia has not been able to nationalize (that is
the proper word to use) her Polish subjects; hence she has a
Polish question, not to mention at present any other. England
has an Irish question. Both Turkey and Austria have a number
of such questions. Groups of people in various parts of the
Austrian Empire demand from the Emperor that they may be
allowed to live as Germans, Hungarians, Tsechs, Croatians, in
fact, even as Italians. They do not revolt against him; on the
contrary, each of them offers him a crown. The time is,
however, past when a single head can wear several crowns;
to-day every crown is heavy. These race claims are not merely
a cause of internal troubles; the agitations that they arouse
may lead to great wars. Evidently no state will ever interpose
between Ireland and England, but, while quarrels take place
between Germans and Slavs, there will intervene the two
conflicting forces of Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism,
formidable results and final consequences of ethnographical
patriotism. Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism are, indeed, not
forces officially acknowledged and organized. The Emperor of
Germany can honestly deny that he is a Pan-Germanist, and the
Tsar that he is a Pan-Slavist. Germans and Slavs of Austria,
and Slavs of the Balkans, may, for their part, desire to
remain Austrian or independent, as they are to-day. It is none
the less true, however, that there is in Europe an old quarrel
between two great races, that each of them is represented by a
powerful empire, and that these empires cannot forever remain
unconcerned about the quarrels of the two races. … The chief
application of the principle of nationality has been the
formation of the Italian and German nations. In former times
the existence, in the centre of the Continent, of two objects
of greed was a permanent cause of war. Will the substitution
of two important states for German anarchy and Italian
polyarchy prove a guaranty of future peace?"

_E. Lavisse,
General View of the Political History of Europe,
chapter 5, sections 6-7._

NATIONALRATH, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

NATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITIES.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL.

NATIVE STATES OF INDIA.

See INDIA: A. D. 1877.

NATIVI.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL, &c.: ENGLAND.

NAUARCHI.

The title given in ancient Sparta to the commanders of the
fleet. At Athens "the term Nauarchi seems to have been
officially applied only to the commanders of the so-called
sacred triremes."

_G. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapters 1, and 3._

NAUCRATIS.

See NAUKRATIS.

NAUKRARIES.

See PHYLÆ.

NAUKRATIS.