Chapter CDXXXIV: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (31)

The American settlers in Texas "brought their slaves with
them, and continued to do so notwithstanding a decree of the
Mexican Congress, issued in July, 1824, which forbade the
importation into Mexican territory of slaves from foreign
countries, and notwithstanding the Constitution adopted the
same year, which declared free all children thereafter born of
slaves. About that time the slave-holders in the United States
began to see in Texas an object of peculiar interest to them.
The Missouri Compromise, admitting Missouri as a Slave State
and opening to slavery all that part of the Louisiana purchase
south of 36° 30', seemed at first to give a great advantage to
the slave power. But gradually it became apparent that the
territory thus opened to slavery was, after all, too limited
for the formation of many new Slave States, while the area for
the building up of Free States was much larger. More territory
for slavery was therefore needed to maintain the balance of
power between the two sections. At the same time the Mexican
government, growing alarmed at the unruly spirit of the
American colony in Texas, attached Texas to Coahuila, the two
to form one state. The constitution of Coahuila forbade the
importation of slaves; and in 1829 the Republic of Mexico, by
the decree of September 15, emancipated all the slaves within
its boundaries. Then the American Slave States found
themselves flanked in the southwest by a power not only not in
sympathy with slavery, but threatening to become dangerous to
its safety. The maintenance of slavery in Texas, and
eventually the acquisition of that country, were thenceforth
looked upon by the slaveholding interest in this Republic as
matters of very great importance, and the annexation project
was pushed forward systematically. First the American settlers
in Texas refused to obey the Mexican decree of emancipation,
and, in order to avoid an insurrection, the Mexican
authorities permitted it to be understood that the decree did
not embrace Texas. Thus one point was gained. Then the
Southern press vigorously agitated the necessity of enlarging
the area of slavery, while an interest in the North was
created by organizing three land companies in New York, which
used pretended Mexican land grants in Texas as the basis of
issues of stock, promising to make people rich over-night, and
thus drawing Texas within the circle of American business
speculation. In 1830 President Jackson made another attempt to
purchase Texas [Henry Clay, in 1827, when Secretary of State
under John Quincy Adams, had already made a proposal to the
Mexican government for the purchase], offering five millions,
but without success. The Mexican government, scenting the
coming danger, prohibited the immigration of Americans into
Texas. This, however, had no effect. The American colony now
received a capable and daring leader in Sam Houston of
Tennessee, who had served with General Jackson in the Indian
wars. He went to Texas for the distinct object of wresting
that country from Mexico. There is reason for believing that
President Jackson was not ignorant of his intentions.
Revolutionary convulsions in Mexico gave the American
colonists welcome opportunities for complaints, which led to
collisions with the Mexican authorities. General Santa Anna,
who by a successful revolutionary stroke had put himself at
the head of the Mexican government, attempted to reduce the
unruly Americans to obedience. In 1835 armed conflicts took
place, in which the Americans frequently had the advantage.
The Texans declared their independence from Mexico on March 2,
1836. The declaration was signed by about 60 men, among whom
there were only two of Mexican nationality. The constitution
of the new republic confirmed the existence of slavery under
its jurisdiction, and surrounded it with all possible
guaranties. Meanwhile Santa Anna advanced at the head of a
Mexican army to subdue the revolutionists. Atrocious
butcheries marked the progress of his soldiery. On March 6 the
American garrison [250 men] of the Alamo [a mission church at
San Antonio de Bexar] was massacred, and on the 27th a large
number [500] of American prisoners at Goliad met a like fate.
These atrocities created a great excitement in the United
States. But on April 21 the Texans under Houston, about 800
strong, inflicted a crushing defeat upon Santa Anna's army of
1,500 men, at San Jacinto, taking Santa Anna himself prisoner.
When captive Mexican President concluded an armistice with the
victorious Texans, promising the evacuation of the country,
and to procure the recognition of its independence; but this
the Mexican Congress refused to ratify. The government of the
United States maintained, in appearance, a neutral position.
President Jackson had indeed instructed General Gaines to
march his troops into Texas, if he should see reason to
apprehend Indian incursions. Gaines actually crossed the
boundary line, and was recalled only after the Mexican
Minister at Washington had taken his passports. The
organization of reinforcements for Houston, however, had been
suffered to proceed on American soil without interference."

_C. Schurz,
Life of Henry Clay,
chapter 17 (volume 2)._

ALSO IN:
_H. von Holst,
Constitutional and Political History of the United States,
volume 2, chapter 7._

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 8 (Mexico, volume 5), chapter 7._

_A. M. Williams,
Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas._

TEXAS: A. D. 1836-1845.
Eight years of independence.
Annexation to the United States.
The question in Congress and the country.

"Santa Anna, … constrained in his extremity to acknowledge the
independence of Texas, … was liberated, and the new republic
established in October, 1836, with a Constitution modeled on
that of the United States, and with General Houston
inaugurated as its first President. The United States
forthwith acknowledged its independence. In less than a year
application was made to the United States government to
receive the new republic into the Union, and, though this was
at the time declined, it was obvious that the question was
destined to play a most important part in American civil
policy. The North saw in the whole movement a predetermined
attempt at the extension of slavery, and in the invasive
emigration, the revolt, the proclamation of independence, the
temporary organization of a republic, and the application to
be admitted into the Union as a state, successive steps of a
conspiracy which would, through the creation of half a dozen
or more new states, give a preponderance to the slave power in
the republic.
{3103}
Mr. Van Buren, who had declined the overtures for the
annexation of Texas, was succeeded in the Presidency by
General Harrison, who, dying almost immediately after his
inauguration, was followed by the Vice President, Mr. Tyler, a
Virginian, and a supporter of extreme Southern principles. The
annexation project was now steadily pressed forward, but,
owing to the difficult circumstances under which Mr. Tyler was
placed, and dissensions arising in the party that had elected
him, nothing decisive could be done until 1844, when Mr.
Upshur, the Secretary of State, being accidentally killed by
the bursting of a cannon, Mr. Calhoun succeeded him. A treaty
of annexation was at once arranged, but, on being submitted to
the Senate, was rejected. Undiscouraged by this result, the
South at once determined to make annexation the touchstone in
the coming Presidential election. … Mr. Van Buren and Mr.
Clay, the prominent candidates of the two opposing parties for
the Presidency, were compelled to make known their views
previously to the meeting of the nominating Conventions," and
both discountenanced annexation. Van Buren was accordingly
defeated in the Democratic Convention and James K. Polk
received the nomination. Clay was nominated by the Whigs, and
made an attempt, in the succeeding canvass, to change his
ground on the Texas question; but "his attempt only served to
make the matter worse, and cost him the support of the
anti-slavery party, whose votes would have elected him." Polk
was chosen President: but the annexation of Texas did not wait
for his inauguration. "On December 19th a joint resolution was
introduced into the House of Representatives providing for
annexation. Attempts were made to secure half the country for
free labor, the other half being resigned to slavery. … This
proposition was, however, defeated. … As the measure
eventually stood, it made suitable provision for the mode in
which the 'State of Texas' should be admitted into the Union,
the disposal of its munitions of war, public property,
unappropriated lands, debts. On the main point it was arranged
that new states, not exceeding four in number, in addition to
Texas proper, should subsequently be made out of its
territory, those lying south of latitude 36° 30' to be
admitted with or without slavery, as their people might
desire; in those north of that line, slavery to be prohibited.
Mr. Tyler, on the last day of his term of office, unwilling to
leave to his successor, Mr. Polk, the honor of completing this
great Southern measure, dispatched a swift messenger to Texas;
her assent was duly secured, and the Mexican province became a
state of the Union. But the circumstances and conditions under
which this had been done left a profound dissatisfaction in
the North. The portion of territory ceded to freedom did not
belong to Texas; her boundary did not approach within 200
miles of the Missouri Compromise line. The South had therefore
secured the whole of the new acquisition; she had seized the
substance, and had deluded the North with a shadow."

_J. W. Draper,
History of the American Civil War,
volume 1, chapter 22._

ALSO IN:
_T. H. Benton,
Thirty Years View,
volume 2, chapters 135, 138-142, 148._

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 8, chapter 13._

_H. Greeley,
History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension,
chapter 10._

TEXAS: A. D. 1846-1848.
The Mexican War.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1846; 1846-1847: and 1847.

TEXAS: A. D. 1848.
Territory extorted from Mexico in the
Treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1848.

TEXAS: A. D. 1850.
Sale of territory to the United States.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.

TEXAS: A. D. 1861 (February).
Secession from the Union.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).

TEXAS: A. D. 1861 (February).
Twiggs' surrender of the Federal army, posts and stores.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860-1861 (DECEMBER-FEBRUARY).

TEXAS: A. D. 1862.
Farragut's occupation of coast towns.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY-JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

TEXAS: A. D. 1865 (June).
Provisional government set up under President Johnson's
Plan of Reconstruction.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY).

TEXAS: A. D. 1865-1870.
Reconstruction.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY), and after, to 1868-1870.

----------TEXAS: End--------

TEZCUCO.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502.

THABORITES, The.

See MYSTICISM.

THAI RACE, The.

See SIAM.

THAMANÆANS, The.

An ancient people who occupied the region in western
Afghanistan which lies south and southeast of Herat, from the
Haroot-rud to the Helmend.

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies, Persia,
chapter 1._

THAMES, Battle of the.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812-1813 HARRISON'S NORTHWESTERN CAMPAIGN.

THANAGE.

An old Celtic tenure by which certain thanes' estates were
held in Scotland, and which feudalism displaced.

_W. F. Skene,
Celtic Scotland,
volume 3, page 246._

THANE, THEGN.

See COMITATUS;
and ETHEL;
and ENGLAND: A. D. 958.

THANET, The Jute Landing on.

See ENGLAND: A. D.449-473.

THANKSGIVING DAY, The American:
Its origin.

"The Pilgrims [at Plymouth], fond as they were of social
enjoyment, had since landing known no day of rest except the
sacred day of worship. Now [in 1621, the year after their
landing from the Mayflower] that the summer was past and the
harvest ended, they determined to have a period of recreation,
combined with thanksgiving for their many mercies. The
Governor thereupon sent out four huntsmen, who in one day
secured enough game to supply the Colony for nearly a week.
Hospitality was extended to Massasoit, who accepted and
brought ninety people with him. The guests remained three
days, during which they captured five deer to add to the
larder of their hosts. The motley company indulged in a round
of amusements, and the Colonists entertained their visitors
with military tactics and evolutions. Without doubt, religious
services opened each day; for the Pilgrims were cheerful
Christians, who carried religion into all their affairs. Thus
heartily and royally was inaugurated the great New England
festival of Thanksgiving. For two centuries it continued to be
a peculiarity of the Eastern States; but it has now become
national, its annual return finding a welcome along the Lake
shore and the Gulf, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. …
{3104}
In 1623 a public day of Thanksgiving is noticed; and one is
mentioned in a letter of 1632. … I do not doubt that such a
religious festival was held after every harvest, and that it
was so much a matter of course that the records did not
mention it any more than they did the great training-day, with
its sermon and holiday features."

_J. A. Goodwin,
The Pilgrim Republic,
pages 179-180, and foot-note._

THANN, THAUN, Battle of (1638).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.

Battle of (1809).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

THAPSACUS.

Thapsacus "was situated just above the modern town of Rakka,
at the only point in the central course of the Euphrates where
that river is fordable (though even here only at certain
seasons of the year), for which reason it continued to be used
alike by the Persian, Greek and Roman armies during a long
period. It was also a commercial route of importance in
ancient times."

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 10, section 2 (volume 1)._

See, also, APAMEA.

THAPSUS, The Battle of (B. C. 46).

See ROME: B. C. 47-46.

THAPSUS: The Tyrian colony.

See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF.

THASOS. THASIAN MINES.

Thasos, an island off the coast of Thrace, in the northern
part of the Ægean Sea, was celebrated in antiquity for its
gold mines, first discovered and worked by the Phœnicians.
Still more valuable mines on the neighboring Thracian coast
were developed and worked by the Thasians. They were subdued
by the Persians and subsequently became subject to Athens.

See ATHENS: B. C. 466-454.

THAUR, The Cave of Mount.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

THAUSS, Battle of (1431).

See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.

THEATINES, The.

The founders of the Order of the Theatines (1524) were
"Gaetano of Thiene, a native of Vicenza, and Gian Pietro
Caraffa [afterwards Pope Paul IV.]. The former had quitted a
lucrative post at the Roman court in order to transplant the
ideas of the Oratory of the Divine Love to his native city,
Venice, and Verona, and had gradually come to concentrate his
pious thoughts upon the reformation of the secular clergy of
the Church. On his return to Rome, Bonifacio da Colle, a
Lombard lawyer, became interested in his design, and then it
was enthusiastically taken up by Caraffa, whose bishopric of
Chieti, or, according to the older form, Theate, gave its name
to the new order of the Theatines."

_A. W. Ward,
The Counter-Reformation,
page 28._

"To the vow of poverty they made the special addition that not
only would they possess nothing, but would even abstain from
begging, and await the alms that might be brought to their
dwellings. … They did not call themselves monks, but regular
clergy—they were priests with the vows of monks. Their
intention was to establish a kind of seminary for the
priesthood. … They devoted themselves rigidly to their
clerical duties—o preaching, the administration of the
sacraments, and the care of the sick. … The order of the
Theatines did not indeed become a seminary for priests
precisely, its numbers were never sufficient for that; but it
grew to be a seminary for bishops, coming at length to be
considered the order of priests peculiar to the nobility."

_L. Ranke,
History of the Popes,
book 2, section 3 (volume 1)._

THEBAIS, The.

The southern district of Upper Egypt, taking its name from
Thebes.

THEBES, Egypt.

"No city of the old world can still show so much of her former
splendour as Egyptian Thebes. … Not one of the many temples of
Thebes has wholly disappeared; some are almost complete; many
of the royal and private tombs were, until the tourist came,
fresh with colours as of yesterday. … The origin of the great
city is obscure. Unlike Memphis, Thebes, her southern rival,
rose to the headship by slow degrees. It was towards the close
of the dark age marked by the rule of Hanes, that a new line
of kings arose in the upper country, with Thebes for their
capital. At first they were merely nobles; then one became a
local king, and his successors won the whole dominion of
Egypt. These were the sovereigns of the Eleventh Dynasty.
Their date must be before Abraham, probably some centuries
earlier. … Thebes, like the other cities of Egypt, had a civil
and a religious name. The civil name was Apiu, 'the city of
thrones,' which, with the article 't' or 'ta,' became Ta-Apiu,
and was identified by the Greeks with the name of their own
famous city, by us corruptly called Thebes. The sacred name
was Nu-Amen, 'the city of Amen,' the god of Thebes; or simply
Nu, 'the city,' and Nu-ā, 'the great city.' In these names we
recognize the No-Amon and No of Scripture."

_R. S. Poole,
Cities of Egypt,
chapter 4._

See, also, EGYPT: THE OLD EMPIRE AND THE MIDDLE EMPIRE.

----------THEBES, Greece: Start--------

THEBES, Greece:
The founding of the city.

"In the fruitful plain, only traversed by low hills, which
stretches from the northern declivity of Mount Cithæron to the
Bœotian lakes opposite the narrowest part of the sound which
separates Eubœa from the mainland, in the 'well-watered,
pasture-bearing region of the Aones,' as Euripides says, lay
the citadel and town of Thebes. According to Greek tradition,
it was built by Cadmus the Phœnician. The Aones, who inhabited
the country, are said to have amalgamated with the Phœnicians
whom Cadmus brought with him, into one people. The citadel lay
on a hill of moderate height between the streams Ismenus and
Dirce; it bore even in historical times the name Cadmea; the
ridge to the north of the town was called Phœnicium, i. e.
mountain of the Phœnicians. In the story of Cadmus and Europa,
Greek legend relates the Phœnician mythus of Melkarth and
Astarte. In order to seek the lost goddess of the moon,
Astarte, Cadmus-Melkarth, the wandering sun-god, sets forth.
He finds her in the far west, in Bœotia, and here in Thebes,
on the Cadmea, celebrates the holy marriage. … There are a few
relics of the wall of the citadel of Cadmea, principally on
the north side; they are great blocks, not quite regularly
hewn. Of the city wall and the famous seven gates in it
nothing remains; even this number seven points to the
Phœnicians as well as the designations which were retained by
these gates even in historical times. The Electric gate
belonged to the sun-god Baal, called by the Greeks Elector;
the Neitic gate, it would seem, to the god of war. …
{3105}
The gate Hypsistia was that of Zeus Hypsistos, whose shrine
stood on the Cadmea; … the Prœtidic gate belonged to Astarte,
whose domain was the moon; the Oncæic gate in the north-west
belonged to Athena Onca, who is expressly called a Phœnician
goddess. … It is probable that the two remaining gates, the
Homoloic and the Crenaic, were also dedicated to gods of this
circle—to the spirits of planets. According to Greek legend,
Cadmus invented the building of walls, mining, armour, and
letters. Herodotus contents himself with saying that the
Phœnicians who came with Cadmus taught much to the Greeks,
even writing: from the Phœnicians the Ionians, in whose midst
they lived, had learned letters. If even this early borrowing
of writing on the part of the Greeks is incorrect, all the
other particulars,—the legend of Cadmus, which extends to the
Homeric poems, where the inhabitants of Thebes are called
Cadmeans; the rites of the Thebans; the walls and gates,—
taken together, give evidence that the Phœnicians went over
from Eubœa to the continent, and here fixed one of their most
important and lasting colonies upon and around the hill of
Cadmea."

_M. Duncker,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 4._

See, also, BŒOTIA.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 509-506.
Unsuccessful war with Athens.

See ATHENS: B. C. 509-506.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 480.
Traitorous alliance with the Persians.

See GREECE: B. C. 480 (SALAMIS).

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 479.
Siege and reduction by the confederate Greeks.
Punishment for the Persian alliance.

See GREECE: B. C. 479 (PLATÆA).

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 457-456.
War with Athens.
Defeat at Œnophyta.
Overthrow of the oligarchies.

See GREECE: B. C. 458-456.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 447-445.
Bœotian revolution.
Overthrow of Athenian influence.
Defeat of Athens at Coronea.

See GREECE: B. C. 449-445.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 431.
Disastrous attack on Platæa.
Opening hostilities of the Peloponnesian War.

See GREECE: B. C. 432-431.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 404-403.
Shelter and aid to Athenian patriots.

See ATHENS: B. C. 404-403.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 395-387.
Confederacy against Sparta and alliance with Persia.
The Corinthian War.
Battle of Coronea.
Peace of Antalcidas.

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 383.
The betrayal of the city to the Spartans.

See GREECE: B. C. 383.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 379-371.
The liberation of the city.
Rise of Epaminondas.
Overthrow of Spartan supremacy at Leuctra.

See GREECE: B. C. 379-371.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 378.
The Sacred Band.

"This was an institution connecting itself with earlier usages
of the land. For already in the battle of Delium a band of the
Three Hundred is mentioned, who fought, like the heroes of the
Homeric age, associated in pairs, from their chariots in front
of the main body of the soldiery. This doubtless very ancient
institution was now [B. C. 378] revived and carried out in a
new spirit under the guidance of Epaminondas and Gorgidas.
They had quietly assembled around them a circle of youths,
with whom they had presented themselves before the community
on the day of the Liberation, so that they were regarded as
the founders of the Sacred Band of Thebes. It was now no
longer a privilege of the nobility to belong to the Three
Hundred; but those among the youth of the land who were in
feeling the noblest and most high-minded, and who already
under the oppression of the Tyrants had been preparing
themselves for the struggle for freedom, were henceforth the
elect and the champions. It was their duty to stimulate the
rest eagerly to follow their example of bravery and
discipline; they were associated with one another by the bonds
of friendship and by identity of feelings. … A soldier-like
spirit was happily blended with ethical and political points
of view, and ancient national usage with the ideas of the
present and with Pythagorean principles; and it constitutes an
honorable monument of the wisdom of Epaminondas."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 6, chapter 1._

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 370-362.
Intervention in Peloponnesus.
Successive expeditions of Epaminondas.
Invasions of Sparta.
Formation of the Arcadian Union.
Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas.

See GREECE: B. C. 371-362.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 357-338.
The Ten Years Sacred War with the Phocians.
Intervention of Philip of Macedon.
Loss of independence and liberty.

See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 335.
Revolt.
Destruction by Alexander the Great.

See GREECE: B. C. 336-335.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 316.
Restoration by Cassander of Macedonia.

See GREECE: B. C. 321-312.

THEBES, Greece: B. C. 291-290.
Siege of by Demetrius.

Thebes, with other Bœotian towns, united in a revolt against
Demetrius Poliorcetes, while the latter held the throne of
Macedonia, and was reduced to submission, B. C. 290, after a
siege which lasted nearly a year.

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 60._

THEBES, Greece: A. D. 1146.
Sack by the Normans of Sicily.
Abduction of silk-weavers.

See BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 1146.

THEBES, Greece: A. D. 1205.
Included in the Latin duchy of Athens.

See ATHENS: A. D. 1205.

THEBES, Greece: A. D. 1311.
Conquest by the Catalans.

See CATALAN GRAND COMPANY.

----------THEBES, Greece: End--------

THEGN, THANE.

See COMITATUS; ETHEL; and ENGLAND: A. D. 958.

THEIPHALI. THEIPHALIA.

See TAIFALÆ.

THEMES.

Administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire. "The term
thema was first applied to the Roman legion. The military
districts, garrisoned by legions, were then called themata,
and ultimately the word was used merely to indicate
geographical administrative divisions."

_G. Finlay,
History of the Byzantine Empire,
book 1, chapter 1, section 1, foot-note._

See, also, BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 717.

THEMISTOCLES, Ascendancy and fall of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 489-480, to 477-462.

THEODORA,
Empress in the East (Byzantine, or Greek),
A. D. 1042, and 1054-1056.

THEODORE, King of Corsica.

See CORSICA: A. D. 1729-1769.

Theodore I., Pope, A. D. 642-649.

Theodore II., Pope, 898.

Theodore or Feodore, II., Czar of Russia, 1584-1598.

Theodore III., Czar of Russia, 1676-1682.

Theodore Lascaris I., Greek Emperor of Nicæa, 1206-1222.

Theodore Lascaris II., Greek Emperor of Nicæa, 1255-1259.

THEODORIC, Ostrogothic kingdom of.

See GOTHS: A. D. 473-488;
and ROME: A. D. 488-526.

{3106}

THEODOSIAN CODE, The.

See CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS.

THEODOSIUS I., Roman Emperor
(Eastern), A. D. 378-395;
(Western), 392-395;
in Britain.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 367-370.

Theodosius II., Roman Emperor
(Eastern), 408-450;
(Western), 423-425.

Theodosius III., Roman Emperor (Eastern), 716-717.

THEOPHILUS,
Emperor in the East, (Byzantine, or Greek), A. D. 829-842.

THEORI.

The name of Theori, among the ancient Greeks, "in addition to
its familiar signification of spectators at the theatre and
public ambassadors to foreign sanctuaries and festivals, was
specially applied to certain public magistrates, whose
function it was to superintend and take charge of religious
affairs in general, though they often possessed along with
this some more extensive political power."

_G. Schumann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 2, chapter 5._

THEORICON, The.

"By means of the Theoricon …, the most pernicious issue of
the age of Pericles, there arose in a small free state
[Athens] a lavish expenditure, which was relatively not less
than in the most voluptuous courts, and which consumed large
sums, while the wars were unsuccessful for the want of money.
By it is understood the money which was distributed among the
people for the celebration of the festivals and games, partly
to restore to the citizens the sum required for their
admission into the theatre, partly to enable them to procure a
better meal. In part it was expended for sacrifices, with
which a public feast was connected. … The superintendents of
the theoricon were not called treasurers; but they evidently
had a treasury. Their office was one of the administrative
offices of the government, and indeed of the most eminent.
They were elected by the assembly of the people through
cheirotonia. Their office seems to have been annual. Their
number is nowhere given. Probably there were ten of them, one
from each tribe. … The Athenian people was a tyrant, and the
treasury of the theorica its private treasury."

_A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of Athens
(translated by Lamb),
book 2, chapter 7; also chapter 13._

THEOW.

"In the earliest English laws … slaves are found; the 'theow'
[from the same root as 'dienen,' to serve] or slave simple,
whether 'wealh'—that is, of British extraction, captured or
purchased—or of the common German stock descended from the
slaves of the first colonists; the 'esne' or slave who works
for hire; the 'wite-theow' who is reduced to slavery because
he cannot pay his debts."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 5, section 37._

THERA.

The ancient name of the Greek island of Santorin, one of the
Sporades, whose inhabitants were enterprising navigators, and
weavers and dyers of purple stuffs. They are said to have
founded Cyrene, on the north African coast.

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 2, chapter 3._

See CYRENAICA.

"The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic
eruptions in recorded history … about [1600 B. C.] at
the height of the Minoan civilization."

_Wikipedia: Santorini.
Transcriber's Note._

THERMÆ.

"The Roman thermæ were a combination on a huge scale of the
common balneæ with the Greek gymnasia. Their usual form was
that of a large quadrangular space, the sides of which were
formed by various porticos, exedræ, and even theatres for
gymnastic and literary exercises, and in the centre of which
stood a block of buildings containing the bath rooms and
spacious halls for undergoing the complicated process of the
Roman warm bath. The area covered by the whole group of
buildings was, in many cases, very large. The court of the
Baths of Caracalla enclosed a space of 1,150 feet on each
side, with curvilinear projections on two sides. The central
mass of building was a rectangle, 730 feet by 380. … The other
great Imperial thermæ of Rome, those of Nero, Titus, Domitian,
Diocletian, and Constantine, were probably upon the same plan
as the Thermæ Caracallæ. All were built of brick, and the
interior was decorated with stucco, mosaics, or slabs of
marble, and other ornamental stones. … The public balneæ, as
distinct from thermæ, … were used simply as baths, and had
none of the luxurious accessories attached to them which were
found in the courts of the great thermæ."

_R. Burn,
Rome and the Campagna,
introduction._

THERMIDOR, The month.

See FRANCE; A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER)
THE NEW REPUBLICAN CALENDAR.

THERMIDORIANS.
The Ninth of Thermidor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (JULY), and
1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of.

See THESSALY.

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of: B. C. 480.
The defense by Leonidas against the Persians.

See GREECE: B. C. 480 (THERMOPYLÆ).

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of: B. C. 352.
Repulse of Philip of Macedon.

See GREECE: B. C. 357-330.

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of: B. C. 279.
Defense against the Gauls.

See GAULS: B. C. 280-279.

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of: B. C. 191.
Defeat of Antiochus by the Romans.

See SELEUCIDÆ: B. C. 224-187.

THERMOPYLÆ, The Pass of: A. D. 1822.
Greek victory over the Turks.

See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829.

THERVINGI, The.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 376.

THESES OF LUTHER, The Ninety-five.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1517.

THESMOPHORIA, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 383.

THESMOTHETES.

See ATHENS: FROM THE DORIAN MIGRATION TO B. C. 683.

THESPROTIANS.

See EPIRUS; and HELLAS.

----------THESSALONICA: Start--------

THESSALONICA.

Therma, an unimportant ancient city of Macedonia, received the
name of Thessalonica, about 315 B. C., in honor of the sister
of Alexander the Great, who married Cassander. Cassander gave
an impetus to the city which proved lasting. It rose to a high
commercial rank, acquired wealth, and became, under the
Romans, the capital of the Illyrian provinces.

THESSALONICA: A. D. 390.
Massacre ordered by Theodosius.

A riotous outbreak at Thessalonica, A. D. 390, caused by the
imprisonment of one of the popular favorites of the circus,
was punished by the Emperor Theodosius in a manner so fiendish
that it seems wellnigh incredible. He caused the greatest
possible number of the inhabitants to be invited, in his name,
to witness certain games in the circus. "As soon as the
assembly was complete, the soldiers, who had secretly been
posted round the circus, received the signal, not of the
races, but of a general massacre.
{3107}
The promiscuous carnage continued three hours, without
discrimination of strangers or natives, of age or sex, of
innocence or guilt; the most moderate accounts state the
number of the slain at 7,000; and it is affirmed by some
writers that more than 15,000 victims were sacrificed. … The
guilt of the emperor is aggravated by his long and frequent
residence at Thessalonica."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 27._

THESSALONICA: A. D. 904.
Capture and pillage by the Saracens.

The capture of Thessalonica by a piratical expedition from
Tarsus, A. D. 904, was one of the most terrible experiences of
its kind in that age of blood and rapine, and one of which the
fullest account, by an eye-witness and sufferer, has come down
to posterity. The wretched inhabitants who escaped the sword
were mostly sold into slavery, and the splendid city—then the
second in the Byzantine Empire—was stripped of all its wealth.
The defense of the place had been neglected, with implicit
dependence on the goodwill and the power of St. Demetrius.

_G. Finlay,
History of the Byzantine Empire, from 716 to 1057,
book 2, chapter 1, section 2._

THESSALONICA: A. D. 1204-1222.
Capital of the kingdom of Saloniki.

See SALONIKI.

THESSALONICA: A. D. 1222-1234.
The Greek empire.

See EPIRUS: A. D. 1204-1350.

THESSALONICA: A. D. 1430.
Capture by the Turks.

Thessalonica, feebly defended by Venetians and Greeks, was
taken by the Turks, under Amurath II., in February, 1430.
"'The pillage and the carnage,' relates the Greek Anagnosta,
an eye-witness of this disastrous night, 'transcended the
hopes of the Turks and the terror of the Greeks. No family
escaped the swords, the chains, the flames, the outrages of
the Asiatics fierce for their prey. At the close of the day,
each soldier drove like a herd before him, through the streets
of Salonica, troops of women, of young girls, of children, of
caloyers and anchorites, of monks of all the monasteries.
Priests were chained with virgins, children with old men,
mothers with their sons, in derision of age, of profession, of
sex, which added a barbarous irony to nudity and death
itself.'"

_A. Lamartine,
History of Turkey,
book 10, section 27._

----------THESSALONICA: End--------

THESSALY.

"The northern part of Greece is traversed in its whole length
by a range of mountains, the Greek Apennines, which issue from
the same mighty root, the Thracian Scomius, in which Hæmus,
and Rhodopé and the Illyrian Alps likewise meet. This ridge
first takes the name of Pindus, where it intersects the
northern boundary of Greece, at a point where an ancient route
still affords the least difficult passage from Epirus into
Thessaly. From Pindus two huge arms stretch towards the
eastern sea and enclose the vale of Thessaly, the largest and
richest plain in Greece: on the north the Cambunian Hills,
after making a bend towards the south, terminate in the
loftier heights of Olympus, which are scarcely ever entirely
free from snow; the opposite and lower chain of Othrys
parting, with its eastern extremity, the Malian from the
Pagasæan Gulf, sinks gently towards the coast. A fourth
rampart, which runs parallel to Pindus, is formed by the range
which includes the celebrated heights of Pelion and Ossa; the
first a broad and nearly even ridge, the other towering into a
steep and conical peak, the neighbour and rival of Olympus,
with which, in the songs of the country, it is said to dispute
the pre-eminence in the depth and duration of its snows. The
mountain barrier with which Thessaly is thus encompassed is
broken only at the northeast corner by a deep and narrow
cleft, which parts Ossa from Olympus; the defile so renowned
in poetry as the vale, in history as the pass, of Tempe. The
imagination of the ancient poets and declaimers delighted to
dwell on the natural beauties of this romantic glen and on the
sanctity of the site, from which Apollo had transplanted his
laurel to Delphi. … South of this gulf [the Gulf of Pagasæ],
the coast is again deeply indented by that of Malia, into
which the Spercheius, rising from Mount Tymphrestus, a
continuation of Pindus, winds through a long, narrow vale,
which, though considered as a part of Thessaly, forms a
separate region, widely distinguished from the rest by its
physical features. It is intercepted between Othrys and Œta, a
huge, rugged pile, which stretching from Pindus to the sea at
Thermopylæ, forms the inner barrier of Greece, as the
Cambunian range is the outer, to which it corresponds in
direction and is nearly equal in height. From Mount
Callidromus, a southern limb of Œta, the same range is
continued without interruption, though under various names and
different degrees of elevation, along the coast of the Eubœan
Sea. … Another branch, issuing from the same part of Pindus,
connects it with the loftier summits of Parnassus, and
afterward skirting the Corinthian Gulf under the names of
Cirphis and Helicon, proceeds to form the northern boundary of
Attica under those of Cithæron and Parnes."

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 1 (volume 1)._

In the mythical legends of Greece, Thessaly was the kingdom of
Hellen, transmitted to his son Æolus and occupied originally
by the Æolic branch of the Hellenic family. The Æolians,
however, appear to have receded from the rich Thessalian
plain, into Bœotia and elsewhere, before various invading
tribes. The people who fixed their name, at last, upon the
country, the Thessalians, came into it from Epirus, crossing
the Pindus mountain-range.

See, also, GREECE: THE MIGRATIONS;
and DORIANS AND IONIANS.

THETES, The.

See DEBT, ANCIENT LEGISLATION CONCERNING: GREEK;
also, ATHENS: B. C. 594.

THEUDEBERT, King of the Franks (Austrasia), A. D. 596-612.

THIASI.

"The name denotes associations [in ancient Athens] which had
chosen as their special protector and patron some deity in
whose honour at certain times they held sacrifices and festal
banquets, whilst they pursued in addition objects of a very
varied nature, sometimes joint-stock businesses, sometimes
only social enjoyments."

_G. F. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece,
part 3, chapter 3, section 2._

THIBAULT I., King of Navarre, A. D. 1236-1253.

Thibault II., King of Navarre, 1253-1270.

THIBET.

See TIBET.

THIERRY I., King of the Franks, at Metz, A. D. 511-534.

Thierry II., King of the Franks (Austrasia), 612-613;
King of Burgundy, 596-613.

Thierry III., King of the Franks
(Neustria and Burgundy), 670-691.

Thierry IV., King of the Franks
(Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy), 720-737.

{3108}

THIERS, Adolphe, and the founding of the third French Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1871-1876.

THIN. THINÆ.

See CHINA: The NAMES OF THE COUNTRY.

THING. THINGVALLA. ALTHING.

"The judicial and legislative assembly of the Northmen
represented by the word 'thing' (from 'tinga'=to speak, and
allied to our English word 'think') can be traced in many
local names throughout England, and more especially in the
extreme North, where the Scandinavian race prevailed, and
where the 'thing' was primitively held upon the site of, or as
an appanage to, a 'hof' or temple. It is plainly seen in the
Tynwald Court or general legislative assembly for the Isle of
Man, where the distinctive feature of the primitive open-air
assembly still survives in the custom of the whole assembly
going once a year in solemn procession, attended by the
governor of the island and a military escort, to a hill known
as the Tynwald Hill, whence all the laws that have been passed
in the course of the past year are proclaimed in English and
Manx. … In Norway there is an 'Al-thing' or general assembly,
and four district 'things' for the several provinces, as well
as a Norwegian Parliament familiar to us as 'Stor-thing' or
great council."

_R. R. Sharpe,
Introduction to Calendar of Wills, Court of Husting, London,
volume 1._

"By the end of the period of the first occupation of Iceland,
a number of little kingdoms had been formed all round the
coast, ruled by the priests, who, at stated times, convened
their adherents and retainers to meetings for the settlement
of matters which concerned any or all of them. These were
called 'Things'—meetings, i. e. Mot-things. Each was
independent of the other, and quarrels between the members of
two separate Things could only be settled as the quarrels of
nations are settled, by treaty or war. But the time soon
arrived when the progress of political thought began to work
upon this disjointed constitution; and then amalgamation of
local Things into an Althing, of local jurisdiction into a
commonwealth jurisdiction, was the historical result. … The
Thingvalla, or Thing-field itself, was a vast sunken plain of
lava, about four miles broad and rather more than four miles
deep, lying with a dip or slope from north-east to south-west,
between two great lips or furrows. A stream called Öxará,
(Axewater) cuts off a rocky portion of the plain, so as almost
to form an island. This is the famous Hill of Laws, or
Lögberg, which was the heart of the Icelandic body politic. …
This example of the Icelandic Thing is the most perfect that
is known to history."

_G. L. Gomme,
Primitive Folk-Moots,
chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_G. W. Dasent,
introduction to "The Story of Burnt Njal."_

See, also, NORMANS.
NORTHMEN: A. D. 860-1100;
and SCANDINAVIAN STATES (DENMARK-ICELAND): A. D. 1849-1874.

THINGMEN.

See HOUSECARLS.

THINIS.

See MEMPHIS, EGYPT;
also EGYPT: THE OLD EMPIRE AND THE MIDDLE EMPIRE.

THIONVILLE: A. D. 1643.
Siege and capture by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1643.

THIONVILLE: A. D. 1659.
Ceded to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.

THIRD ESTATE, The.

See ESTATES, THE THREE.

THIRTEEN COLONIES, The.

See
MASSACHUSETTS;
RHODE ISLAND;
CONNECTICUT;
NEW HAMPSHIRE;
NEW YORK;
NEW JERSEY;
PENNSYLVANIA;
DELAWARE:
MARYLAND;
VIRGINIA;
NORTH CAROLINA;
SOUTH CAROLINA;
GEORGIA;

also, NEW ENGLAND.

THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (JANUARY).

THIRTY TYRANTS OF ATHENS, The.

See ATHENS: B. C. 404-403.

THIRTY TYRANTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, The.

See ROME: A. D. 192-284.

THIRTY YEARS TRUCE, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 449-445.

THIRTY YEARS WAR, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1608-1618, to 1648:
and BOHEMIA: A. D. 1611-1618, and 1621-1648.

THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES, The.

"In 1563 the Articles of the English Church, forty-two in
number, originally drawn up in 1551 under Edward VI., were
revised in Convocation, and reduced to their present number,
thirty-nine; but it was not until 1571 that they were made
binding upon the clergy by Act of Parliament."

_T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History,
chapter 12._

THIS, THINIS.

See EGYPT: THE OLD EMPIRE AND THE MIDDLE EMPIRE;
also, MEMPHIS, EGYPT.

THISTLE: Its adoption as the national emblem of Scotland.

See SAINT ANDREW: THE SCOTTISH ORDER.

THISTLE, Order of the.

A Scottish order of knighthood instituted by James V. in 1530.

THOMAS, General George H.:
Campaign against Zollicoffer.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).

Refusal of the command of the Army of the Ohio.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-OCTOBER: TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY).

At Chickamauga, and in the Chattanooga Campaign.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER) ROSECRANS' ADVANCE;
and (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER: TENNESSEE).

The Atlanta campaign.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY: GEORGIA),
to (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER: GEORGIA).

Campaign against Hood.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (NOVEMBER: TENNESSEE),
and (DECEMBER: TENNESSEE).

THOMAS À BECKET, Saint, and King Henry II.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1162-1170.

THOMPSON'S STATION, Battle at.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).

THORN, Peace of (1466).

See POLAND: A. D. 1333-1572.

"THOROUGH," Wentworth and Laud's government system.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1633-1639.

THRACE: B. C. 323-281.
The kingdom of Lysimachus and its overthrow.

See MACEDONIA, &c.: B. C. 323-316 to 297-280.

{3109}

THRACIANS, The.

"That vast space comprised between the rivers Strymon and
Danube, and bounded to the west by the easternmost Illyrian
tribes, northward of the Strymon, was occupied by the
innumerable subdivisions of the race called Thracians, or
Threïcians. They were the most numerous and most terrible race
known to Herodotus: could they by possibility act in unison or
under one dominion (he says) they would be irresistible. …
Numerous as the tribes of Thracians were, their customs and
character (according to Herodotus) were marked by great
uniformity: of the Getæ, the Trausi, and others, he tells us a
few particularities. … The general character of the race
presents an aggregate of repulsive features unredeemed by the
presence of even the commonest domestic affections. … It
appears that the Thynians and Bithynians, on the Asiatic side
of the Bosphorus, perhaps also the Mysians, were members of
this great Thracian race, which was more remotely connected,
also, with the Phrygians. And the whole race may be said to
present a character more Asiatic than European; especially in
those ecstatic and maddening religious rites, which prevailed
not less among the Edonian Thracians than in the mountains of
Ida and Dindymon of Asia, though with some important
differences. The Thracians served to furnish the Greeks with
mercenary troops and slaves."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 26._

"Under Seuthes [B. C. 424] Thrace stood at the height of its
prosperity. It formed a connected empire from Abdera to the
Danube, from Byzantium to the Strymon. … The land abounded in
resources, in corn and flocks and herds, in gold and silver. …
No such state had as yet existed in the whole circuit of the
Ægean. … But their kingdom failed to endure. After Seuthes it
broke up into several principalities."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 7, chapter 1._

"Herodotus is not wrong in calling the Thracians the greatest
of the peoples known to him after the Indians. Like the
Illyrian, the Thracian stock attained to no full development,
and appears more as hard-pressed and dispossessed than as
having any historically memorable course of its own. … The
Thracian [language] disappeared amidst the fluctuations of
peoples in the region of the Danube and the overpowerful
influence of Constantinople, and we cannot even determine the
place which belongs to it in the pedigree of nations. … Their
wild but grand mode of worshipping the gods may perhaps be
conceived as a trait peculiar to this stock—the mighty
outburst of the joy of spring and youth, the nocturnal
mountain-festivals of torch-swinging maidens, the intoxicating
sense-confusing music, the flowing of wine and the flowing of
blood, the giddy festal whirl, frantic with the simultaneous
excitement of all sensuous passions. Dionysos, the glorious
and the terrible, was a Thracian god." Under the supremacy of
the Romans, the Thracians were governed by a native line of
vassal kings, reigning at Bizye (Wiza), between Adrianople and
the coast of the Black Sea, until the Emperor Claudius, A. D.
46, suppressed the nominal kingdom and made Thrace a Roman
province.

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 6._

In the 8th and 9th centuries, "the great Thracian race, which
had once been inferior in number only to the Indian, and
which, in the first century of our era, had excited the
attention of Vespasian by the extent of the territory it
occupied, had … almost disappeared. The country it had
formerly inhabited was peopled by Vallachian and Sclavonian
tribes."

_G. Finlay,
History of the Byzantine Empire,
book 1, chapter 1, section 1._

THREE CHAPTERS, The dispute of the.

A famous church dispute raised in the sixth century by the
Emperor Justinian, who discovered an heretical taint in
certain passages, called the Three Chapters, culled out of the
works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and two other doctors of the
church who had been teachers and friends of Nestorius. A
solemn Church Council called (A. D. 553) at Constantinople—the
fifth general Council—condemned the Three Chapters and
anathematized their adherents. But this touched by implication
the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, which were especially
cherished in the Latin Church, and Rome became rebellious. In
the end, the Roman opposition prevailed, and, "in the period
of a century, the schism of the three chapters expired in an
obscure angle of the Venetian province."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 47._

ALSO IN:
_H. H. Milman,
History of Latin Christianity,
book 1, chapter 4._

THREE F'S. The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879.

THREE HENRYS. War of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

THREE HUNDRED AT THERMOPYLÆ, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 480 (THERMOPYLÆ).

THREE HUNDRED OF THEBES, The.

See THEBES: B. C. 378.

THREE KINGS, Battle of the.

See MAROCCO: THE ARAB CONQUEST, AND SINCE.

THREE LEGS OF MAN. The.

See TRISKELION.

THREE PRESIDENCIES OF INDIA, The.

See INDIA: A. D. 1600-1702.

THUCYDIDES: The origin of his history.

See AMPHIPOLIS.

THUGS. THUGGEE.

See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833.

THULE.

Pytheas, a Greek traveller and writer of the time (as
supposed) of Alexander the Great, was the first to introduce
the name of Thule into ancient geography. He described it
vaguely as an island, lying six days' voyage to the north of
Britain, in a region where the sea became like neither land
nor water, but was of a thick and sluggish substance,
resembling that of the jelly fish. "It appears to me
impossible to identify the Thule of Pytheas with any approach
to certainty; but he had probably heard vaguely of the
existence of some considerable island, or group of islands, to
the north of Britain, whether the Orkneys or the Shetlands it
is impossible to say."

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 15, section 2, foot-note._

Some modern writers identify Thule with Iceland; some with the
coast of Norway, mistakenly regarded as an island. But,
whichever land it may have been, Thule to the Greeks and
Romans, was Ultima Thule,—the end of the known world,—the
most northerly point of Europe to which their knowledge
reached.

_R. F. Burton,
Ultima Thule,
introduction, section 1 (volume 1)._

{3110}

THUNDERING LEGION, The.

During the summer of the year 174, in a campaign which the
Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus conducted against the Quadi,
on the Danube, the Roman army was once placed in a perilous
position. It was hemmed in by the enemy, cut off from all
access to water, and was reduced to despair. At the last
extremity, it is said, the army was saved by a miraculous
storm, which poured rain on the thirsty Romans, while
lightning and hail fell destructively in the ranks of the
barbarians. According to the Pagan historians, Aurelius owed
this "miraculous victory," as it was called, to the arts of
one Arnuphis, an Egyptian magician. But later Christian
writers told a different story. They relate that the
distressed army contained one legion composed entirely of
Christians, from Melitene, and that these soldiers, being
called upon by the emperor to invoke their God, united in a
prayer which received the answer described. Hence, the legion
was known thereafter, by imperial command, as the Thundering
Legion.

_P. B. Watson,
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_Eusebius,
Ecclesiastical History,
book 5, chapter 5._

THURII. THURIUM.

See SIRIS.

THURINGIA. THURINGIANS, The.

"To the eastward of the Saxons and of the Franks, the
Thuringians had just formed a new monarchy. That people had
united to the Varni and the Heruli, they had spread from the
borders of the Elbe and of the Undstrut to those of the
Necker. They had invaded Hesse or the country of the Catti,
one of the Frankish people, and Franconia, where they had
distinguished their conquests by frightful cruelties. … It is
not known at what period these atrocities were committed, but
Thierri [or Theoderic, one of the four Frank kings, sons of
Clovis] towards the year 528, reminds his soldiers of them to
excite their revenge; it is probable that they were the
motives which induced the Franks of Germany and those of Gaul
to unite, in order to provide more powerfully for their
defence." Thierry, the Frank king at Metz, and Clotaire, his
brother, who reigned at Soissons, united in 528 against the
Thuringians and completely crushed them. "This great province
was then united to the monarchy of the Franks, and its dukes,
during two centuries, marched under the standards of the
Merovingians."

_J. C. L. S. de Sismondi,
The French under the Merovingians,
chapter 6._

ALSO IN:
_W. C. Perry,
The Franks,
chapter 3._

See, also, GERMANY: A. D. 481-768.

THURINGIA:
Absorbed in Saxony.

See SAXONY: THE OLD DUCHY.

THURM AND TAXIS, Prince, and the German postal system.

See POST.

THYMBRÆAN ORACLE.

See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.

THYNIANS. The.

See BITHYNIANS.

TIBARENIANS, The.

A people who anciently inhabited the southern coast of the
Euxine, toward its eastern extremity.

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Persia,
chapter 1._

TIBBOOS, The.

See LIBYANS.

TIBERIAS, Battle of (1187).

See JERUSALEM: A. D. 1149-1187.

TIBERIAS, The Patriarch of.

See JEWS: A. D. 200-400.

TIBERIUS,
Roman Emperor, A. D. 14-37.

German campaigns.

See GERMANY: B. C. 8-A. D. 11.

Tiberius II, Roman Emperor (Eastern), 578-582.

Tiberius Absimarus, Roman Emperor (Eastern), 698-704.

TIBET.