Chapter 3: , page 89 (14)

"How this name originated is a 'vexata quæstio' among
Indo-antiquarians and etymologists. The least plausible
supposition is, that the name has any reference to the
moralist Seneca. Some have supposed it to be a corruption of
the Dutch term for vermillion, cinebar, or cinnabar, under the
assumption that the Senecas, being the most warlike of the
Five Nations, used that pigment more than the others, and thus
gave origin to the name. This hypothesis is supported by no
authority. … The name 'Sennecas' first appears on a Dutch
map of 1616, and again on Jean de Laet's map of 1633. … It
is claimed by some that the word may be derived from
'Sinnekox,' the Algonquin name of a tribe of Indians spoken of
in Wassenaer's History of Europe, on the authority of Peter
Barentz, who traded with them about the year 1626. … Without
assuming to solve the mystery, the writer contents himself
with giving some data which may possibly aid others in
arriving at a reliable conclusion. [Here follows a discussion
of the various forms of name by which the Senecas designated
themselves and were known to the Hurons, from whom the Jesuits
first heard of them.] By dropping the neuter prefix O, the
national title became 'Nan-do-wah-gaah,' or 'The great hill
people,' as now used by the Senecas. … If the name Seneca
can legitimately be derived from the Seneca word
'Nan-do-wah-gaah' … it can only be done by prefixing 'Son,'
as was the custom of the Jesuits, and dropping all unnecessary
letters. It would then form the word 'Son-non-do-wa-ga,' the
first two and last syllables of which, if the French sounds of
the letters are given, are almost identical in pronunciation
with Seneca. The chief difficulty, however, would be in the
disposal of the two superfluous syllables. They may have been
dropped in the process of contraction so common in the
composition of Indian words—a result which would be quite
likely to occur to a Seneca name, in its transmission through
two other languages, the Mohawk and the Dutch. The foregoing
queries and suggestions are thrown out for what they are
worth, in the absence of any more reliable theory."

_O. H. Marshall,
Historical Writings,
page 231_

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, and HURONS, &c.

See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR.

For an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Senecas,

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1779 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Shacaya.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Shahaptian Family.

See above: NEZ PERCÉS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES
Shastas.

See above: SASTEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Shawanese, Shawnees, or Shawanoes.

"Adjacent to the Lenape [or Delawares—see above], and
associated with them in some of the most notable passages of
their history, dwelt the Shawanoes, the Chaouanons of the
French, a tribe of bold, roving, and adventurous spirit. Their
eccentric wanderings, their sudden appearances and
disappearances, perplex the antiquary, and defy research; but
from various scattered notices, we may gather that at an early
period they occupied the valley of the Ohio; that, becoming
embroiled with the Five Nations, they shared the defeat of the
Andastes, and about the year 1672 fled to escape destruction.
Some found an asylum in the country of the Lenape, where they
lived tenants at will of the Five Nations; others sought
refuge in the Carolinas and Florida, where, true to their
native instincts, they soon came to blows with the owners of
the soil. Again, turning northwards, they formed new
settlements in the valley of the Ohio, where they were now
suffered to dwell in peace, and where, at a later period, they
were joined by such of their brethren as had found refuge
among the Lenape."

_F. Parkman,
The Conspiracy of Pontiac,
chapter 1._

"The Shawnees were not found originally in Ohio, but migrated
there after 1750. They were called Chaouanons by the French
and Shawanoes by the English. The English name Shawano changed
to Shawanee, and recently to Shawnee. Chaouanon and Shawano
are obviously attempts to represent the same sound by the
orthography of the two respective languages. … Much industry
has been used by recent writers, especially by Dr. Brinton, to
trace this nomadic tribe to its original home; but I think
without success. … We first find the Shawano in actual
history about the year 1660, and living along the Cumberland
river, or the Cumberland and Tennessee. Among the conjectures
as to their earlier history, the greatest probability lies for
the present with the earliest account—the account given by
Perrot, and apparently obtained by him from the Shawanoes
themselves, about the year 1680—that they formerly lived by
the lower lakes, and were driven thence by the Five Nations."

_M. F. Force,
Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio._

"Their [the Shawnee's] dialect is more akin to the Mohegan
than to the Delaware, and when, in 1692, they first appeared
in the area of the Eastern Algonkin Confederacy, they came as
the friends and relatives of the former. They were divided
into four bands"—Piqua, properly Pikoweu, Mequachake,
Kiscapokoke, Chilicothe. "Of these, that which settled in
Pennsylvania was the Pikoweu, who occupied and gave their name
to the Pequa valley in Lancaster county. According to ancient
Mohegan tradition, the New England Pequods were members of
this band."

_D. G. Brinton,
The Lenape and their Legends,
chapter 2._

_D. G. Brinton,
The Shawnees and their Migrations
(History Magazine, volume 10, 1866)_.

{103}

"The Shawanese, whose villages were on the western bank [of
the Susquehanna] came into the valley [of Wyoming] from their
former localities, at the 'forks of the Delaware' (the
junction of the Delaware and Lehigh, at Easton), to which
point they had been induced at some remote period to emigrate
from their earlier home, near the mouth of the river Wabash,
in the 'Ohio region,' upon the invitation of the Delawares.
This was Indian diplomacy, for the Delawares were desirous
(not being upon the most friendly terms with the Mingos, or
Six Nations) to accumulate a force against those powerful
neighbors. But, as might be expected, they did not long live
in peace with their new allies. … The Shawanese [about 1755,
or soon after] were driven out of the valley by their more
powerful neighbors, the Delawares, and the conflict which
resulted in their leaving it grew out of, or was precipitated
by, a very trifling incident. While the warriors of the
Delawares were engaged upon the mountains in a hunting
expedition, a number of squaws or female Indians from
Maughwauwame were gathering wild fruits along the margin of
the river below the town, where they found a number of
Shawanese squaws and their children, who had crossed the river
in their canoes upon the same business. A child belonging to
the Shawanese having taken a large grasshopper, a quarrel
arose among the children for the possession of it, in which
their mothers soon took part. … The quarrel became general.
… Upon the return of the warriors both tribes prepared for
battle. … The Shawanese … were not able to sustain the
conflict, and, after the loss of about half their tribe, the
remainder were forced to flee to their own side of the river,
shortly after which they abandoned their town and removed to
the Ohio." This war between the Delawares and Shawanese has
been called the Grasshopper War.

_L. H. Miner,
The Valley of Wyoming,
page 32._

See, also, above, ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and DELAWARES

See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1765-1768;

For an account of "Lord Dunmore's War",

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sheepeaters (Tukuarika).

See below: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sheyennes.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Shoshonean Family.

"This important family occupied a large part of the great
interior basin of the United States. Upon the north Shoshonean
tribes extended far into Oregon, meeting Shahaptian territory
on about the 44th parallel or along the Blue Mountains. Upon
the northeast the eastern limits of the pristine habitat of
the Shoshonean tribes are unknown. The narrative of Lewis and
Clarke contains the explicit statement that the Shoshoni bands
encountered upon the Jefferson River, whose summer home was upon
the head waters of the Columbia, formerly lived within their
own recollection in the plains to the east of the Rocky
Mountains, whence they were driven to their mountain retreats
by the Minnetaree (Atsina), who had obtained firearms. …
Later a division of the Bannock held the finest portion of
Southwestern Montana, whence apparently they were being pushed
westward across the mountains by Blackfeet. Upon the east the
Tukuarika or Sheepeaters held the Yellowstone Park country,
where they were bordered by the Siouan territory, while the
Washaki occupied southwestern Wyoming. Nearly the entire
mountainous part of Colorado was held by the several bands of
the Ute, the eastern and southeastern parts of the State being
held respectively by the Arapaho and Cheyenne (Algonquian),
and the Kaiowe (Kiowan). To the southeast the Ute country
included the northern drainage of the San Juan, extending
farther east a short distance into New Mexico. The Comanche
division of the family extended farther east than any other.
… Bourgemont found a Comanche tribe on the upper Kansas
River in 1724. According to Pike the Comanche territory
bordered the Kaiowe on the north, the former occupying the
head waters of the Upper Red River, Arkansas and Rio Grande.
How far to the southward Shoshonean tribes extended at this
early period is not known, though the evidence tends to show
that they raided far down into Texas, to the territory they
have occupied in more recent years, viz., the extensive plains
from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Indian Territory and
Texas to about 97°. Upon the south Shoshonean territory was
limited generally by the Colorado River … while the Tusayan
(Moki) had established their seven pueblos … to the east of
the Colorado Chiquito. In the southwest Shoshonean tribes had
pushed across California, occupying a wide band of country to
the Pacific."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
pages 109-110._

"The Pah Utes occupy the greater part of Nevada, and extend
southward. … The Pi Utes or Piutes inhabit Western Utah,
from Oregon to New Mexico. … The Gosh Utes [Gosuites]
inhabit the country west of Great Salt Lake, and extend to the
Pah Utes."

_H. H. Bancroft,
Native Races of the Pacific States,
volume 1, chapter 4._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Siksikas, or Sisikas.

See above: BLACKFEET.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Siouan Family.
Sioux.

See Note, Appendix E.

"The nations which speak the Sioux language may be considered,
in reference both to their respective dialects and to their
geographical position, as consisting of four subdivisions,
viz., the Winnebagoes; the Sioux proper and the Assiniboins;
the Minetare group; and the Osages and other southern kindred
tribes. The Winnebagoes, so called by the Algonkins, but
called Puans and also Otchagras by the French, and Horoje
('fish-eaters') by the Omahaws and other southern tribes, call
themselves Hochungorah, or the 'Trout' nation. The Green Bay
of Lake Michigan derives its French name from theirs (Baye des
Puans). … According to the War Department they amount [1836]
to 4,600 souls, and appear to cultivate the soil to a
considerable degree. Their principal seats are on the Fox
River of Lake Michigan, and towards the heads of the Rock
River of the Mississippi. … The Sioux proper, or
Naudowessies, names given to them by the Algonkins and the
French, call themselves Dahcotas, and sometimes 'Ochente
Shakoans,' or the Seven Fires, and are divided into seven
bands or tribes, closely connected together, but apparently
independent of each other. They do not appear to have been
known to the French before the year 1660.
{104}
… The four most eastern tribes of the Dahcotas are known by
the name of the Mendewahkantoan, or 'Gens du Lac,' Wahkpatoan
and Wahkpakotoan, or 'People of the Leaves,' and Sisitoans.
… The three westerly tribes, the Yanktons, the Yanktonans,
and the Tetons, wander between the Mississippi and the
Missouri. … The Assiniboins (Stone Indians), as they are
called by the Algonkins, are a Dahcota tribe separated from
the rest of the nation, and on that account called Hoha or
'Rebels,' by the other Sioux. They are said to have made part
originally of the Yanktons. … Another tribe, called
Sheyennes or Cheyennes, were at no very remote period seated
on the left bank of the Red River of Lake Winnipek. … Carver
reckons them as one of the Sioux tribes; and Mackenzie informs
us that they were driven away by the Sioux. They now [1836]
live on the headwaters of the river Sheyenne, a southwestern
tributary of the Missouri. … I have been, however, assured
by a well-informed person who trades with them that they speak
a distinct language, for which there is no European
interpreter. … The Minetares (Minetaree and Minetaries)
consist of three tribes, speaking three different languages,
which belong to a common stock. Its affinities with the
Dahcota are but remote, but have appeared sufficient to
entitle them to be considered as of the same family. Two of
those tribes, the Mandanes, whose number does not exceed
1,500, and the stationary Minetares, amounting to 3,000 souls,
including those called Annahawas, cultivate the soil, and live
in villages situated on or near the Missouri, between 47° and
48° north latitude. … The third Minetare tribe, is that
known by the name of the Crow or Upsaroka [or Absaroka]
nation, probably the Keeheetsas of Lewis and Clarke. They are
an erratic tribe, who hunt south of the Missouri, between the
Little Missouri and the southeastern branches of the
Yellowstone River. … The southern Sioux consist of eight
tribes, speaking four, or at most five, kindred dialects.
Their territory originally extended along the Mississippi,
from below the mouth of the Arkansas to the forty-first degree
of north latitude. … Their hunting grounds extend as far
west as the Stony Mountains; but they all cultivate the soil,
and the most westerly village on the Missouri is in about 100°
west longitude. The three most westerly tribes are the Quappas
or Arkansas, at the mouth of the river of that name, and the
Osages and Kansas, who inhabited the country south of the
Missouri and of the river Kansas. … The Osages, properly
Wausashe, were more numerous and powerful than any of the
neighbouring tribes, and perpetually at war with all the other
Indians, without excepting the Kansas, who speak the same
dialect with themselves. They were originally divided into
Great and Little Osages; but about forty years ago almost
one-half of the nation, known by the name of Chaneers, or
Clermont's Band, separated from the rest, and removed to the
river Arkansa. The villages of those several subdivisions are
now [1836] on the headwaters of the river Osage, and of the
Verdigris, a northern tributary stream of the Arkansa. They
amount to about 5,000 souls, and have ceded a portion of their
lands to the United States, reserving to themselves a
territory on the Arkansa, south of 38° North latitude,
extending from 95° to 100° West longitude, on a breadth of 45
to 50 miles. The territory allotted to the Cherokees, the
Creeks and the Choctaws lies south of that of the Osage. …
The Kansas, who have always lived on the river of that name,
have been at peace with the Osage for the last thirty years,
and intermarry with them. They amount to 1,500 souls, and
occupy a tract of about 3,000,000 acres. … The five other
tribes of this subdivision are the Ioways, or Pahoja (Grey
Snow), the Missouris or Neojehe, the Ottoes, or Wahtootahtah,
the Omahaws, or Mahas, and the Puncas. … All the nations
speaking languages belonging to the Great Sioux Family may …
be computed at more than 50,000 souls."

_A. Gallatin,
Synopsis of the Indian Tribes
(Archœologia Americana, volume 2),
section 4._

"Owing to the fact that 'Sioux' is a word of reproach and
means snake or enemy, the term has been discarded by many
later writers as a family designation, and 'Dakota,' which
signifies friend or ally, has been employed in its stead. The
two words are, however, by no means properly synonymous. The
term 'Sioux' was used by Gallatin in a comprehensive or family
sense and was applied to all the tribes collectively known to
him to speak kindred dialects of a widespread language. It is
in this sense only, as applied to the linguistic family, that
the term is here employed. The term 'Dahcota' (Dakota) was
correctly applied by Gallatin to the Dakota tribes proper as
distinguished from the other members of the linguistic family
who are not Dakotas in a tribal sense. The use of the term
with this signification should be perpetuated. It is only
recently that a definite decision has been reached respecting
the relationship of the Catawba and Woccon, the latter an
extinct tribe known to have been linguistically related to the
Catawba. Gallatin thought that he was able to discern some
affinities of the Catawban language with 'Muskhogee and even
with Choctaw,' though these were not sufficient to induce him
to class them together. Mr. Gatschet was the first to call
attention to the presence in the Catawba language of a
considerable number of words having a Siouan affinity.
Recently Mr. Dorsey has made a critical examination of all the
Catawba linguistic material available, which has been
materially increased by the labors of Mr. Gatschet, and the
result seems to justify its inclusion as one of the dialects
of the widespread Siouan family." The principal tribes in the
Siouan Family named by Major Powell are the Dakota (including
Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Yankton, Yanktonnais, Teton,—the
latter embracing Brulé, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Minneconjou, Two
Kettles, Ogalala, Uncpapa), Assinaboin, Omaha, Ponca, Kaw,
Osage, Quapaw, Iowa, Otoe, Missouri, Winnebago, Mandan, Gros
Ventres, Crow, Tutelo, Biloxi (see MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY), Catawba
and Woccon.

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
page 112._

ALSO IN
_J. O. Dorsey,
Migrations of Siouan Tribes
(American Naturalist, volume 20, March)_.

_J. O. Dorsey,
Biloxi Indians of Louisiana
(V. P. address A. A. A. S., 1893)_.

See, above: HIDATSA.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sissetons.

See above SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Six Nations.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

{105}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Skittagetan Family.

"A family designation … retained for the tribes of the Queen
Charlotte Archipelago which have usually been called Haida.
From a comparison of the vocabularies of the Haida language
with others of the neighboring Koluschan family, Dr. Franz
Boas is inclined to consider that the two are genetically
related. The two languages possess a considerable number of
words in common, but a more thorough investigation is
requisite for the settlement of the question."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 120._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Snakes.

See above: SNOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Stockbridge Indians.

"The Stockbridge Indians were originally a part of the
Housatannuck Tribe [Mohegans], to whom the Legislature of
Massachusetts granted or secured a township [afterward called
Stockbridge] in the year 1736. Their number was increased by
Wappingers and Mohikanders, and perhaps also by Indians
belonging to several other tribes, both of New England and New
York. Since their removal to New Stockbridge and Brotherton,
in the western parts of New York, they have been joined by
Mohegans and other Indians from East Connecticut, and even
from Rhode Island and Long Island."

_A. Gallatin,
Synopsis of Indian Tribes
(Archæologia Americana, volume 2),
page 35._

ALSO IN
_A. Holmes,
Annals of America, 1736
(volume 2)_.

_S. G. Drake,
Aboriginal Races,
page 15._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Susquehannas, or Andastes, or Conestogas.

"Dutch and Swedish writers speak of a tribe called Minquas;
… the French in Canada … make frequent allusions to the
Gandastogués (more briefly Andastés), a tribe friendly to
their allies, the Hurons, and sturdy enemies of the Iroquois;
later still Pennsylvania writers speak of the Conestogas, the
tribe to which Logan belonged, and the tribe which perished at
the hands of the Paxton boys. Although Gallatin in his map,
followed by Bancroft, placed the Andastés near Lake Erie, my
researches led me to correct this, and identify the
Susquehannas, Minqua, Andastés or Gandastogués, and Conestogas
as being an the same tribe, the first name being apparently an
appellation given them by the Virginia tribes; the second that
given them by the Algonquins on the Delaware; while
Gandastogué as the French, or Conestoga as the English wrote
it, was their own tribal name, meaning cabin-pole men, Natio
Perticarum, from 'Andasta,' a cabin-pole. … Prior to 1600
the Susquehannas and the Mohawks … came into collision, and
the Susquehannas nearly exterminated the Mohawks in a war
which lasted ten years." In 1647 they offered their aid to the
Hurons against the Iroquois, having 1,300 warriors trained to
the use of fire-arms by three Swedish soldiers: but the
proposed alliance failed. During the third quarter of the 17th
century they seem to have been in almost continuous war with
the Five Nations, until, in 1675, they were completely
overthrown. A party of about 100 retreated into Maryland and
became involved there in a war with the colonists and were
destroyed. "The rest of the tribe, after making overtures to
Lord Baltimore, submitted to the Five Nations, and were
allowed to retain their ancient grounds. When Pennsylvania was
settled, they became known as Conestogas, and were always
friendly to the colonists of Penn, as they had been to the
Dutch and Swedes. In 1701 Canoodagtoh, their king, made a
treaty with Penn, and in the document they are styled Minquas,
Conestogas, or Susquehannas. They appear as a tribe in a
treaty in 1742, but were dwindling away. In 1763 the feeble
remnant of the tribe became involved in the general suspicion
entertained by the colonists against the red men, arising out
of massacres on the borders. To escape danger the poor
creatures took refuge in Lancaster jail, and here they were
all butchered by the Paxton boys, who burst into the place.
Parkman, in his Conspiracy of Pontiac, page 414, details the sad
story. The last interest of this unfortunate tribe centres in
Logan, the friend of the white man, whose speech is so
familiar to all, that we must regret that it has not sustained
the historical scrutiny of Brantz Mayer."

_(Tahgahjute; or Logan and Capt. Michael Cresap,
Maryland Historical Society, May, 1851:
and 8vo. Albany, 1867)_.

"Logan was a Conestoga, in other words a Susquehanna."

_J. G. Shea,
Note 46 to George Alsop's Character of
the Province of Maryland
(Gowan's Bibliotheca Americana, 5)._

See, also, above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tachies.

See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS AND THE NAME.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tacullies.

See below: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Taensas.

See NATCHESAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Takilman Family.

See Note, Appendix E.

"This name was proposed by Mr. Gatschet for a distinct
language spoken on the coast of Oregon about the lower Rogue
River."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 121._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Talligewi.

See above: ALLEGHANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tañoan Family.

"The tribes of this family in the United States resided
exclusively upon the Rio Grande and its tributary valleys from
about 33° to about 36°."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 122._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tappans.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Taranteens or Tarratines.

See above: ABNAKIS:
also, ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tarascans.

"The Tarascans, so called from Taras, the name of a tribal
god, had the reputation of being the tallest and handsomest
people of Mexico. They were the inhabitants of the present
State of Michoacan, west of the valley of Mexico. According to
their oldest traditions, or perhaps those of their neighbors,
they had migrated from the north in company with, or about the
same time as, the Aztecs. For some 300 years before the
conquest they had been a sedentary, semi-civilized people,
maintaining their independence, and progressing steadily in
culture. When first encountered by the Spaniards they were
quite equal and in some respects ahead of the Nahuas. … In
their costume the Tarascos differed considerably from their
neighbors. The feather garments which they manufactured
surpassed all others in durability and beauty. Cotton was,
however, the usual material."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
page 136._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tarumi.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tecuna.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tehuel Che.

See above: PATAGONIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Telmelches.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tequestas.

See below: TIMUQUANAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tetons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Teutecas, or Tenez.

See below: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

{106}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Timuquanan Family.
The Tequestas.

"Beginning at the southeast, we first meet the historic
Timucua family, the tribes of which are extinct at the present
time. … In the 16th century the Timucua inhabited the
northern and middle portion of the peninsula of Florida, and
although their exact limits to the north are unknown, they
held a portion of Florida bordering on Georgia, and some of
the coast islands in the Atlantic ocean. … The people
received its name from one of their villages called Timagoa.
… The name means 'lord,' 'ruler,' 'master' ('atimuca,'
waited upon, 'muca,' by servants, 'ati'), and the people's
name is written Atimuca early in the 18th century. … The
languages spoken by the Calusa and by the people next in
order, the Tequesta, are unknown to us. … The Calusa held
the southwestern extremity of Florida, and their tribal name
is left recorded in Calusahatchi, a river south of Tampa bay.
… Of the Tequesta people on the southeastern end of the
peninsula we know still less than of the Calusa Indians. There
was a tradition that they were the same people which held the
Bahama or Lucayo Islands."

_A. S. Gatschet,
A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians,
volume 1, part 1._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tinneh.

See above: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tivitivas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tlascalans.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1519 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
T'linkets.

See above: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tobacco Nation.

See above: HURONS;
and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR NAME.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tobas.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Toltecs.

See MEXICO, ANCIENT.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tonikan Family.

"The Tonika are known to have occupied three localities:
First, on the Lower Yazoo River (1700); second, east shore of
Mississippi River (about 1704); third, in Avoyelles Parish,
Louisiana (1817). Near Marksville, the county seat of that
parish, about twenty-five are now living."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 125._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tonkawan Family.

"The Tónkawa were a migratory people and a colluvies gentium,
whose earliest habitat is unknown. Their first mention occurs
in 1719; at that time and ever since they roamed in the
western and southern parts of what is now Texas."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 126._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tontos.

See above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Toromonos.

See BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Totonacos.

"The first natives whom Cortes met on landing in Mexico were
the Totonacos. They occupied the territory of Totonicapan, now
included in the State of Vera Cruz. According to traditions of
their own, they had resided there 800 years, most of which
time they were independent, though a few generations before
the arrival of the Spaniards they had been subjected by the
arms of the Montezumas. … Sahagun describes them as almost
white in color, their heads artificially deformed, but their
features regular and handsome. Robes of cotton beautifully
dyed served them for garments, and their feet were covered
with sandals. … These people were highly civilized.
Cempoalla, their capital city, was situated about five miles
from the sea, at the junction of two streams. Its houses were
of brick and mortar, and each was surrounded by a small
garden, at the foot of which a stream of fresh water was
conducted. … The affinities of the Totonacos are difficult
to make out. … Their language has many words from Maya
roots, but it has also many more from the Nahuatl."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
page 139._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tukuarika.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tupi.
Guarani.
Tupuyas.

"The first Indians with whom the Portuguese came in contact,
on the discovery of Brazil, called themselves Tupinama, a term
derived by Barnhagen from Tupi and Mba, something like warrior
or nobleman; by Martius from Tupi and Anamba (relative) with
the signification 'belonging to the Tupi tribe.' These Tupi
dwell on the east coast of Brazil, and with their language the
Portuguese were soon familiar. It was found especially
serviceable as a means of communication with other tribes, and
this led the Jesuits later to develop it as much as possible,
and introduce it as a universal language of intercourse with
the Savages. Thus the 'lingua geral Brasilica' arose, which
must be regarded as a Tupi with a Portuguese pronunciation.
The result was a surprising one, for it really succeeded in
forming, for the tribes of Brazil, divided in language, a
universal means of communication. Without doubt the wide
extent of the Tupi was very favorable, especially since on
this side of the Andes, as far as the Caribbean Sea, the
continent of South America was overrun with Tupi hordes. …
Von Martius has endeavored to trace their various migrations
and abodes, by which they have acquired a sort of ubiquity in
tropical South America. … This history … leads to the
supposition that, had the discovery been delayed a few
centuries, the Tupi might have become the lords of eastern
South America, and have spread a higher culture over that
region. The Tupi family may be divided, according to their
fixed abodes, into the southern, northern, eastern, western,
and central Tupi; all these are again divided into a number of
smaller tribes. The southern Tupi are usually called Guarani
(warriors), a name which the Jesuits first introduced. It
cannot be determined from which direction they came. The
greatest number are in Paraguay and the Argentine province of
Corrientes. The Jesuits brought them to a very high degree of
civilization. The eastern Tupi, the real Tupinamba, are
scattered along the Atlantic coast from St. Catherina Island
to the mouth of the Amazon. They are a very weak tribe. They
say they came from the south and west. The northern Tupi are a
weak and widely scattered remnant of a large tribe, and are
now in the province of Para, on the island of Marajo, and
along both banks of the Amazon. … It is somewhat doubtful if
this peaceable tribe are really Tupi. … The central Tupi
live in several free hordes between the Tocantins and Madeira.
… Cutting off the heads of enemies is in vogue among them.
… The Mundrucu are especially the head-hunting tribe. The
western Tupi all live in Bolivia. They are the only ones who
came in contact with the Inca empire, and their character and
manners show the influence of this. Some are a picture of
idyllic gayety and patriarchal mildness."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, editor)
volume 6, pages 248-249._

"In frequent contiguity with the Tupis was another stock, also
widely dispersed through Brazil, called the Tupuyas, of whom
the Botocudos in eastern Brazil are the most prominent tribe.
To them also belong the Ges nations, south of the lower
Amazon, and others. They are on a low grade of culture, going
quite naked, not cultivating the soil, ignorant of pottery,
and with poorly made canoes. They are dolichocephalic, and
must have inhabited the country a long time."

_D. G. Brinton,
Races and Peoples,
pages 269-270._

{107}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Turiero.

See above: CHIBCHAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tuscaroras.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY,
and IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Tuteloes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Twightwees, or Miamis.

See above: ILLINOIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Two Kettles.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Uaupe.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Uchean Family.

"The pristine homes of the Yuchi are not now traceable with
any degree of certainty. The Yuchi are supposed to have been
visited by De Soto during his memorable march, and the town of
Cofitachiqui chronicled by him, is believed by many
investigators to have stood at Silver Bluff, on the left bank
of the Savannah, about 25 miles below Augusta. If, as is
supposed by some authorities, Cofitachiqui was a Yuchi town,
this would locate the Yuchi in a section which, when first
known to the whites, was occupied by the Shawnee. Later the
Yuchi appear to have lived somewhat farther down the
Savannah."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 126._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Uhilches.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Uirina.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Uncpapas.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Upsarokas, or Absarokas, or Crows.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Utahs.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wabenakies, or Abnakis.

See above: ABNAKIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wacos, or Huecos.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wahpetons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Waiilatpuan Family.

"Hale established this family and placed under it the Cailloux
or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and the Molele. Their headquarters as
indicated by Hale are the upper part of the Walla Walla River
and the country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 127._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Waikas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wakashan Family.

"The above family name was based upon a vocabulary of the
Wakash Indians, who, according to Gallatin, 'inhabit the
island on which Nootka Sound is situated.' … The term
'Wakash' for this group of languages has since been generally
ignored, and in its place Nootka or Nootka-Columbian has been
adopted. … Though by no means as appropriate a designation
as could be found, it seems clear that for the so-called
Wakash, Newittee, and other allied languages usually assembled
under the Nootka family, the term Wakash of 1836 has priority
and must be retained."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
pages 129-130._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wampanoags, or Pokanokets.

See above: POKANOKETS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wapisianas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wappingers.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Waraus.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Washakis.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES
Washoan Family.

"This family is represented by a single well known tribe,
whose range extended from Reno, on the line of the Central
Pacific Railroad, to the lower end of Carson Valley."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 131._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wichitas, or Pawnee Picts.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Winnebagoes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wishoskan Family.

"This is a small and obscure linguistic family and little is
known concerning the dialects composing it or of the tribes
which speak it. … The area occupied by the tribes speaking
dialects of this language was the coast from a little below
the mouth of Eel River to a little north of Mad River,
including particularly the country about Humboldt Bay."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 133._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Witumkas.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Woccons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Wyandots.

See above: HURONS.

Yamasis and Yamacraws.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yamco.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yanan Family.

"The eastern boundary of the Yanan territory is formed by a
range of mountains a little west of Lassen Butte and
terminating near Pit River; the northern boundary by a line
running from northeast to southwest, passing near the northern
side of Round Mountain, three miles from Pit River. The
western boundary from Redding southward is on an average 10
miles to the east of the Sacramento. North of Redding it
averages double that distance or about 20 miles."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 135._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yanktons and Yanktonnais.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yncas, or Incas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yuchi.

See above: UCHEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yuguarzongo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yukian Family.

"Round Valley, California, subsequently made a reservation to
receive the Yuki and other tribes, was formerly the chief seat
of the tribes of the family, but they also extended across the
mountains to the coast."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 136._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yuman Family.

"The center of distribution of the tribes of this family is
generally considered to be the lower Colorado and Gila
Valleys."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 137._

See above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yuncas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Yuroks or Eurocs.

See above: MODOCS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Zaporo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Zoques, Mixes, etc.

"The greater part of Gaxaca [Mexico] and the neighboring
regions are still occupied by the Zapytees, who call
themselves Didja-za. There are now about 265,000 of them,
about 50,000 of whom speak nothing but their native tongue. In
ancient times they constituted a powerful independent state,
the citizens of which seem to have been quite as highly
civilized as any member of the Aztec family. They were
agricultural and sedentary, living in villages and
constructing buildings of stone and mortar.
{108}
The most remarkable, but by no means the only, specimens of
these still remaining are the ruins of Mitla. … The Mixtecs
adjoined the Zapotecs to the west, extending along the coast
of the Pacific to about the present port of Acapulco. In
culture they were equal to the Zapotecs. … The mountain
regions of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and the adjacent
portions of the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca are the habitats
of the Zoques, Mixes, and allied tribes. The early historians
draw a terrible picture of their valor, savagery and
cannibalism, which reads more like tales to deter the
Spaniards from approaching their domains than truthful
accounts. However this may be, they have been for hundreds of
years a peaceful, ignorant, timid part of the population,
homely, lazy and drunken. … The faint traditions of these
peoples pointed to the South for their origin. … The
Chinantecs inhabited Chinantla, which is a part of the state
of Oaxaca. … The Chinantecs had been reduced by the Aztecs
and severely oppressed by them. Hence they welcomed the
Spaniards as deliverers. … Other names by which they are
mentioned are Tenez and Teutecas. … In speaking of the
province of Chiapas the historian Herrera informs us that it
derived its name from the pueblo so-called, 'whose inhabitants
were the most remarkable in New Spain for their traits and
inclinations.' They had early acquired the art of
horsemanship, they were skillful in all kinds of music,
excellent painters, carried on a variety of arts, and were
withal very courteous to each other. One tradition was that
they had reached Chiapas from Nicaragua. … But the more
authentic legend of the Chapas or Chapanecs, as they were
properly called from their totemic bird the Chapa, the red
macaw, recited that the whole stock moved down from a northern
latitude, following down the Pacific coast until they came to
Soconusco, where they divided, one part entering the mountains
of Chiapas, the other proceeding on to Nicaragua."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
pages 140-146._

ALSO IN
_A. Bandelier,
Report of Archæological Tour in Mexico._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Zoques.

See above: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Zuñian Family.

"Derivation: From the Cochiti term Suinyi, said to mean 'the
people of the long nails,' referring to the surgeons of Zuñi
who always wear some of their nails very long (Cushing)."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 138._

See, above, PUEBLOS;
also, AMERICA: PREHISTORIC.

----------AMERICAN ABORIGINES: End----------

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER),
and after.

Statistics of. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY).

AMERICAN KNIGHTS, Order of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

AMERICAN PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

AMERICAN SYSTEM, The.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1816-1824.

AMHERST, Lord, The Indian Administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833.

AMHERST'S CAMPAIGNS IN AMERICA.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1758 to 1760.

AMICITIÆ.

See GUILDS OF FLANDERS.

AMIDA, Sieges of.

The ancient city of Amida, now Diarbekr, on the right bank of
the Upper Tigris was thrice taken by the Persians from the
Romans, in the course of the long wars between the two
nations. In the first instance, A. D. 359, it fell after a
terrible siege of seventy-three days, conducted by the Persian
king Sapor in person, and was given up to pillage and
slaughter, the Roman commanders crucified and the few
surviving inhabitants dragged to Persia as slaves. The town
was then abandoned by the Persians, repeopled by the Romans
and recovered its prosperity and strength, only to pass
through a similar experience again in 502 A. D., when it was
besieged for eighty days by the Persian king Kobad, carried by
storm, and most of its inhabitants slaughtered or enslaved. A
century later, A. D. 605, Chosroes took Amida once more, but
with less violence.

_G. Rawlinson,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapters 9, 19 and 24._

See, also, PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

AMIENS.
Origin of name.

See BELGÆ.

AMIENS: A. D. 1597.
Surprise by the Spaniards.
Recovery by Henry IV.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.

AMIENS: A. D. 1870.
Taken by the Germans.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870-1871.

----------AMIENS: End----------

AMIENS, The Mise of.

See OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF.

AMIENS, Treaty of (1527).
Negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey, between Henry VIII. of England
and Francis I. of France, establishing an alliance against the
Emperor, Charles V. The treaty was sealed and sworn to in the
cathedral church at Amiens, Aug. 18, 1527.

_J. S. Brewer,
Reign of Henry VIII.,
volume 2, chapters 26 and 28._

AMIENS, Treaty of (1801).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1802.

AMIN AL, Caliph, A. D. 809-813.

AMIR.
An Arabian title, signifying chief or ruler.

AMISIA, The.
The ancient name of the river Ems.

AMISUS, Siege of.

The siege of Amisus by Lucullus was one of the important
operations of the Third Mithridatic war. The city was on the
coast of the Black Sea, between the rivers Halys and Lycus; it
is represented in site by the modern town of Samsoon. Amisus,
which was besieged in 73 B. C. held out until the following
year. Tyrannio the grammarian was among the prisoners taken
and sent to Rome.

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 3, chapters 1 and
2._

AMMANN.
This is the title of the Mayor or President of the Swiss Communal
Council or Gemeinderath.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

AMMON, The Temple and Oracle of.

The Ammonium or Oasis of Ammon, in the Libyan desert, which
was visited by Alexander the Great, has been identified with
the oasis now known as the Oasis of Siwah. "The Oasis of Siwah
was first visited and described by Browne in 1792; and its
identity with that of Ammon fully established by Major Rennell
('Geography of Herodotus,' pages 577-591). … The site of the
celebrated temple and oracle of Ammon was first discovered by
Mr. Hamilton in 1853." "Its famous oracle was frequently
visited by Greeks from Cyrene, as well as from other parts of
the Hellenic world, and it vied in reputation with those of
Delphi and Dodona."

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 8, section 1,
and chapter 12, section 1, and note E._

An expedition of 50,000 men sent by Cambyses to Ammon, B. C.
525, is said to have perished in the desert, to the last man.

See EGYPT: B. C. 525-332.

{109}

AMMONITES, The.

According to the narrative in Genesis xix: 30-39, the
Ammonites were descended from Ben-Ammi, son of Lot's second
daughter, as the Moabites came from Moab, the eldest
daughter's son. The two people are much associated in Biblical
history. "It is hard to avoid the conclusion that, while Moab
was the settled and civilized half of the nation of Lot, the
Bene Ammon formed its predatory and Bedouin section."

_G. Grove,
Dictionary of the Bible._

See JEWS: THE EARLY HEBREW HISTORY;
also, MOABITES.

AMMONITI, OR AMMONIZIONI, The.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1358.

AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A.D. 1863 (DECEMBER).

AMORIAN DYNASTY, The.

See BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 820-1057.

AMORIAN WAR, The.

The Byzantine Emperor, Theophilus, in war with the Saracens,
took and destroyed, with peculiar animosity, the town of
Zapetra or Sozopetra, in Syria, which happened to be the
birthplace of the reigning caliph, Motassem, son of Haroun
Alraschid. The caliph had condescended to intercede for the
place, and his enemy's conduct was personally insulting to
him, as well as atrociously inhumane. To avenge the outrage he
invaded Asia Minor, A. D. 838, at the head of an enormous
army, with the special purpose of destroying the birthplace of
Theophilus. The unfortunate town which suffered that
distinction was Amorinm in Phrygia,—whence the ensuing war
was called the Amorian War. Attempting to defend Amorinm in
the field, the Byzantines were hopelessly defeated, and the
doomed city was left to its fate. It made an heroic resistance
for fifty-five days, and the siege is said to have cost the
caliph 70,000 men. But he entered the place at last with a
merciless sword, and left a heap of ruins for the monument of
his revenge.

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 52.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

AMORITES, The.

"The Hittites and Amorites were … mingled together in the
mountains of Palestine like the two races which ethnologists
tell us go to form the modern Kelt. But the Egyptian monuments
teach us that they were of very different origin and
character. The Hittites were a people with yellow skins and
'Mongoloid' features, whose receding foreheads, oblique eyes,
and protruding upper jaws, are represented as faithfully on
their own monuments as they are on those of Egypt, so that we
cannot accuse the Egyptian artists of caricaturing their
enemies. If the Egyptians have made the Hittites ugly, it was
because they were so in reality. The Amorites, on the
contrary, were a tall and handsome people. They are depicted
with white skins, blue eyes, and reddish hair, all the
characteristics, in fact, of the white race. Mr. Petrie points
out their resemblance to the Dardanians of Asia Minor, who
form an intermediate link between the white-skinned tribes of
the Greek seas and the fair-complexioned Libyans of Northern
Africa. The latter are still found in large numbers in the
mountainous regions which stretch eastward from Morocco, and
are usually known among the French under the name of Kabyles.
The traveller who first meets with them in Algeria cannot fail
to be struck by their likeness to a certain part of the
population in the British Isles. Their clear-white freckled
skins, their blue eyes, their golden-red hair and tall
stature, remind him of the fair Kelts of an Irish village; and
when we find that their skulls, which are of the so-called
dolichocephalic or 'long-headed' type, are the same as the
skulls discovered in the prehistoric cromlechs of the country
they still inhabit, we may conclude that they represent the
modern descendants of the white-skinned Libyans of the
Egyptian monuments. In Palestine also we still come across
representatives of a fair-complexioned blue-eyed race in whom
we may see the descendants of the ancient Amorites, just as we
see in the Kabyles the descendants of the ancient Libyans. We
know that the Amorite type continued to exist in Judah long
after the Israelitish conquest of Canaan. The captives taken
from the southern cities of Judah br Shishak in the time of
Rehoboam, and depicted by him upon the walls of the great
temple of Karnak, are people of Amorite origin. Their 'regular
profile of sub-aquiline cast,' as Mr. Tomkins describes it,
their high cheek-bones and martial expression, are the
features of the Amorites, and not of the Jews. Tallness of
stature has always been a distinguishing characteristic of the
white race. Hence it was that the Anakim, the Amorite
inhabitants of Hebron, seemed to the Hebrew spies to be as
giants, while they themselves were but 'as grasshoppers' by,
the side of them (Numbers xiii: 33). After the Israelitish
invasion remnants of the Anakim were left in Gaza and Gath and
Ashkelon (Joshua xi: 22). and in the time of David, Goliath of
Gath and his gigantic family were objects of dread to their
neighbors (2 Samuel xxi: 15-22). It is clear, then, that the
Amorites of Canaan belonged to the same white race as the
Libyans of Northern Africa, and like them preferred the
mountains to the hot plains and valleys below. The Libyans
themselves belonged to a race which can be traced through the
peninsula of Spain and the western side of France into the
British Isles. Now it is curious that wherever this particular
branch of the white race has extended it has been accompanied
by a particular form of cromlech, or sepulchral chamber built
of large uncut stones. … It has been necessary to enter at
this length into what has been discovered concerning the
Amorites by recent research, in order to show how carefully
they should be distinguished from the Hittites with whom they
afterwards intermingled. They must have been in possession of
Palestine long before the Hittites arrived there. They
extended over a much wider area."

_A. H. Sayce,
The Hittites,
chapter 1._

AMPHIKTYONIC COUNCIL.

"An Amphiktyonic, or, more correctly, an Amphiktionic, body
was an assembly of the tribes who dwelt around any famous
temple, gathered together to manage the affairs of that
temple. There were other Amphiktyonic Assemblies in Greece
[besides that of Delphi], amongst which that of the isle of
Kalaureia, off the coast of Argolis, was a body of some
celebrity. The Amphiktyons of Delphi obtained greater
importance than any other Amphiktyons only because of the
greater importance of the Delphic sanctuary, and because it
incidentally happened that the greater part of the Greek
nation had some kind of representation among them.
{110}
But that body could not be looked upon as a perfect
representation of the Greek nation which, to postpone other
objections to its constitution, found no place for so large a
fraction of the Hellenic body as the Arkadians. Still the
Amphiktyons of Delphi undoubtedly came nearer than any other
existing body to the character of a general representation of
all Greece. It is therefore easy to understand how the
religious functions of such a body might incidentally assume a
political character. … Once or twice then, in the course of
Grecian history, we do find the Amphiktyonic body acting with
real dignity in the name of united Greece. … Though the list
of members of the Council is given with some slight variations
by different authors, all agree in making the constituent
members of the union tribes and not cities. The
representatives of the Ionic and Doric races sat and voted as
single members, side by side with the representatives of petty
peoples like the Magnêsians and Phthiôtic Achaians. When the
Council was first formed, Dorians and Ionians were doubtless
mere tribes of northern Greece, and the prodigious development
of the Doric and Ionic races in after times made no difference
in its constitution. … The Amphiktyonic Council was not
exactly a diplomatic congress, but it was much more like a
diplomatic congress than it was like the governing assembly of
any commonwealth, kingdom, or federation. The Pylagoroi and
Hieromnêmones were not exactly Ambassadors, but they were much
more like Ambassadors than they were like members of a British
Parliament or even an American Congress. … The nearest
approach to the Amphiktyonic Council in modern times would be
if the College of Cardinals were to consist of members chosen
by the several Roman Catholic nations of Europe and America."

_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
volume 1, chapter 3._

AMPHILOCHIANS, The.

See AKARNANIANS.

AMPHIPOLIS.

This town in Macedonia, occupying an important situation on
the eastern bank of the river Strymon, just below a small lake
into which it widens near its mouth, was originally called
"The Nine Ways," and was the scene of a horrible human
sacrifice made by Xerxes on his march into Greece.

_Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 15._

It was subsequently taken by the Athenians, B. C. 437, and
made a capital city by them [see ATHENS: B. C. 440-437],
dominating the surrounding district, its name being changed to
Amphipolis. During the Peloponnesian War (B. C. 424), the able
Lacedæmonian general, Brasidas, led a small army into
Macedonia and succeeded in capturing Amphipolis, which caused
great dismay and discouragement at Athens. Thucydides, the
historian, was one of the generals held responsible for the
disaster and he was driven as a consequence into the fortunate
exile which produced the composition of his history. Two years
later the Athenian demagogue-leader, Cleon, took command of an
expedition sent to recover Amphipolis and other points in
Macedonia and Thrace. It was disastrously beaten and Cleon was
killed, but Brasidas fell likewise in the battle. Whether
Athens suffered more from her defeat than Sparta from her
victory is a question.

_Thucydides,
History,
book 4, section 102-135;
book 5, section 1-11._

See, also,
ATHENS: B. C. 466-454,
and GREECE: B. C. 424-421.

Amphipolis was taken by Philip of Macedon, B. C. 358.

See GREECE: B. C. 359-358.

AMPHISSA, Siege and Capture by Philip of Macedon (B. C. 339-338).

See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

AMPHITHEATRES, Roman.