Chapter IV: Of Provincial and Communal Institutions (11)

Certain land reservations north of the Ohio, as shown on the
map of the United States in 1790, were made by both Virginia
and Connecticut; but Virginia renounced jurisdiction over
these lands in the cession, and Connecticut did likewise in
1800, the two states reserving merely the property rights. The
territory south of the Ohio was not included in the Virginia
cession of 1783 but the district of Kentucky was made the
subject of a second cession in 1789. The completion of this
list closed the interesting chapter in our history covered by
the state cessions and gave to the United States the
sovereignty over its first great western public domain. Before
pursuing this subject further, let us see in what relation the
cessions stand to the present form of the thirteen original
states. Some boundary contentions still remained, but these
are not of historic importance. The claim of Massachusetts in
what is now "Western New York was settled by joint commission
in 1786, while Pennsylvania purchased a tract of land on lake
Erie from the general government in 1792. At the present day
sixteen states stand upon the territory which remained to the
original thirteen, the three additional ones each springing
from the partition of one of the older states. In 1790 New
York assented to the independence of Vermont, which was
admitted to the Union in the following year; in 1820 Maine was
separated from Massachusetts and admitted; and finally, in
1862, West Virginia was set off from Virginia and became a
state in 1863. We will now resume the subject of the
disposition of the western lands.
{3810}
We have already noted the termination of that stage of their
history which involves the territorial claims of individual
states. The second stage concerns itself with the evolution of
what may be called the American system of territorial
government. The first, indeed, had not reached its completion
before the second began to receive the greater measure of
public attention. The western land cessions to the government
were made with the general understanding, tacit in most cases,
but in that of Virginia explicitly stated, that the ceded
territory should eventually be formed into additional states.
The first national domain may therefore be regarded as a
district held in trust by the government for a special
purpose. This view, which was not only required by the terms
of the Virginia cession, but also represented the general
sentiment of the time, has formed the basis of our entire
subsequent policy in dealing with the national domain,—a
policy which has remained unaltered even in the case of the
immense territories that afterwards came into the direct
possession of the government by treaty with foreign powers.
The one question remaining was the erection of the legislative
machinery which should provide for the government of the
territories during their preparation for statehood. The
problem was finally solved by the Ordinance of 1787 for the
government of the Northwest territory. This famous ordinance,
the first of the long series of acts concerning territorial
government, was the last noteworthy piece of legislation under
the old Articles of Confederation, and the year which
witnessed both the successful inauguration of our territorial
policy and the adoption of the new constitution is the most
memorable in the entire history of American institutions. The
history of the enactment of the Ordinance, for many years
veiled in obscurity, has been fully elucidated by the late W.
F. Poole (monograph on "The Ordinance of 1787"); the full text
is printed in its proper place in this work (page 2380). Many
of its provisions, suited only for the special occasion of
their use, are now antiquated and obsolete, and neither their
letter nor spirit find a place in subsequent territorial
legislation. But the fact remains that this act was in a
certain sense the great proto-type; it was the first to
organize and set in motion the machinery of our territorial
policy. A policy that has provided without friction for the
tremendous national expansion which has ensued during the
present century may justly be regarded as one of the greatest
achievements in the political history of the American
government. In our own day, when the admission of a new state
or the erection of a new territory is regarded as hardly more
than a routine event in the working of our political system,
it is easy for us to underestimate the vital importance of the
first steps which were taken concerning the regulation of the
national domain. It was because those steps were to determine
in a measure our entire future policy, that the history of the
old Continental Congress should form an absorbing theme for
every student of our internal geography. It is unnecessary to
follow this subject in detail through its later history, which
is simply a monotonous record of legislative enactments for
the organization of new territories or the admission of new
states. The principle had been fully established; the history
of the next century, followed step by step, can show very
little beyond its consistent application. Political
considerations have, it is true, often delayed or prematurely
hastened the admission of new states, but there has been one
case only where we have been called upon again to face a
question similar to that which was solved by the old congress.
The circumstances of the admission of the republic of Texas
bear no analogy to that of any other state received into the
Union since the formation of the government. Here was, not a
state created by mere legislative enactment, but an
independent foreign sovereignty, admitted to the Union at its
own solicitation, bringing with it as a dower a territory
immeasurably greater than the national policy had ever before
assigned to a single state. Once more therefore we have the
old question of a troublesome state sovereignty in immense
unoccupied lands. The comparative absence of friction in the
solution of this new problem proves again the efficiency of
the old policy in dealing with all such questions. No cession
of territory was wrung from Texas or in this case even
solicited. The state was admitted to the Union in 1845
claiming a continuous western boundary on the Rio Grande. In
1850, after the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo had determined our
boundary on the Mexican side, Texas sold to the General
Government, for the sum of $10,000,000, all of her territorial
claims north and west of her present boundaries. With some
modifications the history of the original cessions repeats
itself in this transaction, which was the last occasion of a
great transfer of territory to the Union by one of its
members. There are many other features in our internal
geography, among the most notable the institution of slavery,
which would be worthy of attention were the space to permit.
In view of this limitation, however, we cannot pursue the
subject beyond this general review of its main outlines. There
is a dearth of works on American historical geography
subsequent to the Declaration of Independence. It is a
subject, indeed, which cannot be very satisfactorily studied
simply through the literature dealing exclusively with the
topic. Of the atlases Professor Albert Bushnell Hart's. "Epoch
Maps Illustrating American History" is the best; the most
serviceable of the text works is Henry Gannett's pamphlet on
"Boundaries of the United States and of the several States and
Territories, with a Historical Sketch of the Territorial
Changes," published as bulletin Number 13 of the United States
Geological Survey. Townsend MacCoun's "Historical Geography of
the United States" and the later chapters of Walter B.
Scaife's "America, its Geographical History" are also useful.
An excellent account of our geographical history during the
early years of the Government, covering the period of the
state cessions, may be found in B. A. Hinsdale's Old
Northwest, with a View of the Thirteen Colonies as constituted
by the, Royal Charters." For a more careful study there is of
course no substitute for the texts of the grants, charters,
treaties and legislative acts of Congress, and the more
important of these are freely quoted from in Mr. Gannett's
work.

Alan C. Reiley.

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1863.
Adoption and Organization of the National Bank System
of the United States.

See MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1861-1878 (page 2219).

{3811}

UTOPIAS.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (page 2932).

UZBEGS.

A Turkish branch of the Tatars of Turkestan.

V.

VOLAPUK.

A proposed universal language, invented in 1879 by a
Swabian pastor, named Schleyer.

VOLTA, The electrical discoveries of.

See ELECTRICAL DISCOVERY AND INVENTION:
A. D. 1786-1800 (page 771).

W.

WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY.

See EDUCATION (page 743).

WHEATSTONE, Prof., Inventions of.

See ELECTRICAL DISCOVERY (page 773).

_T. O'Conor Sloane,
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26535_

{3812}

CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT AND INDICATIVE EVENTS.

TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA. [BEFORE]

B. C. 4777.
Beginning of the Egyptian dynasties as given by Manetho,
according to the latest computations. [Uncertain date]

2250.
Beginning of the reign of Hammurabi, or Chammurabi, the
first important king of Babylonia. [Uncertain date]

1500.
Independence of Assyria as a kingdom separate from
Babylonia, and rise of Nineveh. [Uncertain date]

1330.
Beginning of the reign in Egypt of Ramses II.,
the Sesostris of the Greeks. [Uncertain date]

1260.
Death of Ramses II., king of Egypt, and accession of
Merneptah or Merenptah, supposed by many writers to be
the Pharaoh of the Oppression. [Uncertain date]

1200.
Exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt.
[Uncertain date]

1120.
Beginning of the reign of Tiglathpileser I.,
king of Assyria. [Uncertain date]

1000.
Beginning of the reign of King David. [Uncertain date]

960.
Death of David and beginning of the reign of Solomon.
[Uncertain date]

776.
Beginning of the Olympiads.

753.
The founding of Rome. [Uncertain date]

745.
First war between Sparta and Messenia.

734.
Founding of Syracuse by Greeks from Corinth.

725.
End of first Messenian War.
722.
Overthrow of the kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians.
Captivity of the Ten Tribes.

685.
The second war between Messenia and Sparta.

668.
End of the second Messenian war.

640.
Birth of Thales. [Uncertain date]

624.
Supposed date of the legislation of Draco, at Athens.
[Uncertain date]
612.
Conspiracy of Cylon at Athens.

608.
Accession of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylonia.

606.
Destruction of Nineveh and overthrow of the Assyrian
empire by the Medes. [Uncertain date]

601.
First invasion of Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar.

598.
Invasion of Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar.

594.
The Constitution of Solon adopted at Athens.

586.
Capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.
End of the kingdom of Judah and exile of the remnant
of the people to Babylon.

560.
Tyranny of Pisistratus established at Athens.

551.
Birth of Confucius [Uncertain date] (d. 478).

549.
Overthrow of the Median monarchy by Cyrus,
and founding of the Persian.

546.
Overthrow of Crœsus and the kingdom of Lydia by Cyrus,
king of Persia.

538.
Conquest of Babylon by Cyrus.

529.
Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses
to the throne of Persia.

525.
Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, king of Persia.
Birth of Æschylus (d. 456).

521.
Accession of Darius I., king of Persia.

520.
Birth of Pindar. [Uncertain date]
516.
Invasion of Scythia by Darius, king of Persia.
[Uncertain date]

514.
Birth of Themistocles [Uncertain date]
(d. 449 [Uncertain date]).

510.
Expulsion of the Pisistratids from Athens.

509.
Expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. [Uncertain date]
Founding of the Republic (Roman chronology).

508.
Political reorganization of Athens by Cleisthenes.

506.
Subjection of Macedonia to Persia.

500.
Rising of the Greek colonies in Ionia, against the Persians.

495.
Birth of Sophocles (d. 405 [Uncertain date]).

493.
League of the Romans and Latins.

492.
First secession of the Roman Plebs.
Creation of the Tribunes of the People.

490.
First Persian expedition against Greece.
Destruction of Naxos by the Persians.
Their overwhelming defeat at Marathon.

489.
Condemnation and death of Miltiades at Athens.
[Uncertain date]

486.
Accession of Xerxes to the throne of Persia.

484.
Birth of Herodotus. [Uncertain date]

480.
Second Persian invasion of Greece.
Thermopylæ.
Artemisium.
Salamis.
Retreat of Xerxes.
Carthaginian invasion of Sicily.
Battle of Himera.
Birth of Euripides. [Uncertain date]

479.
Battles of Platæa and Mycale and end of
the Persian invasion of Greece.

478.
Beginning of the tyranny of Hieron at Syracuse.

477.
Formation of the Confederacy of Delos, under Athens.

471.
Exile of Themistocles from Athens.
Birth of Thucydides (d. 401 [Uncertain date]).

{3813}

469.
Birth of Socrates [Uncertain date]
(d. 399 [Uncertain date]).

466.
Naval victory of the Greeks over the Persians at Eurymedon.
Outbreak of the Plague at Rome.
Revolt of Naxos from the Delian Confederacy.
Fall of the tyrants at Syracuse.

465.
Murder of Xerxes I., and accession of Artaxerxes I.
to the throne of Persia.

464.
Great earthquake at Sparta.
Rising of the Helots,
or beginning of the third Messenian War.

460.
Birth of Hippocrates.

458.
Commencement of the Long Walls of Athens.

457.
Beginning of war of Corinth, Sparta, and Ægina with Athens.
Battle of Tanagra.

456.
Athenian victory at Œnophyta.

455.
End of the third Messenian War.

450.
End of war against Athens.
Framing of the Twelve Tables of the Roman Law.
The Decemvirs at Rome.
Birth of Alcibiades [Uncertain date] (d. 404).

447.
Defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians at Coronea.

445.
Conclusion of the Thirty Years Peace between Athens
and Sparta and their allies.
Ascendancy of Pericles at Athens.
Peace of Callias between Greece and Persia.
Birth of Xenophon. [Uncertain date]

444.
Creation of Consular Tribunes at Rome.
Exile of Thucydides from Athens.

435.
War between Corinth and Corcyra.

432.
Complaints against Athens.
Peloponnesian Congress at Sparta.
Revolt of Potidæa.

431.
Beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
Invasion of Attica.

430.
Second invasion of Attica.
The Plague at Athens.

429.
Death of Pericles at Athens.
Capture of Potidæa.
Birth of Plato (d. 347).

427.
Destruction of Platæa by the Peloponnesians.
Massacre at Corcyra.

425.
Surrender of Spartans to the Athenians at Sphacteria.
Accession of Xerxes II., king of Persia.

421.
Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta.
End of the first period of the Peloponnesian War.

415.
Expedition of the Athenians against Syracuse.
Mutilation of the Hermæ at Athens.
Accusation and flight of Alcibiades.

413.
Disaster to the Athenians before Syracuse.
Renewal of the Peloponnesian War.

411.
Oligarchical revolution at Athens.
The Four Hundred and their fall.
Recall of Alcibiades.

409.
Carthaginian invasion of Sicily.

406.
Victory of the Athenians over the Peloponnesians in
the battle of Arginusæ.
Execution of the generals at Athens.

405.
Defeat of the Athenians at Aigospotamoi.
Successful revolt of the Egyptians against the Persians,
and independence established.

404.
Fall of Athens.
End of the Peloponnesian War.

401.
Expedition of Cyrus the Younger.

400.
Retreat of the Ten Thousand under Xenophon.
Birth of Timoleon [Uncertain date] (d. 337).

391).
Condemnation and death of Socrates at Athens.
War of Sparta with Persia.

395.
League of Greek cities against Sparta.
The Corinthian War.

390.
Rome destroyed by the Gauls.

389.
Birth of Æschines [Uncertain date] (d. 314).

387.
Peace of Antalcidas between the Greeks and Persians.

385.
Birth of Demosthenes [Uncertain date] (d. 322).

384.
Birth of Aristotle (d. 322).

383.
Betrayal of Thebes to Sparta.
War of Syracuse with Carthage.

379.
Overthrow of the Olynthian League by Sparta.
Deliverance of Thebes.

371.
Defeat of Sparta at Leuctra.
Ascendancy of Thebes.
Arcadian Union.

370.
Peloponnesian expedition of Epaminondas.

361.
Adoption of the Licinian Laws at Rome.

362.
Victory and death of Epaminondas at Mantinea.

359.
Accession of Philip to the throne of Macedonia.

357.
Outbreak of the Ten Years Sacred War in Greece.

356.
Burning of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus.
Birth of Alexander the Great (d. 323).

353.
Final conquest of Egypt by the Persians.

352.
Interference of Philip of Macedonia in the Greek Sacred War.
First Philippic of Demosthenes.

343.
Deliverance of Syracuse by Timoleon.
First Samnite War in Italy.

341.
End of first Samnite War.

340.
Adoption of the Publilian Laws at Rome.

338.
League of Greek cities against Philip of Macedonia.
His victory at Chæronea.
His domination established.
Subjugation of the Latins by Rome.

336.
Assassination of Philip of Macedonia,
and accession of Alexander the Great.

335.
Revolt of Thebes.
Alexander's destruction of the city.

334.
Alexander's expedition against Persia.
His victory at the Granicus.

333.
Alexander's victory over the Persians at Issus.

332.
Alexander's sieges of Tyre and Gaza.
His conquest of Egypt and founding of Alexandria.

331.
Alexander's victory at Arbela.
Overthrow of the Persian empire.

{3814}

330.
Alexander's destruction of Persepolis.

326.
Alexander in India.
Defeat of Porus.
Beginning of second Samnite War in Italy.

323.
Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon.
Partition of his dominion among the generals.
Revolt in Greece.
The Lamian War.

322.
Subjugation of Athens by the Macedonians.
Death of Demosthenes.

321.
Beginning of the Wars of the Successors of Alexander.
Founding of the kingdom of the Ptolemies In Egypt.
Defeat of the Romans by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks.

317.
Execution of Phocion at Athens.

307.
Athens under the rule of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

306.
Royal titles assumed by Antigonus (as king of Asia),
Ptolemy, in Egypt, Seleucus Nicator, in Syria, Lysimachus,
in Thrace, and Cassander, in Macedonia.

305.
Siege of Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes.

304.
End of the second Samnite War in Italy.

301.
Battle of Ipsus.
Overthrow and death of Antigonus.

298.
Beginning of third Samnite War.

295.
Roman defeat of the Gauls at Sentinum.

290.
End of the third Samnite War.

287.
Birth of Archimedes [Uncertain date] (d. 212).

286.
Adoption of the Hortensian Laws at Rome.

280.
Invasion of Italy by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
Invasion of Greece by the Gauls.
Rise of the Achaian League.

278.
Pyrrhus in Sicily, in war against Carthage.

275.
Defeat of Pyrrhus at Beneventum.

264.
Beginning of the first Punic War between Rome and Carthage.

263.
Athens captured by Antigonus Gonatus.

255.
Defeat and capture of Regulus in Africa.

250.
Founding of the kingdom of Parthia by Arsaces.
[Uncertain date]

247.
Birth of Hannibal [Uncertain date] (d. 183).
241.
End of the first Punic War.
Roman conquest of Sicily.
Revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries.

234.
Birth of Cato the Elder (d. 149).
Birth of Scipio Africanus the Elder [Uncertain date](d. 183).

227.
War of Sparta with the Achaian League.

222.
Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul completed.

221.
Battle of Sellasia.
Sparta crushed by the king of Macedonia.

218.
Beginning of the second Punic War between Rome and Carthage.
Hannibal in Italy.

217.
Hannibal's defeat of the Romans at the Trasimene Lake.
Cœle-Syria and Palestine ceded to Egypt by
Antiochus the Great.

216.
Great defeat of the Romans by Hannibal at Cannæ.

214.
Beginning of war between Rome and Macedonia.

212.
Siege and reduction of Syracuse by the Romans.

211.
Hannibal at the Roman gates.

210.
Ægina taken by the Romans and the inhabitants
reduced to slavery.

207.
Defeat of Hasdrubal on the Metaurus.

206.
Birth of Polybius. [Uncertain date]

205.
End of first Macedonian War.

202.
Scipio's decisive victory at Zama, in Africa,
ending the second Punic War.

201.
Subjection of the Jews to the Seleucid monarchy.

200.
Roman declaration of war against the king of Macedonia.

197.
Decisive Roman victory over the Macedonians at Cynoscephalæ.

196.
Freedom of the Greeks proclaimed by the
Roman general Flamininus.

195.
Birth of Terence [Uncertain date] (d. 158 [Uncertain date]).

191.
Romans defeat Antiochus of Syria at Thermopylæ in Greece.
Final subjugation of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans.

190.
Decisive defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia, by the Romans.
Beginning of Roman conquest in Asia.

189.
Fall of the Ætolian League.

185.
Birth of Scipio Africanus the Younger (d. 129).

171.
The third war between Rome and Macedonia.

168.
Roman victory at Pydna;
extinction of the Macedonian kingdom.
Birth of Tiberius Gracchus [Uncertain date] (d. 133).

167.
Revolt of the Jews under Judas Maccabæus,
against Antiochus, king of Syria.

165.
Judas Maccabæus in Jerusalem; the Temple purified.
161.
Defeat and death of Judas Maccabæus.

157.
Birth of Marius (d. 86).

149.
Opening of the third Punic War between Rome and Carthage.

146.
Roman destruction of Carthage and Corinth.
Greece absorbed in the dominion of Rome.

138.
Birth of Sulla (d. 78).

135.
Assassination of Simon Maccabæus;
accession of John Hyrcanus to the High Priesthood.

133.
Outbreak of the Servile War in Sicily.
Attempted reforms and death of Tiberius Gracchus at Rome.
Reduction of Numantia.

121.
Death of Caius Gracchus at Rome.

111.
Beginning of the Jugurthine War between Rome and Numidia.

{3815}

106.
Birth of Cicero (d. 43).
Birth of Pompey the Great (d. 48).

105.
Great defeat of the Romans by the Cimbri at Arausio.
Royal title taken by Aristobulus in Judea.

104.
Ending of the Jugurthine War by Marius.

102.
Destruction of the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ by the
Romans under Marius.

101.
Destruction of the Cimbri by Marius.

100.
Adoption of the Apuleian Law at Rome.
Birth of Julius Cæsar (d. 44).

95.
Birth of Lucretius (d. 55).

90.
Outbreak of the Social War, or struggle of the Italians.

88.
Beginning of the first civil war (Marius and Sulla) at Rome,
and of war with Mithridates, king of Pontus.
Unsuccessful siege of Rhodes by Mithridates.

87.
Campaigns of the Romans under Sulla against Mithridates in Greece.
Marian proscriptions at Rome.
Birth of Catullus [Uncertain date] (d. 47 [Uncertain date]).

86.
Sulla's capture of Athens and victory at Chæronea.
Death of Marius.
Birth of Sallust (d. 34 [Uncertain date]).

84.
End of the first Mithridatic War.

83.
Return of Sulla to Italy;
burning of the Temple of Jupiter;
civil war at Rome.

82.
Sulla master of Rome;
the Sullan reign of terror.

80.
War with Sertorius in Spain.

79.
Sulla's resignation of the dictatorship.

78.
Death of Sulla.

74.
Opening of third Mithridatic War between Rome and
the king of Pontus.

73.
Rising of the Roman gladiators under Spartacus.

72.
Assassination of Sertorius in Spain;
Pompey in command.

71.
Defeat of the gladiators and death of Spartacus.

70.
Consulship of Pompey and Crassus at Rome.
Cicero's impeachment of Verres.

61.
Pompey's campaign against the pirates of Cilicia.

66.
Command of Pompey in the East.
Overthrow of Mithridates.

65.
Birth of Horace (d. 8).

64.
Extinction of the Seleucid kingdom by Pompey.

63.
Consulship of Cicero at Rome;
Conspiracy of Catiline.
Pompey's siege and conquest of Jerusalem;
the Asmonean kingdom made tributary to Rome.

60.
The first Triumvirate at Rome.

59.
Consulship of Cæsar at Rome.

58.
Beginning of Cæsar's campaigns in Gaul.
Exile of Cicero from Rome.

57.
Recall of Cicero.

56.
Roman conquest of Aquitaine.

55.
Cæsar's first invasion of Britain.

53.
Roman war with Parthia;
defeat and death of Crassus at Carrhæ.

51.
Cæsar's conquest of Gaul completed.

50.
Beginning of the second Civil War at Rome;
Cæsar's passage of the Rubicon.

49.
Cæsar's campaign against the Pompeians in Spain;
his conquest of Massilia.

48.
Cæsar's victory at Pharsalia;
death of Pompey in Egypt;
Cæsar in Alexandria.

46.
Cæsar's victory at Thapsus;
death of Cato.

45.
Cæsar's victory in Spain.

44.
Assassination of Cæsar at Rome.

43.
The second Triumvirate at Rome;
murder of Cicero.
Birth of Ovid (d. A. D. 18).

42.
Battles of Philippi;
destruction of the Liberators.

40.
Herod proclaimed King of Judea.

37.
Conquest of Jerusalem by Herod.

31.
War of Antony and Octavius;
victory of Octavius at Actium, establishing his supremacy.

30.
Death of Antony and Cleopatra;
annexation of Egypt to the Roman dominion.

29.
Triumph of Octavius celebrated at Rome;
title of Imperator given to him;
closing of the Temple of Janus.

27.
Title of Augustus assumed by Octavius at Rome.

12.
Expedition of the Romans under Drusus into Germany.

9.
Last German campaign and death of Drusus.

8.
First campaign of Tiberius
(afterward Roman emperor) in Germany.

4.
Probable date of the birth of Jesus.
Death of Herod, king of Judea.

CHRISTIAN ERA.

First Century.

1.
Beginning of the Christian Era.

4.
Campaign of the Emperor Tiberius in Germany.

6.
Deposition of the Herodian ethnarch Archelaus;
Judea made a district of the Roman prefecture of Syria.

9.
Destruction of Varus and his Roman legions
by the Germans under Arminius.

14.
Death of Augustus;
Tiberius made Emperor of Rome.
Expedition of Germanicus into Germany.

23.
Birth of Pliny the Elder (d. 79).

26.
Pontius Pilate, Roman procurator in Judea.

{3816}

27.
Completion of the Pantheon at Rome.

29.
Crucifixion of Jesus. [Uncertain date]
Martyrdom of Saint Stephen.

35.
Conversion of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]

37.
Death of the Emperor Tiberius.
Accession of Caius, called Caligula.
Birth of Agricola (d. 93).
Birth of Josephus (d. 95 [Uncertain date]).

40.
Birth of Martial. [Uncertain date]

41.
Murder of the Emperor Caligula;
elevation of Claudius to the throne.
Restoration of the Herodian kingdom of Judea
under Herod Agrippa.

43.
Roman invasion of Britain by Aulius Plautius
and the Emperor Claudius.

44.
Death of Herod Agrippa;
extinction of the kingdom of Judea.

50.
First missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]

51.
Capture of Caractacus, king of the Trinobantes, in Britain.
Adoption of Nero by Claudius.

52.
Second missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]
Birth of Trajan [Uncertain date] (d. 117).

53.
Felix, procurator of Judea.

54.
Murder of the Emperor Claudius and accession of Nero.
Saint Paul at Athens. [Uncertain date]

55.
Third missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]
Birth of Tacitus. [Uncertain date]

59.
Festus made governor of Judea.
Arrest of Saint Paul.
Murder of Agrippina.

61.
Destruction of the Druids of Britain;
revolt under Boadicea.
Saint Paul in Rome. [Uncertain date]

62.
Birth of Pliny the Younger. [Uncertain date]

64.
The burning of Rome;
first persecution of Christians.

65.
Conspiracy of Piso.
Execution of Lucan and Seneca by the command of Nero.

66.
Revolt of the Jews.

67.
Campaign of Vespasian against the insurgent Jews.

68.
Suicide of the Emperor Nero;
Galba proclaimed Emperor.

69.
Murder of Galba;
brief reigns of Otho and Vitellius;
Vespasian raised to the throne.
Revolt of the Batavians under Civilis.

70.
Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.

78.
Beginning of Agricola's campaign in Britain.

79.
Death of the Emperor Vespasian and accession of Titus.
Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Pestilence in the Roman Empire.

81.
Death of the Emperor Titus and accession of Domitian.

96.
Murder of the Emperor Domitian;
Nerva raised to the throne.

97.
Adoption of Trajan by Nerva.

98.
Death of the Emperor Nerva and accession of Trajan.

Second Century.

106.
Completed Roman conquest of Dacia by Trajan.

115.
War of Rome with Parthia.
Trajan's conquests in Asia.
Martyrdom of St. Ignatius.
Great earthquake at Antioch.

116.
Rising of the Jews in Cyrene, Cyprus and Egypt.

117.
Death of the Emperor Trajan and accession of Hadrian.
Relinquishment of Asiatic conquests.

118.
Campaign of Hadrian in Mœsia.

119.
Hadrian's visit to Britain.

121.
Birth of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (d. 180).

131.
Birth of Galen.

132.
Savage revolt of the Jews, savagely repressed;
name of Jerusalem changed to Ælia Capitolina;
complete dispersion of the Jews.

138.
Death of the Emperor Hadrian and
succession of Antoninus Pius.

161.
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus made Emperor on
the death of Antoninus Pius.
Roman war with Parthia begun.

165.
End of war between Rome and Parthia.
Sack of Seleucia and Ctesiphon.
Acquisition of Mesopotamia by Rome.

166.
Great plague in the Roman Empire.

167.
Beginning of the wars of Rome with the Marcomanni and Quadi.

174.
Great victory of Marcus Aurelius over the Quadi.

180.
Death of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius;
and accession of his Bon Commodus.

186.
Birth of Origen [Uncertain date] (d. 253).

192.
Murder of the Emperor Commodus (December 31).

193.
Pertinax made Emperor, and murdered;
sale of the throne of the Roman Empire to Didius Julianus;
contest of rivals;
accession of Septimius Severus.

198.
Siege and capture of the Parthian city Ctesiphon
by the Romans.

Third Century.

208.
Campaign of Severus against the Caledonians of Britain.

211.
Death of the Emperor Severus;
accession of his sons, Caracalla and Geta.

212.
Murder of Geta by Caracalla.

213.
First collision of the Romans with the Alemanni.

215.
Massacre at Alexandria commanded by Caracalla.

217.
Murder of the Emperor Caracalla;
elevation of Macrinus.

218.
Overthrow of Macrinus by Elagabalus.

{3817}

222.
Murder of Elagabalus;
Alexander Severus made Emperor.

226.
The new monarchy of Persia;
fall of the Parthian power;
rise of the Sassanidæ.

235.
Murder of the Emperor Alexander Severus;
accession of Maximin.

237.
Fate of the two Gordians at Rome.

238.
Overthrow and death of the Emperor Maximin;
elevation of the third Gordian.

244.
Death of the Emperor Gordian;
accession of Philip.

249.
Death of the Emperor Philip;
accession of Decius.

250.
Decian persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.
Gothic invasion of Mœsia.

251.
Victory of the Goths over the Romans;
death of Decius in battle;
accession of Gallus to the imperial throne.

253.
Murder of the Emperor Gallus;
accession of Æmilianus.
First appearance of the Franks in the Empire.
Murder of Æmilianus and accession of Valerian.

259.
Invasion of Gaul and Italy by the Alemanni.

260.
Roman war with Persia.
Defeat and capture of the Emperor Valerian;
accession of Gallienus.

267.
Accession of Zenobia, queen of Palmyra.

268.
Murder of the Emperor Gallienus;
accession of Claudius II.
Invasion of Thrace and Macedonia by the Goths
checked by Claudius.

270.
Death of the Emperor Claudius II.;
accession of Aurelian.
Dacia yielded to the Goths.
Italy invaded by the Alemanni.

273.
Defeat and capture of Zenobia, queen of Palmyra,
by the Emperor Aurelian.

275.
Murder of the Emperor Aurelian;
accession of Tacitus.

276.
Death of the Emperor Tacitus;
accession of Probus.

277.
Roman repulse of the Franks.
Invasion of Germany by Probus.

282.
Murder of the Emperor Probus;
accession of Carus.

283.
War of Rome with Persia.
Death of Carus;
accession of Numerian.

284.
Murder of the Emperor Numerian;
accession of Diocletian.

286.
Maximian made imperial colleague of Diocletian.

287.
Insurrection of the Bagauds in Gaul.

288.
Revolt of Carausius in Britain.

292.
Galerius and Constantius Chlorus created "Cæsars."

296.
Revolt of the African provinces of Rome;
siege of Alexandria.
Birth of Athanasius [Uncertain date] (d. 373).

297.
Roman war with Persia;
defeat of Galerius.

298.
Victorious peace of Rome with Persia;
extension of the Empire.

Fourth Century.

303.
Persecution of Christians by the Emperor Diocletian.

305.
Abdication of the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian;
Galerius and Constantius Chlorus become "Augusti";
Maximin and Severus made "Cæsars."

306.
Constantius Chlorus succeeded as "Cæsar"
by his son Constantine;
beginning of civil war between Constantine and his rivals;
defeat of the Salian Franks by Constantine.

312.
Conversion of the Emperor Constantine to Christianity.

313.
Constantine and Licinius share the Empire.
Toleration Edict of Milan.

316.
Birth of Saint Martin of Tours (d. 397).

318.
Opening of the Arian controversy.

325.
First general Council of the Church at Nicæa.

330.
Removal of the capital of the Empire from Rome to
Byzantium (Constantinople).

337.
Death of the Emperor Constantine;
partition of the Empire.

340.
Beginning of Civil War between the
three sons of Constantine.

348.
Defeat of the Romans by the Persians at Singara.

353.
Constantius sole Emperor.
Synod of Aries.

354.
Birth of Saint Augustine, bishop of Hippo (d. 430).

355.
Julian made Cæsar;
his defense of Gaul.

361.
Death of the Emperor Constantius and accession of Julian;
revival of Paganism.

363.
Expedition of Julian into Persia;
his retreat and death;
accession of Jovian;
Christianity again ascendant.

364.
Death of the Emperor Jovian;
accession of Valentinian I. in the West
and of Valens in the East.

365.
Great earthquake in the Roman world.

367.
First campaigns of Theodosius against the Picts and Scots.

368.
Repulse of the Alemanni, from Gaul.

375.
Death of Valentinian;
accession of Gratian and Valentinian II. in the West.

376.
The Visigoths, driven by the Huns, admitted to the Empire.

377.
Rising of the Goths in Mœsia and
indecisive battle of Ad Salices.

378.
Death of the Emperor Valens in battle with the Goths at
Adrianople.
Invasion of Gaul by the Alemanni and
their repulse by Gratian.

379.
Theodosius named Emperor in the East by Gratian.

380.
Trinitarian edict of Theodosius.

381.
Second general council of the Church, at Constantinople.

382.
Conclusion of peace with the Goths by the Emperor Theodosius;
final settlement of the Goths in Mœsia and Thrace.

{3818}

388.
Overthrow of the usurper, Maximus.
Formal vote of the Senate establishing Christianity in the
Roman Empire.

389.
Destruction of the Serapeum at Alexandria.

390.
Sedition at Thessalonica and massacre ordered by Theodosius.

392.
Final suppression of Paganism in the Empire, by law.
Murder of Valentinian II., Emperor in the West;
usurpation of Eugenius.

394.
Overthrow of the usurper Eugenius.

395.
Death of the Emperor Theodosius;
accession of his sons, Arcadius and Honorius;
final division of the Empire.
Invasion of Greece by Alaric;
capture of Athens.

398.
Suppression by Stilicho of Gildo's revolt in Africa.

400.
Alaric's invasion of Italy.

Fifth Century.

402.
Defeat of Alaric by Stilicho.
Birth of Phocion [Uncertain date] (d. 317).

404.
Removal of the capital of the Western Empire
from Rome to Ravenna. [Uncertain date]
Banishment of the Patriarch, John Chrysostom,
from Constantinople;
burning of the Church of St. Sophia.

406.
Barbarian inroad of Radagaisus into Italy.
Breaking of the Rhine barrier by German tribes;
overwhelming invasion of Gaul by Vandals, Alans,
Suevi, and Burgundians.

407.
Usurpation of Constantine in Britain and Gaul.

408.
Death of the Eastern Emperor, Arcadius,
and accession of Theodosius II.
Execution of Stilicho at Ravenna;
massacre of barbarian hostages in Italy;
blockade of Rome by Alaric.

409.
Invasion of Spain by the Vandals, Suevi, and Alans.

410.
Siege, capture and pillage of Rome by Alaric;
his death.
Abandonment of Britain by the Empire.
The barbarian attack upon Gaul joined by the Franks.

412.
Gaul entered by the Visigoths.
Cyril made Patriarch of Alexandria.

414.
Title of Augusta taken by Pulcheria at Constantinople.

415.
Visigothic conquest of Spain begun.
Persecution of Jews at Alexandria;
death of Hypatia.

418.
Founding of the Gothic kingdom of Toulouse in Aquitaine.

420.
Death of Saint Jerome, in Palestine.

422.
War between Persia and the Eastern Empire;
partition of Armenia.

423.
Death of Honorius, Emperor in the West;
usurpation of John the Notary.

425.
Accession of the Western Emperor, Valentinian III.,
under the regency of Placidia;
formal and legal separation of the
Eastern and Western Empires.

428.
Conquests of the Vandals in Spain.
Nestorius made Patriarch of Constantinople.

429.
Vandal conquests in Africa begun.

430.
Siege of Hippo Regius In Africa;
death of Saint Augustine, bishop of Hippo.

431.
Third general Council of the Church, held at Ephesus.

433.
Beginning of the reign of Attila, king of the Huns.
[Uncertain date]

435.
Nestorius exiled to the Libyan desert.

439.
Carthage taken by the Vandals.

440.
Leo the Great elected Pope.

441.
Invasion of the Eastern Empire by Attila and the Huns.

443.
Conquest and settlement of Savoy by the Burgundians.

446.
Thermopylæ passed by the Huns;
humiliating purchase of peace with them
by the Eastern Emperor.

449.
Landing in Britain of the Jutes under Hengist and Horsa.
[Uncertain date]
Meeting of the so-called Robber Synod at Ephesus.

450.
Death of the Eastern Emperor, Theodosius II.,
and accession of Pulcheria.

451.
Great defeat of the Huns at Chalons;
retreat of Attila from Gaul.
Fourth General Council of the Church, held at Chalcedon.

452.
Invasion of Italy by Attila;
origin of Venice.

453.
Death of Attila;
dissolution of his empire.
Death of Pulcheria, Empress in the East.

455.
Murder of Valentinian III., Emperor in the West;
usurpation of Maximus.
Rome pillaged by the Vandals.
Birth of Theodoric the Great (d. 526).

456.
Supremacy of Ricimer, commander of the barbarian
mercenaries, in the Western Empire;
Avitus deposed.

457.
Marjorian, first of the imperial puppets of Ricimer,
raised to the throne of the Western Empire.
Accession of Leo I., Emperor in the East.

461.
Marjorian deposed;
Severus made Emperor in the West.
Death of Pope Leo the Great and election of Pope Hilarius.

467.
Anthemius made Emperor in the West.

472.
Siege and storming of Rome by Ricimer;
death of Anthemius, and of Ricimer;
Olybrius and Glycerius successive emperors.

473.
Ostrogothic invasion of Italy diverted to Gaul.

474.
Julius Nepos Emperor in the West;
accession of Zeno in the Eastern Empire.

475.
Romulus Augustulus made Emperor in the West.

476.
Romulus Augustulus dethroned by Odoacer;
extinction for more than three centuries of
the Western line of emperors.

477.
Beginning of Saxon conquests in Britain.

480.
Birth of Saint Benedict (d. 543).

481.
Founding of the Frank kingdom by Clovis.

{3819}

483.
Election of Pope Felix II.

486.
Overthrow of the kingdom of Syagrius,
the last Roman sovereignty in Gaul.

488.
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, commissioned by the
Eastern Emperor to invade Italy.

489.
Defeat of Odoacer by Theodoric at Verona.

491.
Accession of Anastasius, Emperor in the East.
Capture of Anderida by the South Saxons.

492.
Election of Pope Gelasius I.

493.
Surrender of Odoacer at Ravenna; his murder:
Theodoric king of Italy.

494.
Landing of Cerdic and his band of Saxons in Britain.
[Uncertain date]

496.
Defeat of the Alemanni at Tolbiac by Clovis,
king of the Franks;
baptism of Clovis.
Election of Pope Anastasius II.

Sixth Century.

504.
Expulsion of the Alemanni from the Middle Rhine by the Franks.

505.
Peace between Persia and the Eastern Empire.

501.
Overthrow of the Gothic kingdom of Toulouse by Clovis.

511.
Death of Clovis;
partition of the Frank kingdom among his sons.
Monophysite riot at Constantinople.

512.
Second Monophysite riot at Constantinople.

515.
Publication of the monastic rule of Saint Benedict.

518.
Death of the Eastern Emperor, Anastasius,
accession of Justin I.

519.
Cerdic and Cynric become kings of the West Saxons.

525.
Execution of Boethius and Symmachus by Theodoric,
king of Italy.

526.
Death of Theodoric and accession of Athalaric.
Great earthquake at Antioch.
War between Persia and the Eastern Empire.

527.
Accession of Justinian in the Eastern Empire.

528.
Conquest of Thuringia by the Franks.

529.
Defeat of the Persians, at Dara,
by the Roman general Belisarius.
Closing of the schools at Athens.
Publication of the Code of Justinian.

531.
Accession of Chosroes, or Nushirvan,
to the throne of Persia.

532.
End of war between Persia and the Eastern Empire.
Nika sedition at Constantinople.

533.
Overthrow of the Vandal kingdom in Africa by Belisarius.
Publication of the Pandects of Justinian.

534.
Conquest of the Burgundians by the Franks.

535.
Recovery of Sicily from the Goths by Belisarius.

536.
Rome taken from the Goths by Belisarius for Justinian.

537.
Unsuccessful siege of Rome by the Goths.

539.
Destruction of Milan by the Goths.
Invasion of Italy by the Franks.

540.
Surrender of Ravenna to Belisarius;
his removal from command.
Invasion of Syria by Chosroes, king of Persia;
storming and sacking of Antioch.
Formal relinquishment of Gaul to the Franks by Justinian.
Vigilius made Pope.

541.
Gothic successes under Totila, in Italy.
End of the succession of Roman Consuls.
Defense of the East by Belisarius.

542.
Great Plague in the Roman Empire.

543.
Surrender of Naples to Totila.
Death of Saint Benedict.
Invasion of Spain by the Franks.

544.
Belisarius again in command In Italy.

546.
Totila's siege, capture and pillage of Rome.

547.
The city of Rome totally deserted for six weeks.
Founding of the kingdom of Bernicia
(afterward included in Northumberland) in England.
Subjection of the Bavarians to the Franks.

548.
Death of the Eastern Empress, Theodora.

549.
Second siege and capture of Rome by Totila.
Beginning of the Lazic War.

552.
Totila defeated and killed by the
imperial army under Narses.

553.
End of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy;
restoration of the imperial sovereignty.
Fifth General Council of the Church, at Constantinople.
Establishment of the Exarch at Ravenna,
representing the Emperor at Constantinople.

555.
Pelagius I. made Pope.

558.
Reunion of the Frank empire under Clothaire I.

560.
John III. made Pope.

563.
Founding of the monastery of Iona, in Scotland,
by Saint Columba.

565.
Death of Belisarius and of the Eastern Emperor Justinian;
accession of Justin II.

566.
Conquest of the Gepidæ in Dacia by the Lombards and Avars.

567.
Division of the Frank dominion into the three kingdoms
of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy.

568.
Invasion of Italy by the Lombards;
siege of Pavia.

570.
Birth of Mahomet. [Uncertain date]

572.
Renewed war of the Eastern Empire with Persia.

573.
Murder of Alboin, king of the Lombards.
Subjugation of the Suevi by the Visigoths in Spain.

574.
Benedict I. made Pope.

578.
Accession of the Eastern Emperor Tiberius Constantinus.
Pelagius II. made Pope.

582.
Accession of Maurice, Emperor in the East.

{3820}

588.
Kingdom of Northumberland, in England,
founded by the union of Bernicia and Deira under Æthelric.

589.
Abandonment of Arianism by the Goths in Spain.

590.
Gregory the Great elected Pope.

591.
Peace between Persia and the Eastern Empire.

597.
Mission of Saint Augustine to England.
Death of Saint Columba.

Seventh Century.

602.
Revolt in Constantinople;
fall and death of Maurice;
accession of Phocas.

604.
Death of Pope Gregory the Great.
Death of St. Augustine of Canterbury. [Uncertain date]

608.
Invasion of Asia Minor by Chosroes II., king of Persia.

610.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Phocas;
accession of Heraclius.
Venetia ravaged by the A vars.

614.
Invasion of Syria by Chosroes II.;
capture of Damascus.

615.
Capture of Jerusalem by Chosroes;
removal of the supposed True Cross.

616.
First expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
Advance of the Persians to the Bosphorus.

622.
The flight of Mahomet from Mecca (the Hegira).
Romans under Heraclius victorious over the Persians.

626.
Siege of Constantinople by Persians and Avars.

627.
Victory of Heraclius over Chosroes of Persia, at Nineveh.
Conversion of Northumbria to Christianity.

628.
Recovery of Jerusalem and of the supposed True Cross,
from the Persians, by Heraclius.

630.
Submission of Mecca to the Prophet.

632.
Death of Mahomet;
Abu Bekr chosen caliph.

634.
Death of Abu Bekr;
Omar chosen caliph.
Battle of Hieromax or Yermuk;
Battle of the Bridge. [Uncertain date]
Defeat of Heraclius.
Compilation and arrangement of the Koran. [Uncertain date]

635.
Siege and capture of Damascus by the Mahometans;
invasion of Persia;
victory at Kadisiyeh. [Uncertain date]
Defeat of the Welsh by the English in the
battle of the Heavenfield.

636.
Mahometan subjugation of Syria;
retreat of the Romans.

637.
Siege and conquest of Jerusalem by the Moslems;
their victories In Persia.

639.
Publication of the Ecthesis of Heraclius.

640.
Capture of Cæsarea by the Moslems:
invasion of Egypt by Amru.

641.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Heraclius;
three rival emperors;
accession of Constans II.
Victory at Nehavend and final conquest of Persia
by the Mahometans;
end of the Sassanian kingdom;
capture of Alexandria [Uncertain date];
founding of Cairo.

643.
Publication of the Lombard Code of Laws.

644.
Assassination of Omar:
Othman chosen caliph.

646.
Alexandria recovered by the Greeks and lost again.

648.
Publication by Constans II. of the edict called "The Type."

649.
Mahometan invasion of Cyprus.

650.
Conquest of Merv, Balkh, and Herat by the Moslems.
[Uncertain date]

652.
Conversion of the East Saxons in England.

653.
Seizure and banishment of Pope Martin I.
by the Emperor Constans II.

656.
Murder of Caliph Othman;
Ali chosen caliph;
rebellion of Moawiyah;
civil war;
Battle of the Camel.

657.
Ali's transfer of the seat of government to Kufa.

658.
Syria abandoned to Moawiyah;
Egypt in revolt.

661.
Assassination of Ali;
Moawiyah, first of the Omeyyads, made caliph;
Damascus his capital.

663.
Visit of the Emperor Constans to Rome.

668.
Assassination of Constans at Syracuse [Uncertain date];
accession of Constantine IV. to the throne
of the Eastern Empire.
Beginning of the siege of Constantinople by the Saracens.

670.
The founding of Kairwan, or Kayrawan. [Uncertain date]

673.
First Council of the Anglo-Saxon Church, at Hereford.
Birth of the Venerable Bede (d. 735).

677.
The raising of the siege of Constantinople;
treaty of peace. [Uncertain date]

680.
Sixth General Council of the Church, at Constantinople;
condemnation of the Monothelite heresy.
Massacre at Kerbela of Hoseyn, son of Ali, and his followers.

685.
Death of the Eastern Emperor, Constantine IV.,
and accession of Justinian II.
The Angles of Northumbria, under King Ecgfrith,
defeated by the Picts at Nectansmere.

687.
Battle of Testri;
victory of Pippin of Heristal over the Neustrians.

695.
Fall and banishment of Justinian II.

696.
Founding of the bishopric of Salzburg.

697.
Election of the first Doge of Venice.

698.
Conquest and destruction of Carthage by the Moslems.
[Uncertain date]

Eighth Century.

704.
Recovery of the throne by the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.

705.
Accession of the Caliph Welid.

709.
Accession of Roderick to the Gothic throne in Spain.

711.
Invasion of Spain by the Arab-Moors.
Moslem conquest of Transoxiana and Sardinia.
Final fall and death of the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.

{3821}

712.
Surrender of Toledo to the Moslem invaders of Spain.

717.
Elevation of Leo the Isaurian to the throne
of the Eastern Empire.
Second siege of Constantinople by the Moslems.
Great defeat of the Moslems at
the Cave of Covadonga in Spain.

718.
Victory of Charles Martel at Soissons;
his authority acknowledged in both Frankish kingdoms.

719.
Mahometan conquest and occupation of Narbonne.

721.
Siege of Toulouse;
defeat of the Moslems.

725.
Mahometan conquests in Septimania.

726.
Iconoclastic edicts of Leo the Isaurian;
tumult and insurrection in Constantinople.

731.
Death of Pope Gregory II.;
election of Gregory III.;
last confirmation of a Papal election by the Eastern Emperor.

732.
Great defeat of the Moslems by the Franks
under Charles Martel at Poitiers, or Tours.
Council held at Rome by Pope Gregory III.;
edict against the Iconoclasts.

733.
Practical termination of Byzantine imperial authority.

735.
Birth of Alcuin (d. 804).

740.
Death of Leo the Isaurian, Emperor in the East;
accession of Constantine V.

741.
Death of Charles Martel.
Death of Pope Gregory III.;
election of Zacharias.

742.
Birth of Charlemagne (d. 814).

744.
Defeat of the Saxons by Carloman;
their forced baptism.
Death of Liutprand, king of the Lombards.

747.
The Plague in Constantinople.
Pippin the Short made Mayor in both kingdoms of the Franks.

750.
Fall of the Omeyyad dynasty of caliphs and
rise of the Abbassides.

751.
Extinction of the Exarchate of Ravenna by the Lombards.

752.
End of the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings;
assumption of the crown by Pippin the Short.
Death of Pope Zacharias;
election of Stephen II.

754.
First invasion of Italy by Pippin the Short.
Rome assailed by the Lombards.

755.
Subjugation of the Lombards by Pippin;
his donation of temporalities to the Pope.
Martyrdom of Saint Boniface in Germany.

756.
Founding of the caliphate of Cordova by Abderrahman.

757.
Death of Pope Stephen II.;
election of Paul I.

758.
Accession of Offa, king of Mercia.

759.
Loss of Narbonne, the last foothold of the
Mahometans north of the Pyrenees.

763.
Founding of the capital of the Eastern Caliphs at Bagdad.
[Uncertain date]

767.
Death of Pope Paul I.;
usurpation of the anti-pope, Constantine.

768.
Conquest of Aquitaine by Pippin the Short.
Death of Pippin;
accession of Charlemagne and Carloman.
Deposition of the anti-pope Constantine;
election of Pope Stephen III.

771.
Death of Carloman, leaving Charlemagne
sole king of the Franks.

772.
Charlemagne's first wars with the Saxons.
Death of Pope Stephen III.;
election of Hadrian I.

774.
Charlemagne's acquisition of the Lombard kingdom;
his enlargement of the donation of
temporalities to the Pope.
Forgery of the "Donation of Constantine." [Uncertain date]

775.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Constantine V.;
accession of Leo IV.

778.
Charlemagne's invasion of Spain;
the "dolorous rout" of Roncesvalles.

780.
Death of the Eastern Emperor Leo IV.;
accession of Constantine VI.;
regency of Irene.

781.
Italy and Aquitaine formed into separate
kingdoms by Charlemagne.

785.
Great struggle of the Saxons against Charlemagne;
submission of Wittikind.

786.
Accession of Haroun al Raschid in the eastern caliphate.

787.
Seventh General Council of the Church
(Second Council of Nicæa).
First incursions of the Danes in England.

788.
Subjugation of the Bavarians by Charlemagne.
Death of Abderrahman.

790.
Composition of the Caroline books. [Uncertain date]

791.
Charlemagne's first campaign against the Avars.

794.
Accession of Cenwulf, king of Mercia.

795.
Death of Pope Hadrian I.;
election of Leo III.

797.
Deposition and blinding of the Eastern
Emperor Constantine VI., by his mother Irene.

800.
Imperial coronation of Charlemagne;
revival of the Empire.
Accession of Ecgberht, king of Wessex,
the first king of all the English.

Ninth Century.

801.
Conquest of Barcelona from the Moors by the Franks.

805.
Charlemagne's subjugation of the Avars.
Creation of the Austrian march.

806.
Division of the Empire by Charlemagne between
his sons formally planned.

809.
Death of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid.

812.
Civil war between the sons of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid;
siege of Bagdad.

814.
Death of Charlemagne, and accession of Louis the Pious,
his only surviving son.

816.
Death of Pope Leo III.;
election of Stephen IV.

817.
Partition of the Empire of the Franks by Louis the Pious.

826.
Grant of a county between the Rhine and Moselle to Harold,
king of Jutland, by the Emperor.

827.
Beginning of Moslem conquest of Sicily.

830.
First rebellion of the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious.

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833.
Second rebellion of the Emperor's sons;
the "Field of Lies";
deposition of the Emperor Louis the Pious.
Death of the Caliph Mamun, son of Haroun al Raschid.

834.
Restoration of Louis the Pious.

835.
Invasion of the Netherlands and sacking
of Utrecht by the Northmen.

836.
Burning of Antwerp and ravaging of Flanders by the Northmen.
Death of Egbert, the first king of all the English.

837.
First expedition of the Northmen up the Rhine.

838.
Asia Minor invaded by the Caliph Motassem;
the Amorian War.

840.
Third rebellion of the sons of the Frankish
Emperor Louis the Pious;
his death;
civil war.

841.
Expedition of the Northmen up the Seine;
their capture of Rouen.

842.
The Oath of Strasburg.

843.
Conquest by the Mahometans of Messina in Sicily.
Partition Treaty of Verdun between the sons of the
Emperor Louis the Pious;
formation of the realms of Louis the German and
Charles the Bald, which grew into the kingdoms of
Germany and France.

845.
First attack of the Northmen on Paris;
their destruction of Hamburg.

846.
Rome attacked by the Moslems.

847.
Siege and capture of Bordeaux by the Northmen.

849.
Birth of Alfred the Great.

852.
Revolt against the Moslems in Armenia.

854.
Ravages of the Northmen on the Loire checked at Orleans.

855.
Death of Lothaire, Emperor of the Franks,
and civil war between his sons.
First footing of the Danes established in England.

857.
Deposition of Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
and elevation of Photius.

860.
Discovery of Iceland by the Northmen. [Uncertain date]

861.
Formation of the Duchy of France;
origin of the House of Capet.
Paris surprised by the Northmen.

863.
Papal decree against the Eastern Patriarch, Photius.
Creation of the County of Flanders by Charles the Bald.

864.
Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavonians.

865.
First Varangian or Russian attack on Constantinople.

866.
Beginning of the permanent conquests of the Danes in England.

871.
Moslem fortress of Bari, in southern Italy,
surrendered to the Franks and Greeks.
Accession of Alfred the Great to the throne of Wessex.

875.
Death of Louis II., Emperor of the Franks and king of Italy;
imperial coronation of Charles the Bald.

876.
The Seine entered by the Northmen under Rollo.

877.
Death of the Emperor, Charles the Bald,
and accession of Louis the Stammerer.
Founding of the kingdom of Provence by Count Boso.

878.
Capture by the Moslems of Syracuse in Sicily.

880.
Ravages of the Northmen in Germany;
battles of the Ardennes and Ebbsdorf.
Defeat of the Danes by the English King Alfred at Ethandun;
Peace of Wedmore. [Uncertain date]

881.
Accession of Charles the Fat, king of Germany and Italy.

884.
Temporary reunion of the Empire of the Franks
under Charles the Fat.

885.
Siege of Paris by the Northmen under Rollo.

887.
Deposition of the Emperor, Charles the Fat.

888.
Death of Charles the Fat and
final disruption of the Empire of the Franks;
founding of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy.
The crown of France in dispute between Eudes, Count
of Paris, and the Caroling heir, Charles the Simple.

889.
Second siege of Paris by Rollo.

890.
Third siege of Paris and siege of Bayeux by Rollo.

891.
Defeat of the Danes at Louvain by King Arnulf.

894.
Arnulf of Germany made Emperor.

895.
Rome taken by the Emperor Arnulf.

898.
Death of Eudes, leaving Charles the Simple
sole king of France.

899.
Death of the Emperor Arnulf;
accession of Louis the Child to the German throne.

900.
Italy ravaged in the north by the Hungarians.

Tenth Century.

901.
Death of the English king, Alfred the Great, and
accession of his son, Edward the Elder.
Founding of the Samanide dynasty in Khorassan.

904.
Sergius III. made Pope;
beginning of the rule of the courtesans at Rome.

909.
Founding of the Fatimite caliphate in Africa.

910.
Founding of the monastery of Clugny in France.

911.
Death of the Emperor Louis the Child, extinguishing the
Carolingian dynasty in Germany, and election of
Conrad the Franconian.
Defeat of the Northmen at Chartres in France;
cession of Normandy to Rollo.

912.
Baptism of the Norman Duke Rollo.

914.
Elevation of John X. to the papal throne by
the courtesan, Theodora. [Uncertain date]

916.
Imperial coronation in Italy of Berengar.

919.
Election of the Saxon Duke, Henry the Fowler,
to the kingship of Germany.
Establishment of the Danish kingdom of Dublin.

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923.
The crown of France disputed with Charles the Simple
by Rudolph, of Burgundy.

924.
Devastation of Germany by the Hungarians;
truce agreed upon for nine years.
Lapse of the imperial title on the death of Berengar.
Commendation of Scotland to the West Saxon king.

925.
Death of the English king, Edward the Elder,
and accession of his son Ethelstan.

928.
Overthrow and imprisonment of Pope John X. by
the courtesan Marozia. [Uncertain date]