Chapter IV: , VII (106)

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792,
and 1797-1799.

HAMILTON, Alexander:
Fatal duel with Aaron Burr.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1806-1807.

HAMITES.—HAMITIC LANGUAGES.

The name Hamites, as now used among ethnologists, is
restricted more closely than it once was to certain African
races, whose languages are found to be related. The languages
classed as Hamitic are those of the ancient Egyptians and the
modern Copts, most of the Abyssinian tribes, the Gallas and
the Berbers. Some of the older writers, Lenormant, for
example, embraced the Phœnicians and all their Canaanite
neighbors among the Hamites; but this is not now an accepted
view. It was undoubtedly formed under the influence of the
theory from which the name Hamites came, namely that the
people so designated were descendants of Ham; and it sought to
adjust a division of the Hamitic family to four lines of
descent, indicated by the Biblical account of the four sons of
Ham,—Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. This hypothesis
identified the Cushites with the Ethiopians (modern
Abyssinians and Nubians), the descendants of Mizraim with the
Egyptians, those of Phut with the Libyans, and those of Canaan
with the Canaanites, including the Phœnicians. Some held that
the Hamites occupied originally a great part of western and
southern Asia; that they were the primitive inhabitants of
southern Mesopotamia, or Chaldea, southern Persia, and
southern Arabia, and were displaced by the Semites; also that
they once inhabited the most of Asia Minor, and that the
Carians were a surviving remnant of them. But the more
conservative sense in which the term Hamite is now used
restricts it, as stated above, to certain races which are
grouped together by a relationship in their languages. Whether
or not the Hamitic tongues have an affinity to the Semitic
seems still an open question; and, in fact, the whole subject
is in an undetermined state, as may be inferred from the
following extract: "The so-called Hamitic or sub-Semitic
languages of Northern Africa … exhibit resemblances to the
language of ancient Egypt as well as to those of the Semitic
family. In the Libyan dialects we find the same double verbal
form employed with the same double function as in Assyrian,
and throughout the 'Hamitic' languages the causative is
denoted by a prefixed sibilant as it was in the parent Semitic
speech. We cannot argue, however, from language to race, …
and the Libyans have ethnologically no connection with the
Semites or the Egyptians. Moreover, in several instances the
Hamitic' dialects are spoken by tribes of negro or Nubian
origin, while the physiological characteristics of the
Egyptians are very different from those of the Semite."

_A. H. Sayce,
The Races of the Old Testament,
chapter 4._

HAMPDEN, John.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1634-1637; 1640-1641;
1642 (JANUARY), (OCTOBER-DECEMBER);
and 1643 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

HAMPDEN CLUBS.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1816-1820.

HAMPTON COURT CONFERENCE.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1604.

HAMPTON ROADS PEACE CONFERENCE.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (FEBRUARY).

HANAU, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

HANCOCK, John, and the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1775 (MAY-AUGUST); and 1776 (JULY).

HANDVESTS.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1559-1562.

HANES.

An ancient Egyptian city, once mentioned in the Bible by that
name (Isaiah xxx. 4). Its ruins have been identified, about 70
miles above Cairo, on the western bank of the Nile. The
Egyptian name of the city was Chenensu; the Greek name
Heracleopolis.

_R. S. Poole,
Cities of Egypt,
chapter 3._

HANNIBAL, The war of, with Rome.

See PUNIC WAR, THE SECOND.

----------HANOVER: Start--------

HANOVER, OR BRUNSWICK-LÜNEBURG:
Origin of the Kingdom and House.

See SAXONY: THE OLD DUCHY,
and A. D. 1178-1183.

HANOVER:
The Guelf connection.

See GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES;
and ESTE, HOUSE OF.

HANOVER: A. D. 1529.
The Duke joins in the Protest which gave origin to the name
Protestants.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1525-1529.

HANOVER: A. D. 1546.
Final separation from the Wolfenbüttel branch of the House.

The two principalities of Brunswick and Lüneburg, which had
been divided, were reunited by Ernest, called the Confessor.
On his death, in 1546, they were again divided, the heir of
his elder son taking Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, or Brunswick, and
the younger receiving Brunswick-Lüneburg, or Hanover. From the
latter branch sprang the Electoral House of Hanover, and the
present royal family of England; from the former descended the
Ducal Brunswick family.

_Sir A. Halliday,
Annals of the House of Hanover,
book 9 (volume 2)._

{1624}

HANOVER: A. D. 1648.
Losses and acquisitions in the Peace of Westphalia.
The alternating Bishopric.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

HANOVER: A. D. 1692.
Rise to Electoral rank.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648-1705; and 1125-1152.

HANOVER: A. D. 1694-1696.
The war of the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV.

See FRANCE: A.D. 1694; and 1695-1696.

HANOVER: A. D. 1701.
Settlement of the Succession of the Brunswick-Lüneberg line to
the English Crown.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1701.

HANOVER: A. D. 1714.
Succession of the Elector to the British Crown.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1714.

HANOVER: A. D. 1720.
Acquisition of the duchies of Bremen and Verden by the
Elector.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1719-1721.

HANOVER: A. D. 1741.
The War of the Austrian Succession: Neutrality declared.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1741 (AUGUST-NOVEMBER).

HANOVER: A. D. 1745.
The English-Hanoverian defeat at Fontenoy.

See NETHERLANDS (THE AUSTRIAN PROVINCES): A. D. 1745.

HANOVER: A. D. 1757-1762.
French attack and British defense of the electorate in the
Seven Years War.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (JULY-DECEMBER), to 1761-1762.

HANOVER: A. D. 1763.
The Peace of Paris, ending the Seven Years War.

See SEVEN YEARS WAR: THE TREATIES.

HANOVER: A. D. 1776.
Troops hired to Great Britain for service in the American War.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1776 (JANUARY-JUNE).

HANOVER: A. D. 1801-1803.
Annexation of Osnabruck.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1801-1803.

HANOVER: A. D. 1803-1806.
Seizure by the French.
Cession to Prussia.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1802-1803;
and GERMANY: 1806 (JANUARY-AUGUST).

HANOVER: A. D. 1807.
Absorbed in the kingdom of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY).

HANOVER: A. D. 1810.
Northern part annexed to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1810 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

HANOVER: A. D. 1813.
Deliverance from Napoleon.
Restoration to the King of England.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

HANOVER: A. D. 1815.
Raised to the rank of a kingdom, with territorial enlargement.

See VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF.

HANOVER: A. D. 1837,
Separation of the Crown from that of Great Britain.

"From the hour that the Crown of these kingdoms [Great Britain
and Ireland] devolved upon Queen Victoria, dates a change
which was a real blessing in the relations of the Sovereign to
the Continent of Europe. Hanover was at that instant wholly
separated from Great Britain. By the law of that country a
female could not reign except in default of heirs male in the
Royal family. But in addition to the great advantage of
separating the policy of England wholly from the intrigues and
complications of a petty German State, it was an immediate
happiness that the most hated and in some respects the most
dangerous man in these islands was removed to a sphere where
his political system might be worked out with less danger to
the good of society than amongst a people where his influence
was associated with the grossest follies of Toryism and the
darkest designs of Orangeism. On the 24th of June the duke of
Cumberland, now become Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, left
London. On the 28th he made a solemn entrance into the capital
of his states, and at once exhibited to his new subjects his
character and disposition by refusing to receive a deputation
of the Chambers, who came to offer him their homage and their
congratulations. By a proclamation of the 5th of July he
announced his intention to abolish the representative
constitution, which he had previously refused to recognize by
the customary oath. We shall have little further occasion to
notice the course of this worst disciple of the old school of
intolerance and irresponsible government, and we may therefore
at once state that he succeeded in depriving Hanover of the
forms of freedom under which she had begun to live; ejected
from their offices and banished some of the ablest professors
of the University of Gottingen, who had ventured to think that
letters would flourish best in a free soil; and reached the
height of his ambition in becoming the representative of
whatever in sovereign power was most repugnant to the spirit
of the age."

_C. Knight,
Popular History of England,
volume 8, chapter 23._

HANOVER: A. D. 1866.
Extinction of the kingdom.
Absorption by Prussia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

----------HANOVER: End--------

HANOVER, The Alliance of.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1713-1725.

HANOVER JUNCTION, Engagement at.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 18112 (MAY-JUNE: VIRGINIA).

HANSA TOWNS, The.

"In consequence of the liberty and security enjoyed by the
inhabitants of the free towns [of Germany—see CITIES:
IMPERIAL AND FREE, OF GERMANY], while the rest of the country
was a prey to all the evils of feudal anarchy and oppression,
they made a comparatively rapid progress in wealth and
population. Nuremberg, Augsburg, Worms, Spires, Frankfort, and
other cities, became at an early period celebrated alike for
the extent of their commerce, the magnificence of their
buildings, and the opulence of their citizens. … The
commercial spirit awakened in the north about the same time as
in the south of Germany. Hamburgh was founded by Charlemagne
in the beginning of the ninth century, in the intention of
serving as a fort to bridle the Saxons, who had been
subjugated by the emperor. Its favourable situation on the
Elbe necessarily rendered it a commercial emporium. Towards
the close of the twelfth century, the inhabitants, who had
already been extensively engaged in naval enterprizes, began
to form the design of emancipating themselves from the
authority of their counts, and of becoming a sovereign and
independent state; and in 1189 they obtained an Imperial
charter which gave them various privileges, including among
others the power of electing councillors, or aldermen, to
whom, in conjunction with the deputy of the count, the
government of the town was to be entrusted. Not long after
Hamburgh became entirely free. In 1224 the citizens purchased
from Count Albert the renunciation of all his rights, whether
real or pretended, to any property in or sovereignty over the
town, and its immediate vicinity. And the government was thus
early placed on that liberal footing on which it has ever
since remained. Lubeck, situated on the Trave, was founded
about the middle of the twelfth century. It rapidly grew to be
a place of great trade.
{1625}
It became the principal emporium for the commerce of the
Baltic, and its merchants extended their dealings to Italy and
the Levant. At a period when navigation was still imperfect,
and when the seas were infested with pirates, it was of great
importance to be able to maintain a safe intercourse by land
between Lubeck and Hamburgh, as by that means the difficult
and dangerous navigation of the Sound was avoided. And it is
said by some, that the first political union between these
cities had the protection of merchandize carried between them
by land for its sole object. But this is contradicted by
Lambec in his 'Origines Hamburgenses' (lib. xi., pa. 26). …
But whatever may have been the motives which led to the
alliance between these two cities, it was the origin of the
famous Hanseatic League, so called from the German word
'hansa,' signifying a corporation. There is no very distinct
evidence as to the time when the alliance in question was
established; but the more general opinion seems to be that it
dates from the year 1241. … From the beginning of the
twelfth century, the progress of commerce and navigation in
the north was exceedingly rapid. The countries which stretch
along the bottom of the Baltic from Holstein to Russia, and
which had been occupied by barbarous tribes of Sclavonic
origin, were then subjugated by the Kings of Denmark, the
Dukes of Saxony, and other princes. The greater part of the
inhabitants being exterminated, their place was filled by
German colonists, who founded the towns of Stralsund, Rostock,
Wismar, etc. Prussia and Poland were afterwards subjugated by
the Christian princes, and the Knights of the Teutonic order.
So that in a comparatively short period, the foundations of
civilization and the arts were laid in countries whose
barbarism had ever remained impervious to the Roman power. The
cities that were established along the coasts of the Baltic,
and even in the interior of the countries bordering upon it,
eagerly joined the Hanseatic confederation. They were indebted
to the merchants of Lubeck for supplies of the commodities
produced in more civilized countries, and they looked up to
them for protection against the barbarians by whom they were
surrounded. The progress of the league was in consequence
singularly rapid. Previously to the end of the thirteenth
century it embraced every considerable city in all those vast
countries extending from Livonia to Holland; and was a match
for the most powerful monarchs. The Hanseatic confederacy was
at its highest degree of power and splendour during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It then comprised from
sixty to eighty cities, which were distributed into four
classes or circles. Lubeck was at the head of the first
circle, and had under it Hamburgh, Bremen, Rostock, Wismar,
etc. Cologne was at the head of the second circle, with
twenty-nine towns under it. Brunswick was at the head of the
third circle, consisting of thirteen towns. Dantzic was at the
head of the fourth circle, having under it eight towns in its
vicinity, besides several that were more remote. The supreme
authority of the League was vested in the deputies of the
different towns assembled in Congress. In it they discussed
all their measures; decided upon the sum that each city should
contribute to the common fund; and upon the questions that
arose between the confederacy and other powers, as well as
those that frequently arose between the different members of
the confederacy. The place for the meeting of Congress was not
fixed, but it was most frequently held at Lubeck, which was
considered as the capital of the League, and there its
archives were kept. … Besides the towns already mentioned,
there were others that were denominated confederated cities,
or allies. … The Golden Bull proscribed all sorts of leagues
and associations, as contrary to the fundamental laws of the
empire, and to the subordination due to the emperor and the
different princes. But Charles IV., the author of this famous
edict, judged it expedient to conciliate the Hanseatic League;
and his successors seem generally to have followed his
example. As the power of the confederated cities was increased
and consolidated, they became more ambitious. Instead of
limiting their efforts to the mere advancement of commerce and
their own protection, they endeavoured to acquire the monopoly
of the trade of the North, and to exercise the same sort of
dominion over the Baltic that the Venetians exercised over the
Adriatic. For this purpose they succeeded in obtaining, partly
in return for loans of money, and partly by force, various
privileges and immunities from the Northern sovereigns which
secured to them almost the whole foreign commerce of
Scandinavia, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, Russia, etc. They
exclusively carried on the herring-fishery of the Sound, at
the same time that they endeavoured to obstruct and hinder the
navigation of foreign vessels in the Baltic. … The Kings of
Denmark, Sweden and Norway were frequently engaged in
hostilities with the Hanse towns. They regarded, and it must
be admitted not without pretty good reason, the privileges
acquired by the League in their kingdoms as so many
usurpations. But their efforts to abolish these privileges
served, for more than two centuries, only to augment and
extend them. … Waldemar III., who ascended the Danish throne
in 1340, engaged in a furious contest with the League. Success
seemed at first rather to incline to his arms. Ultimately,
however, he was completely defeated by the forces of the
League and its allies, and was even obliged to fly from his
kingdom. In his exile he prevailed on the Emperor and the Pope
to interpose in his favour. But neither the imperial rescripts
nor the thunders of the Vatican were able to divert the
confederated cities from their purposes. At length, in 1370,
the regents, to whom the government of Denmark had been
intrusted during the absence of the monarch, concluded a peace
with the League on the conditions dictated by the latter; one
of which was that most of the strong places in the kingdom
should be given up to the League for fifteen years, in
security for the faithful performance of the treaty. Waldemar
having assented to these humiliating terms, returned soon
after to Denmark. In the early part of the fifteenth century
the Hanse towns having espoused the side of the Count of
Holstein, who was at war with Eric X., King of Denmark, sent
an armament of upwards of 200 ships, having more than 12,000
troops on board, to the assistance of their ally. This
powerful aid decided the contest in his favour. Nearly at the
same time the League raised their ally, Albert of
Mecklenburgh, to the throne of Norway, who confirmed to them
several important commercial privileges.
{1626}
In their contests with Sweden, during the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, the League were equally successful. Such,
indeed, was their ascendancy in that kingdom, that they were
authorized to nominate some of the principal magistrates in
most of the Swedish maritime towns of any importance! … The
town of Wisby, situated on the west coast of the island of
Gothland, became, during the ascendancy of the League, one of
its principal depots, and also one of the best frequented
emporiums of the North. But Wisby is chiefly famous from its
name having become identified with the code of maritime laws
that was long of paramount authority in the Baltic. … The
principal Northern jurists and historians regard the Wisby
code, or compilation, as anterior to the code, or compilation,
denominated the Rules or Judgments of Oleron, and as being in
fact the most ancient monument of the maritime laws of the
middle ages. But no learning or ingenuity can give
plausibility to so improbable a theory. … In order to
facilitate and extend their commercial transactions, the
League established various factories in foreign countries, the
principal of which were at Novogorod in Russia, London in
England, Bruges in the Netherlands, and Bergen in Norway.
Novogorod, situated at the confluence of the Volkof with the
Imler Lake, was, for a lengthened period, the most renowned
emporium in the north-eastern parts of Europe. … The
merchants of the Hanse towns, or Hansards, as they were then
commonly termed, were established in London at a very early
period, and their factory here was of considerable magnitude
and importance. They enjoyed various privileges and
immunities; they were permitted to govern themselves by their
own laws and regulations; the custody of one of the gates of
the city (Bishopsgate) was committed to their care; and the
duties on various sorts of imported commodities were
considerably reduced in their favour. These privileges
necessarily excited the ill-will and animosity of the English
merchants. … The League exerted themselves vigorously in
defence of their privileges; and having declared war against
England, they succeeded in excluding our vessels from the
Baltic, and acted with such energy, that Edward IV. was glad
to come to an accommodation with them, on terms which were
anything but honourable to the English. In the treaty for this
purpose, negotiated in 1474, the privileges of the merchants
of the Hanse towns were renewed, and the king assigned to
them, in absolute property, a large space of ground, with the
buildings upon it, in Thames Street, denominated the Steel
Yard, whence the Hanse merchants have been commonly
denominated the Association of the Steel Yard. … In 1498,
all direct commerce with the Netherlands being suspended, the
trade fell into the hands of the Hanse merchants, whose
commerce was in consequence very greatly extended. But,
according as the spirit of commercial enterprise awakened in
the nation, and as the benefits resulting from the prosecution
of foreign trade came to be better known, the privileges of
the Hanse merchants became more and more obnoxious. They were
in consequence considerably modified in the reigns of Henry
VII. and Henry VIII., and were at length wholly abolished in
1597. The different individuals belonging to the factory in
London, as well as those belonging to the other factories of
the League, lived together at a common table, and were
enjoined to observe the strictest celibacy. … By means of
their factory at Bergen, and of the privileges which had been
either granted to or usurped by them, the League enjoyed for a
lengthened period the monopoly of the commerce of Norway. But
the principal factory of the League was at Bruges in the
Netherlands. Bruges became, at a very early period, one of the
first commercial cities of Europe, and the centre of the most
extensive trade carried on to the north of Italy. The art of
navigation in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was so
imperfect, that a voyage from Italy to the Baltic and back
again could not be performed in a single season, and hence,
for the sake of their mutual convenience, the Italian and
Hanseatic merchants determined on establishing a magazine or
store-house of their respective products in some intermediate
situation. Bruges was fixed upon for this purpose, a
distinction which it seems to have owed as much to the freedom
enjoyed by the inhabitants, and the liberality of the
government of the Low Countries, as to the conveniency of its
situation. In consequence of this preference, Bruges speedily
rose to the very highest rank among commercial cities, and
became a place of vast wealth. … From the middle of the
fifteenth century the power of the confederacy, though still
very formidable, began to decline. This was not owing to any
misconduct on the part of its leaders, but to the progress of
that improvement it had done so much to promote. … Lubeck,
Hamburgh, Bremen, and the towns in their vicinity, were
latterly the only ones that had any interest in its
maintenance. The cities in Zealand and Holland joined it,
chiefly because they would otherwise have been excluded from
the commerce of the Baltic; and those of Prussia, Poland and
Russia did the same, because, had they not belonged to it,
they would have been shut out from all intercourse with
strangers. When, however, the Zealanders and Hollanders became
sufficiently powerful at sea to be able to vindicate their
right to the free navigation of the Baltic by force of arms,
they immediately seceded from the League; and no sooner had
the ships of the Dutch, the English, etc., begun to trade
directly with the Polish and Prussian Hanse Towns, than these
nations also embraced the first opportunity of withdrawing
from it. … At the middle of the seventeenth century the
cities of Lubeck, Hamburgh, and Bremen were all that continued
to acknowledge the authority of the League."

History of the Hanseatic League
(Foreign Quarterly Review, January, 1831).

ALSO IN:
_S. A. Dunham,
History of the Germanic Empire,
book 1, chapter 4 (volume 2)._

_C. Walford,
Outline History of the Hanseatic League
(Royal Historical Society Transactions, volume 9)._

_H. Zimmern,
The Hansa Towns
(Stories of the Nations)._

_J. Yeats,
The Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce._

See, also,
CITIES, IMPERIAL AND FREE, OF GERMANY;
and SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1018-1397.

HANSE OF LONDON, The Flemish.

See FLANDERS: 13TH CENTURY.

HANSEATIC LEAGUE.

See HANSA TOWNS.

HAOMA.

See SOMA.

HAPSBURG, OR HABSBURG,
Origin and rise of the House of.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1246-1282.

{1627}

HAPSBURG-LORRAINE, The House of.

See AUSTRIA; A. D. 1745 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

HARALD IV.,
King of Norway, A. D. 1134-1136.

Harald Blaatand, King of Denmark, 941-991.

Harald Graafield, King of Norway, 963-977.

Harald Hardrade, King of Norway, 1047-1066.

Harald Harfager, King of Norway, 863-934.

Harald Sweynson, King of Denmark, 1076-1080.

HARAN.

"From Ur, Abraham's father had migrated to Haran, in the
northern part of Mesopotamia, on the high road which led from
Babylonia and Assyria into Syria and Palestine. Why he should
have migrated to so distant a city has been a great puzzle,
and has tempted scholars to place both Ur and Haran in wrong
localities; but here, again, the cuneiform inscriptions have
at last furnished us with the key. As far back as the Accadian
epoch, the district in which Haran was built belonged to the
rulers of Babylonia; Haran was, in fact, the frontier town of
the empire, commanding at once the highway into the west and
the fords of the Euphrates; the name itself was an Accadian
one, signifying 'the road.'"

_A. H. Sayce,
Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments,
chapter 2._

The site of Haran is generally identified with that of the
later city of Carrhæ.

HARD-SHELL DEMOCRATS.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.

HARDENBURG'S REFORM MEASURES IN PRUSSIA.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807-1808.

HARDICANUTE, OR HARTHACNUT,
King of Denmark, A. D. 1035-1042;
King of England, A. D. 1040-1042.

HARDINGE, Lord, The Indian administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1845-1849.

HARFLEUR.
Capture by Henry V.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1415.

HARGREAVE'S SPINNING-JENNY, Invention of.

See COTTON MANUFACTURE.

HARII, OR ARII, The.

See LYGIANS.

HARLAW, Battle of (1411).

A very memorable battle in Scottish history, fought July 24,
1411, between the Highlanders and Lowlanders of the country.
Donald, Lord of the Isles, was then practically an independent
sovereign of the western Highlands of Scotland, as well as the
islands opposite their shore. He claimed still larger domains
and invaded the lowland districts to make his claim good. The
defeat inflicted upon him, at heavy cost to the victors, was
felt, says Mr. Benton in his "History of Scotland," as a more
memorable deliverance even than that of Bannockburn. The
independence of the Lord of the Isle was not extinguished
until sixty years later. "The battle of Harlaw and its
consequences were of the highest importance, since they might
be said to decide the superiority of the more civilized
regions of Scotland over those inhabited by the Celtic tribes,
who remained almost as savage as their forefathers the
Dalriads."

_Sir W. Scott,
History of Scotland,
chapter 17._

HARLEM.

See HAARLEM.

HARMAR'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1790-1795.

HARMOSTS.

See SPARTA: B. C. 404-403.

HAROLD (the Dane),
King of England, A. D. 1037-1040.
Harold (the Saxon), King of England, 1066.

HAROUN AL RASCHID, Caliph, A. D. 786-809.

----------HARPER'S FERRY: Start--------

HARPER'S FERRY: A. D. 1859.
John Brown's invasion.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1859.

HARPER'S FERRY: A. D. 1861 (April).
Arsenal destroyed and abandoned by the Federal garrison.
Occupied by the Rebels.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL).

HARPER'S FERRY: A. D. 1862.
Capture by the Confederates.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(SEPTEMBER: MARYLAND).

----------HARPER'S FERRY: End--------

HARRISON, General Benjamin,
Presidential election and administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1888, to 1892.

HARRISON, General William Henry:
Indian campaign and battle of Tippecanoe.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1811.

In the War of 1812.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812-1813.

Presidency for one month.
Death.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1840.

HARRISON'S LANDING,
The Army of the Potomac at.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA),
and (JULY-AUGUST: VIRGINIA).

HARROW SCHOOL.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.-ENGLAND.

----------HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: Start--------

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1634-1637.
The beginnings of the city.

See CONNECTICUT; A. D. 1631; and 1634-1637.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1650.
The Treaty with the Dutch of New Netherland.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1650.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1687.
The hiding of the Charter.

See CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1685-1687.

----------HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: End--------

HARTFORD CONVENTION, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1814 (DECEMBER).

HARTHACNUT.

See HARDICANUTE.

HARUSPICES, The.

"The haruspices, nearly related to the augures, were of
Etruscan origin. Under the [Roman] Republic they were
consulted only in a few individual cases: under the emperors
they gained more importance, remaining, however, inferior to
the other priestly colleges. They also expounded and procured
lightnings and 'prodigies,' and moreover examined the
intestines of sacrificed animals. … Heart, liver and lungs
were carefully examined, every anomaly being explained in a
favourable or unfavourable sense."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 103._

HARVARD ANNEX.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &c.: A. D. 1804-1891.

HARVARD COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1635, and 1636.

HASHEM, Caliph: A. D. 724-743.

HASMONEANS, OR ASMONEANS.

See JEWS: B. C. 166-40.

HASSAN, Caliph: A. D. 661.

HASSIDIN, The.

A sect of Jewish mystics which rose during the 17th century in
Podolia, Wallachia, Moldavia, Hungary and neighboring regions.

_H. H. Milman,
History of the Jews,
volume 3, book 28._

HASTATI.

See LEGION, ROMAN.

HASTENBACK, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (JULY-DECEMBER).

{1628}

HASTING, The Northman.

See Normans: A. D. 849-860.

HASTINGS, Marquis of (Lord Moira).
The Indian administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1805-1816.

HASTINGS, Warren:
His administration in India.
His impeachment and Trial.

See INDIA: A. D. 1773-1785; and 1785-1795.

HASTINGS, OR SENLAC, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1066 (OCTOBER).

HATFIELD CHASE.
A vast swamp in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 180,000
acres in extent, which was sold by the crown in the reign of
Charles I. to a Hollander who drained and reclaimed it. It had
been a forest in early times and was the scene of a great
battle between Penda, King of Mercia, and Edwin of
Northumberland.

_J. C. Brown,
Forests of England,
part 1, chapter. 2, section 2._

HATRA.

"Hatra [in central Mesopotamia] became known as a place of
importance in the early part of the second century after
Christ. It successfully resisted Trajan in A. D. 116, and
Severus in A. D. 198. It is then described as a large and
populous city, defended by strong and extensive walls, and
containing within it a temple of the Sun, celebrated for the
great value of its offerings. It enjoyed its own kings at this
time, who were regarded as of Arabian stock, and were among
the more important of the Parthian tributary monarchs. By the
year A. D. 363 Hatra had gone to ruin, and is then described
as 'long since deserted.' Its flourishing period thus belongs
to the space between A. D. 100 and A. D. 300." The ruins of
Hatra, now called El-Hadhr, were "visited by Mr. Layard in
1846, and described at length by Mr. Ross in the ninth volume
of the 'Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,' as well as
by Mr. Fergusson, in his 'History of Architecture.'"

_G. Rawlinson,
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 22._

HATS AND CAPS, Parties of the.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1720-1792.

HATTERAS EXPEDITION, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (AUGUST: NORTH CAROLINA).

HATUNTAQUI, Battle of.

See ECUADOR: THE ABORIGINAL KINGDOM.

HAVANA.

See CUBA: A. D.1514-1851.

HAVELOCK'S CAMPAIGN IN INDIA.

See INDIA: A. D. 1857-1858.

HAVRE: A. D. 1563-1564.
Occupation by the English.
Siege and recovery by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1563-1564.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, The.

The Hawaiian or Sandwich Archipelago, in the North Pacific
ocean, "consists of the seven large and inhabited volcanic
islands of Oahu, Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and
Hawaii, and the four bare and rocky islets of Kaula, Lehua,
Kahoolawe, and Molokini, with a total area of 8,000 square
miles, and a population of scarcely more than 50,000 souls.
… The Kanakas, as the natives are called, are amongst the
finest and most intelligent races of the Pacific, and have
become thoroughly 'Europeanised,' or, perhaps rather,
'Americanised.' … The Hawaiians, like all other Polynesians,
are visibly decreasing in a constantly increasing ratio."

_Stanford's Compendium of Geography: Australasia,
chapter 24._

"Gaetano discovered one of the Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands in
1542; and, following him, Quiros found Tahiti and the New
Hebrides. Sea voyages in the Pacific multiplied, but that sea
long continued the exclusive theatre of the enterprises of the
Spaniards and Portuguese. … Native traditions refer to the
arrival of strangers a long time before Cook's appearance. In
the seventeenth century Spanish merchantmen were crossing the
Pacific, and might have refreshed at these islands. The
buccaneers, too, may have found the small harbour a convenient
place of concealment."

_M. Hopkins,
Hawaii: The Past, Present and Future of the Island Kingdom,
pages 83, 87._

"It is about a century since His Majesty's ships 'Resolution'
and 'Adventure,' Captains Cook and Clerke, turned back from
Behring Strait after an unsuccessful attempt to discover the
North-West Passage. But the adventurers were destined to light
upon fairer lands than those which they had failed to find. On
the 18th of January, 1778, whilst sailing through the Pacific,
the look-out man reported land ahead, and in the evening they
anchored on the shores of that lovely group of twelve islands,
which they named in honour of the then First Lord of the
Admiralty—Lord Sandwich—better known to the satirists of his
day as 'Jemmy Tickler,' one of the greatest of statesmen and
most abandoned of men. The natives received the strangers
gladly; but on the 14th of February, 1779, in an altercation
consequent on the theft of a boat, Captain Cook was killed in
Kealakcakua or Karakakoa Bay, in the Island of Hawaii, or
Owhyhee, from which the official name of the country—the
kingdom of Hawaii—takes its name."

_R. Brown,
The Countries of the World,
volume 4, page 22._

The several islands of the Hawaiian group were politically
independent of each other and ruled by different chiefs at the
time of Captain Cook's visit; but a few years later a chief
named Kaméhaméha, of remarkable qualities and capabilities,
succeeded to the sovereignty in the Island of Hawaii, and made
himself master in time of the whole group. Dying in 1819, he
left a consolidated kingdom to his son Liholiho, or Kaméhaméha
II., in whose reign "tabu" and idolatry were abolished and
Christian missionaries began their labors. The dynasty founded
by Kaméhaméha held the throne until 1872. In 1840 a
constitution was proclaimed, which created a legislative body,
composed of hereditary nobles and seven representatives
informally elected by the people. In 1842 the United States,
by an official letter from Daniel Webster, then Secretary of
State, "recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom,
and declared, 'as the sense of the government of the United
States, that the government of the Sandwich Islands ought to
be respected; that no power ought to take possession of the
islands, either as a conquest or for the purpose of
colonization; and that no power ought to seek for any undue
control over the existing government, or any exclusive
privileges or preferences in matters of commerce.'" The
following year, France and England formally recognized "the
existence in the Sandwich Islands of a government capable of
providing for the regularity of its relations with foreign
nations," and agreed "never to take possession, either
directly or under the title of a protectorate, or under any
other form, of any part of the territory of which they are
composed." In 1852 the constitution was revised. The
legislature, formerly sitting in one body, was now divided
into two houses and both enlarged.
{1629}
In 1864, however, King Kaméhaméha V. forced the adoption of a
new constitution which reversed this bicameral arrangement and
restored the single chamber. A double qualification of the
suffrage, by property and by education, was also introduced.
With the death of Kaméhaméha V., in 1872, his line ended. His
successor, Lunalilo, was elected by the legislature, and the
choice ratified by a popular vote. The reign of Lunalilo
lasted but two years. His successor, David Kalakaua, was
raised to the throne by election. In the year after his
accession, Kalakaua visited the United States, and soon
afterwards, in 1875, a treaty of reciprocity between the two
countries was negotiated. This was renewed and enlarged in
1887. In 1881 the King made a tour of the world. In the fall
of 1890 he came to California for his health; in January,
1891, he died at San Francisco. His sister, Liliuokulani,
widow of an American resident, succeeded him.

_W. D. Alexander,
Brief History of the Hawaiian People._

In 1887 a new constitution had been adopted. "This new
constitution was not framed by the king but by the people
through their own appointed citizens and members of the
courts. The legislative powers of the crown which had been
abridged by the constitution of 1864 were now entirely removed
and vested in the representatives of the people. By this the
crown became an executive. In addition to this provision there
was one making the ministry a responsible body and depriving
the king of the right to nominate members of the house of
nobles. … The legislature consists of a House of Nobles
composed of twenty-four members, who are elected for a term of
six years, and a House of Representatives consisting of from
twenty-four to forty-two members elected for two years. The
Houses sit in joint session. In addition to these public
officers there is a cabinet composed of four ministers
appointed by the sovereign holding executive power and who may
be removed upon sufficient cause by the legislature. Such was
the form of government in vogue up to the time of the recent
revolution which has excited the interest of the American
government. On the 15th of January (1893) … Queen
Liliuokalani made the attempt to promulgate a new
constitution, obviously for the purpose of increasing her
power in the government. It has been hinted that the queen
desired to benefit in a pecuniary way by granting concessions
for the establishment of a lottery, and the importation of
opium into the kingdom, both of which had until a year ago
been prohibited. It is best, however, to adhere to fact. The
queen desired more power. This new constitution, as framed by
her, deprived foreigners of the right of franchise, abrogated
the House of Nobles, and gave to the queen herself the power
to appoint a new House. This blow aimed directly at the
foreigners, who are the largest property holders in the
kingdom, stirred them to prompt action. The queen's own
ministry were unsuccessful in their efforts to dissuade her
from the attempt to put the new constitution into effect. The
resolve was not to be shaken, however, and her determination
to carry out her plan incited the people, chiefly the
foreigners, to oppose the measure. The outcome was a
revolution in which not a single life was sacrificed."

_A. A. Black,
The Hawaiian Islands
(Chautauquan, April, 1893, pages 54-57)._

A provisional government set up by the revolutionists was
immediately recognized by the United States Minister, Mr.
Stevens, and commissioners were sent to Washington to apply
for the annexation of the islands to the United States. On the
16th of February, 1893, the President of the United States,
Mr. Harrison, sent a message to the Senate, submitting an
annexation treaty and recommending its ratification. Meantime,
at Honolulu, on the 9th of February, the United States
Minister, acting without instructions, had established a
protectorate over the Hawaiian Islands, in the name of the
United States. On the 4th of March, a change in the Presidency
of the United States occurred, Mr. Cleveland succeeding Mr.
Harrison. One of the earliest acts of President Cleveland was
to send a message to the Senate, withdrawing the annexation
treaty of his predecessor. A commissioner, Mr. Blount, was
then sent to the Hawaiian Islands to examine and report upon
the circumstances attending the change of government. On the
18th of the following December the report of Commissioner
Blount was sent to Congress, with an accompanying message from
the President, in which latter paper the facts set forth by
the Commissioner, and the conclusions reached and action taken
by the United States Government, were summarized partly as
follows: "On Saturday, January 14, 1893, the Queen of Hawaii,
who had been contemplating the proclamation of a new
constitution, had, in deference to the wishes and
remonstrances of her Cabinet, renounced it for the present at
least. Taking this relinquished purpose as a basis of action,
citizens of Honolulu, numbering from fifty to one hundred,
mostly resident aliens, met in a private room and selected a
so-culled committee of safety composed of thirteen persons,
nine of whom were foreign subjects, and composed of seven
Americans, one Englishman, and one German. This committee,
though its designs were not revealed, had in view nothing less
than annexation to the United States, and between Saturday,
the 14th, and the following Sunday, the 18th of
January—though exactly what action was taken may never be
revealed—they were certainly in communication with the United
States Minister. On Monday morning the Queen and her Cabinet
made public proclamation, with a notice which was specially
served upon the representatives of all foreign governments,
that any changes in the constitution would be sought only in
the methods provided by that instrument. Nevertheless, at the
call and under the auspices of the committee of safety, a mass
meeting of citizens was held on that day to protest against
the Queen's alleged illegal and unlawful proceedings and
purpose. Even at this meeting the committee of safety
continued to disguise their real purpose and contented
themselves with procuring the passage of a resolution
denouncing the Queen and empowering the committee to devise
ways and means 'to secure the permanent maintenance of law and
order and the protection of life, liberty, and property in
Hawaii.' This meeting adjourned between 3 and 4 o'clock in the
afternoon. On the same day, and immediately after such
adjournment, the committee, unwilling to take further steps
without the co-operation of the United States Minister,
addressed him a note representing that the public safety was
menaced and that lives and property were in danger, and
concluded as follows: 'We are unable to protect ourselves
without aid, and therefore pray for the protection of the
United States forces.'
{1630}
Whatever may be thought of the other contents of this note,
the absolute truth of this latter statement is incontestable.
When the note was written and delivered, the committee, so far
as it appears, had neither a man nor a gun at their command,
and after its delivery they became so panic-stricken at their
position that they sent some of their number to interview the
Minister and request him not to land the United States forces
till the next morning, but he replied the troops had been
ordered and whether the committee were ready or not the
landing should take place. And so it happened that on the 16th
day of January, 1893, between 4 and 5 o'clock in the
afternoon, a detachment of marines from the United States
steamship Boston, with two pieces of artillery, landed at
Honolulu. The men, upwards of one hundred and sixty in all,
were supplied with double cartridge belts, filled with
ammunition, and with haversacks and canteens, and were
accompanied by a hospital corps with stretchers and medical
supplies. This military demonstration upon the soil of
Honolulu was of itself an act of war, unless made either with
the consent of the Government of Hawaii or for the bona fide
purpose of protecting the imperilled lives and property of the
citizens of the United States. But there is no pretense of any
such consent on the part of the Government of Hawaii, which at
that time was undisputed, and was both the de facto and the de
jure Government. In point of fact the Government, instead of
requesting the presence of an armed force, protested against
it. There is little basis for the pretense that such forces
landed for the security of American life and property. …
When these armed men were landed the city of Honolulu was in
its customary orderly and peaceful condition. There was no
symptom of riot or disturbance in any quarter. … Thus it
appears that Hawaii was taken possession of by the United
States forces without the consent or wish of the Government of
the Islands, or anybody else so far as known, except the
United States Minister. Therefore, the military occupation of
Honolulu by the United States on the day mentioned was wholly
without satisfaction, either as an occupation by consent or as
an occupation necessitated by dangers threatening American
life and property. It must be accounted for in some other way
and on some other ground, and its real motive and purpose are
neither obscure nor far to seek. The United States forces
being now on the scene and favorably stationed, the committee
proceeded to carry out their original scheme. They met the
next morning, Tuesday, the 17th, perfected the plan of
temporary government and fixed upon its principal officers,
who were drawn from 13 members of the committee of safety.
Between 1 and 2 o'clock, by squads and by different routes to
avoid notice, and having first taken the precaution of
ascertaining whether there was anyone there to oppose them,
they proceeded to the Government building to proclaim the new
Government. No sign of opposition was manifest, and thereupon
an American citizen began to read the proclamation from the
steps of the Government Building almost entirely without
auditors. It is said that before the reading was finished
quite a concourse of persons, variously estimated at from 50
to 100, some armed and some unarmed, gathered about the
committee to give them aid and confidence. This statement is
not important, since the one controlling factor in the whole
affair was unquestionably the United States marines, who,
drawn up under arms with artillery in readiness only 76 yards
distant, dominated the situation. The Provisional Government
thus proclaimed was by the terms of the proclamation 'to exist
until terms of the Union with the United States had been
negotiated and agreed upon.' The United States Minister,
pursuant to prior agreement, recognized this Government within
an hour after the reading of the proclamation, and before 5
o'clock, in answer to an inquiry on behalf of the Queen and
her Cabinet, announced that he had done so. … Some hours
after the recognition of the Provisional Government by the
United States Minister, the barracks and the police station,
with all the military resources of the country, were delivered
up by the Queen upon the representation made to her that her
cause would thereafter be reviewed at Washington, and while
protesting that she surrendered to the superior force of the
United States, whose Minister had caused United States troops
to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support
the Provisional Government, and that she yielded her authority
to prevent collision of armed forces and loss of life, and
only until such time as the United States, upon the facts
being presented to it, should undo the action of its
representative and reinstate her in the authority she claimed
as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. This
protest was delivered to the chief of the Provisional
Government, who indorsed it in his acknowledgment of its
receipt. … As I apprehend the situation, we are brought face
to face with the fact that the lawful government of Hawaii was
overthrown without the drawing of a sword or the firing of a
shot, by a process every step of which, it may safely be
asserted, is directly traceable to and dependent for its
success upon the agency of the United States acting through
its diplomatic and naval representatives. … Believing,
therefore, that the United States could not, under the
circumstances disclosed, annex the islands without justly
incurring the imputation of acquiring them by unjustifiable
methods, I shall not again submit the treaty of annexation to
the Senate for its consideration, and in the instructions to
Minister Willis, a copy of which accompanies this message, I
have directed him to so inform the Provisional Government. But
in the present instance our duty does not, in my opinion, end
with refusing to consummate this questionable transaction. …
I mistake the American people if they favor the odious
doctrine that there is no such thing as international
morality; that there is one law for a strong nation and
another for a weak one; and that even by indirection a strong
power may, with impunity, despoil a weak one of its territory.
… The Queen surrendered, not to the Provisional Government,
but to the United States. She surrendered not absolutely and
permanently, but temporarily and conditionally until such
facts could be considered by the United States. …
{1631}
In view of the fact that both the Queen and the Provisional
Government had at one time apparently acquiesced in a
reference of the entire case to the United States Government,
and considering the further fact that, in any event, the
Provisional Government, by its own declared limitation, was
only 'to exist until terms of union with the United States of
America have been negotiated and agreed upon,' I hoped that
after the assurance to the members of that Government that
such union could not be consummated, I might compass a
peaceful adjustment of the difficulty. Actuated by these
desires and purposes, and not unmindful of the inherent
perplexities of the situation nor limitations upon my part, I
instructed Mr. Willis to advise the Queen and her supporters
of my desire to aid in the restoration of the status existing
before the lawless landing of the United States forces at
Honolulu on the 17th of January last, if such restoration
could be effected upon terms providing for clemency as well as
justice to all parties concerned. The conditions suggested
contemplated a general amnesty to those concerned in setting
up the Provisional Government and a recognition of all the
bona fide acts and obligations. In short, they require that
the past should be buried, and that the restored Government
should reassume its authority as if its continuity had not
been interrupted. These conditions have not proved acceptable
to the Queen, and though she has been informed that they will
be insisted upon, and that unless acceded to the effort of the
President to aid in the restoration of her Government will
cease, I have not thus far learned that she is willing to
yield them her acquiescence." The refusal of the Queen to
consent to a general amnesty forbade further thought of her
restoration; while the project of annexation to the United
States was extinguished for the time by the just action of
President Cleveland, sustained by the Senate. The unauthorized
protectorate assumed by Minister Stevens having been
withdrawn, the Provisional government remains (March, 1894) in
control of the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and a
republican constitution is said to be in preparation.

HAWKINS' FIRST THREE VOYAGES.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1562-1567.

HAWKWOOD, Sir John, The Free Company of.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1393.

HAWLEY, Jesse, and the origin of the Erie Canal.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1817-1825.

HAYES, General Rutherford B.,
Presidential election and administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1876-1877, to 1881.

HAYNE AND WEBSTER DEBATE, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1828-1833.

----------HAYTI: Start--------

HAYTI, HAITI, OR SAN DOMINGO (Originally called Hispaniola):
Its names.
Its beauty.

"Columbus called the island Hispaniola, and it has also been
called St. Domingo from the city of that name on its
southeastern coast; but Hayti or Haiti (the mountainous
country) was its original Carrib name. The French bestowed
upon it the deserved name of 'la Reine des Antilles.' All
descriptions of its magnificence and beauty, even those of
'Washington Irving in his history of Columbus, fall far short
of the reality. It seems beyond the power of language to
exaggerate its beauties, its productiveness, the loveliness of
its climate, and its desirableness as an abode for man.
Columbus labored hard to prove to Isabella that he had found
here the original garden of Eden."

_W. H. Pearson,
Hayti and the Haitians
(Putnam's Monthly Magazine, January, 1854)._

HAYTI: A. D. 1492-1505.
Discovery and occupation by Columbus.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1492; 1493-1496; and 1498-1505.

HAYTI: A. D. 1499-1542.
The enslavement of the natives.
System of Repartimentos and Encomiendas.
Introduction of negro slavery.
Humane and reforming labors of Las Casas.

See SLAVERY, MODERN: OF THE INDIANS,
and SLAVERY, NEGRO: ITS BEGINNINGS.

HAYTI: A. D. 1632-1803.
Partly possessed France and partly by Spain.
Revolt of the Slaves and rise of Toussaint L'Ouverture to power.
Extinction of Slavery.
Treachery of the French.
Independence of the island acquired.