Chapter CDXXXV: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (32)

"The name of Tibet is applied not only to the south-west
portion of the Chinese Empire, but also to more than half of
Kashmîr occupied by peoples of Tibetan origin. These regions
of 'Little Tibet' and of 'Apricot Tibet' —so called from the
orchards surrounding its villages—consist of deep valleys
opening like troughs between the snowy Himalayan and Karakorum
ranges. Draining towards India, these uplands have gradually
been brought under Hindu influences, whereas Tibet proper has
pursued a totally different career. It is variously known as
'Great,' the 'Third,' or 'East Tibet'; but such is the
confusion of nomenclature that the expression 'Great Tibet' is
also applied to Ladak, which forms part of Kashmîr. At the
same time, the term Tibet itself, employed by Europeans to
designate two countries widely differing in their physical and
political conditions, is unknown to the people themselves.
Hermann Schlagintweit regards it as an old Tibetan word
meaning 'strength,' or 'empire' in a pre-eminent sense and
this is the interpretation supplied by the missionaries of the
seventeenth century, who give the country the Italian name of
Potente, or 'Powerful.' But however this be, the present
inhabitants use the term Bod-yul alone; that is, 'land of the
Bod,' itself probably identical with Bhutan, a Hindu name
restricted by Europeans to a single state on the southern
slope of the Himalayas. The Chinese call Tibet either Si-Tsang
—that is, West Tsang, from its principal province—or
Wei-Tsang, a word applied to the two provinces of Wei and
Tsang, which jointly constitute Tibet proper. To the
inhabitants they give the name of Tu-Fan, or 'Aboriginal
Fans,' in opposition to the Si-Fan, or "Western Fans,' of
Sechuen and Kansu. … Suspended like a vast terrace some 14,000
or 16,000 feet above the surrounding plains, the Tibetan
plateau is more than half filled with closed basins dotted
with a few lakes or marshes, the probable remains of inland
seas whose overflow discharged through the breaks in the
frontier ranges. … During the present century the Tibetan
Government has succeeded better than any other Asiatic state
in preserving the political isolation of the people, thanks
chiefly to the relief and physical conditions of the land.
Tibet rises like a citadel in the heart of Asia; hence its
defenders have guarded its approaches more easily than those
of India, China, and Japan. The greater part of Tibet remains
still unexplored. … The great bulk of the inhabitants, apart
from the Mongolo-Tartar Horsoks of Khachi and the various
independent tribes of the province of Kham, belong to a
distinct branch of the Mongolian family. They are of low size,
with broad shoulders and chests, and present a striking
contrast to the Hindus in the size of their arms and calves,
while resembling them in their small and delicate hands and
feet. … The Tibetans are one of the most highly endowed people
in the world. Nearly all travellers are unanimous in praise of
their gentleness, frank and kindly bearing, unaffected
dignity. Strong, courageous, naturally cheerful, fond of
music, the dance and song, they would be a model race but for
their lack of enterprise. They are as easily governed as a
flock of sheep, and for them the word of a lama has force of
law. Even the mandates of the Chinese authorities are
scrupulously obeyed, and thus it happens that against their
own friendly feelings they jealously guard the frontiers
against all strangers.
{3111}
The more or less mixed races of East Tibet on the Chinese
frontier, on the route of the troops that plunder them and of
the mandarins who oppress them, seem to be less favourably
constituted, and are described as thievish and treacherous. …
The Tibetans have long been a civilised people. … In some
respects they are even more civilised than those of many
European countries, for reading and writing are general
accomplishments in many places, and books are here so cheap
that they are found in the humblest dwellings, though several
of these works are kept simply on account of their magical
properties. In the free evolution of their speech, which has
been studied chiefly by Foucaux, Csoma de Körös, Schiefner,
and Jäschke, the Tibetans have outlived the period in which
the Chinese are still found. The monosyllabic character of the
language, which differs from all other Asiatic tongues, has
nearly been effaced. … The Tibetan Government is in theory a
pure theocracy. The Dalia-lama, called also the
Gyalba-remboché, 'Jewel of Majesty,' or 'Sovereign Treasure,'
is at once god and king, master of the life and fortunes of
his subjects, with no limit to his power except his own
pleasure. [On Lamaism in Tibet, see LAMAS.] Nevertheless he
consents to be guided in ordinary matters by the old usages,
while his very greatness prevents him from directly oppressing
his people. His sphere of action being restricted to spiritual
matters, he is represented in the administration by a viceroy
chosen by the Emperor in a supreme council of three high
priests. … Everything connected with general politics and war
must be referred to Peking, while local matters are left to
the Tibetan authorities. … Pope, viceroy, ministers, all
receive a yearly subvention from Peking and all the Tibetan
mandarins wear on their hats the button, or distinctive sign
of the dignities conferred by the empire. Every third or fifth
year a solemn embassy is sent to Peking with rich presents,
receiving others in exchange from the 'Son of Heaven.' … The
whole land belongs to the Dalai-lama, the people being merely
temporary occupants, tolerated by the real owner. The very
houses and furniture and all movable property are held in
trust for the supreme master, whose subjects must be grateful
if he takes a portion only for the requirements of the
administration. Due of the most ordinary sentences, in fact,
is wholesale confiscation, when the condemned must leave house
and lands, betaking themselves to a camp life, and living by
begging in the districts assigned to them. So numerous are
these chong long, or official mendicants, that they form a
distinct class in the State. … Since the cession of Ladak to
Kashmir, and the annexation of Batang, Litang, Aten-tze, and
other districts to Sechuen and Yunnan, Si-tsang, or Tibet
proper, comprises only the four provinces of Nari, Tsang, Wei,
or U, and Kham. Certain principalities enclosed in these
provinces are completely independent of Lassa, and either
enjoy self-government or are directly administered from
Peking. … Even in the four provinces the Chinese authorities
interfere in many ways, and their power is especially felt in
that of Nari, where, owing to its dangerous proximity to
Kashmir and India, the old spirit of independence might be
awakened. Nor is any money allowed to be coined in Tibet,
which in the eyes of the Imperial Government is merely a
dependency of Sechuen, whence all orders are received in
Lassa."

_É. Reclus,
The Earth and its Inhabitants: Asia,
volume 2, chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_H. Bower,
Diary of a Journey across Tibet,
chapter 16._

TIBISCUS, The.

The ancient name of the river Theiss.

TIBUR.

An important Latin city, more ancient than Rome, from which it
was only 20 miles distant, on the Anio. Tibur, after many
wars, was reduced by the Romans to subjection in the 4th
century, B. C., and the delightful country in its neighborhood
became a favorite place of residence for wealthy Romans in
later times. The ruins of the villa of Hadrian have been
identified in the vicinity, and many others have been named,
but without historical authority. Hadrian's villa is said to
have been like a town in its vast extent. The modern town of
Tivoli occupies the site of Tibur.

_R. Burn,
Rome and the Campagna,
chapter 14._

TIBURTINE SIBYL.

See SIBYLS.

TICINUS, Battle on the.

See PUNIC WARS: THE SECOND.

TICKET-OF-LEAVE SYSTEM, The.

See LAW, CRIMINAL: A. D. 1825.

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1731.-
Built by the French.

See CANADA: A. D. 1700-1735.

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1756.
Reconstructed by the French.

See CANADA: A. D. 1756.

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1758.
The bloody repulse of Abercrombie.

See CANADA: A. D. 1758.

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1759.
Taken by General Amherst.

See CANADA: A. D. 1759 (JULY-AUGUST).

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1775.
Surprised and taken by the Green Mountain Boys.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (MAY).

TICONDEROGA, Fort: A. D. 1777.
Recapture by Burgoyne.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1777 (JULY-OCTOBER).

TIEN-TSIN, Treaty of (1858).

See CHINA: A. D. 1856-1860.

TIERRA FIRME.

"The world was at a loss at first [after Columbus' discovery]
what to call the newly found region to the westward. It was
easy enough to name the islands, one after another, as they
were discovered, but when the Spaniards reached the continent
they were backward about giving it a general name. … As the
coast line of the continent extended itself and became known
as such, it was very naturally called by navigators 'tierra
firme,' firm land, in contradistinction to the islands which
were supposed to be less firm. … The name Tierra Firme, thus
general at first, in time became particular. As a designation
for an unknown shore it at first implied only the Continent.
As discovery unfolded, and the magnitude of this Firm Land
became better known, new parts of it were designated by new
names, and Tierra Firme became a local appellation in place of
a general term. Paria being first discovered, it fastened
itself there; also along the shore to Darien, Veragua, and on
to Costa Rica, where at no well defined point it stopped, so
far as the northern seaboard was concerned, and in due time
struck across to the South Sea, where the name marked off an
equivalent coast line. … As a political division Tierra Firme
had existence for a long time.
{3112}
It comprised the provinces of Darien, Veragua, and Panama,
which last bore also the name of Tierra Firme as a province.
The extent of the kingdom was 65 leagues in length by 18 at
its greatest breadth, and 9 leagues at its smallest width. It
was bounded on the east by Cartagena, and the gulf of Urabá
and its river; on the west by Costa Rica, including a portion
of what is now Costa Rica; and on the north and south by the
two seas. … Neither Guatemala, Mexico, nor any of the lands to
the north were ever included in Tierra Firme. English authors
often apply the Latin form, Terra Firma, to this division,
which is misleading."

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 1, page 290, foot-note._

See, also, SPANISH MAIN.

TIERS ETAT.

See ESTATES, THE THREE.

TIGORINI, TIGURINI, in Gaul, The.

After the Cimbri had defeated two Roman armies, in 113 and 109
B. C., "the Helvetii, who had suffered much in the constant
conflicts with their north-eastern neighbours, felt themselves
stimulated by the example of the Cimbri to seek in their turn
for more quiet and fertile settlements in western Gaul, and
had, perhaps, even when the Cimbrian hosts marched through
their land, formed an alliance with them for that purpose.
Now, under the leadership of Divico, the forces of the Tougeni
(position unknown) and of the Tigorini (on the lake of Murten)
crossed the Jura and reached the territory of the Nitiobroges
(about Agen on the Garonne). The Roman army under the consul
Lucius Cassius Longinus, which they here encountered, allowed
itself to be decoyed by the Helvetii into an ambush, in which
the general himself and his legate, the consular Gaius Piso,
along with the greater portion of the soldiers, met their
death."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 4, chapter 5._

Subsequently the Tigorini and the Tougeni joined the Cimbri,
but were not present at the decisive battle on the Raudine
Plain and escaped the destroying swords of the legions of
Marius, by flying back to their native Helvetia.

TIGRANOCERTA, Battle of (B. C. 69).

See ROME: B. C. 78-68.

TIGRANOCERTA, The building of.

See GORDYENE.

TILDEN, Samuel J.
In the Free Soil Movement.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.

The overthrow of the Tweed Ring.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871.

Defeat in Presidential Election.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1876-1877.

TILLEMONT: A. D. 1635.
Stormed and sacked by the Dutch and French.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1635-1638.

TILLY, Count von: Campaigns.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1620, to 1631-1632.

TILSIT, Treaty of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY).

TIMAR. TIMARLI. SAIM. SPAHI.

"It was Alaeddin who first instituted a division of all
conquered lands among the 'Sipahis,' or Spahis (horsemen), on
conditions which, like the feudal tenures of Christian Europe,
obliged the holders to service in the field. Here, however,
ends the likeness between the Turkish 'Timar' and the European
fief. The 'Timarli' were not, like the Christian knighthood, a
proud and hereditary aristocracy almost independent of the
sovereign and having a voice in his councils, but the mere
creatures of the Sultan's breath. The Ottoman constitution
recognised no order of nobility, and was essentially a
democratic despotism. The institution of military tenures was
modified by Amurath I., who divided them into the larger and
smaller ('Siamet' and 'Timar'), the holders of which were
called 'Saim' and 'Timarli.' Every cavalier, or Spahi, who had
assisted to conquer by his bravery, was rewarded with a fief,
which, whether large or small, was called 'Kilidseh' (the
sword). The symbols of his investment were a sword and colours
('Kilidsch' and 'Sandjak')."

_T. H. Dyer,
The History of Modern Europe,
volume 1, introduction._

See, also, SPAHIS.

TIMOCRACY.

See GEOMORI.

TIMOLEON, and the deliverance of Sicily.

See SYRACUSE: B. C. 344.

TIMOUR, The Conquests of.

"Timour the Tartar, as he is usually termed in history, was
called by his countrymen Timourlenk, that is, Timour the Lame,
from the effects of an early wound; a name which some European
writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was
of Mongol origin [see below], and a direct descendant, by the
mother's side, of Zenghis. Khan. He was born at Sebzar, a town
near Samarcand, in Transoxiana, in 1336. … Timour's early
youth was passed in struggles for ascendeney with the petty
chiefs of rival tribes, but at the age of thirty-five he had
fought his way to undisputed pre-eminence, and was proclaimed
Khan of Zagatai by the 'couroultai,' or general assembly of
the warriors of his race. He chose Samarcand as the capital of
his dominion, and openly announced that he would make that
dominion comprise the whole habitable earth. … In the
thirty-six years of his reign he raged over the world from the
great wall of China to the centre of Russia on the north; and
the Mediterranean and the Nile were the western limits of his
career, which was pressed eastward as far as the sources of
the Ganges. He united in his own person the sovereignties of
twenty-seven countries, and he stood in the place of nine
several dynasties of kings. … The career of Timour as a
conqueror is unparalleled in history; for neither Cyrus, nor
Alexander, nor Cæsar, nor Attila, nor Zenghis Khan, nor
Charlemagne, nor Napoleon, ever won by the sword so large a
portion of the globe, or ruled over so many myriads of
subjugated fellow-creatures."

_E. S. Creasy,
History of the Ottoman Turks,
chapter 3._

"Born of the same family as Jenghiz, though not one of his
direct descendants, he bore throughout life the humble title
of Emir, and led about with him a nominal Grand Khan [a
descendant of Chagatai, one of the sons of Jenghiz Khan], of
whom he professed himself a dutiful subject. His pedigree may
in strictness entitle him to be called a Mogul; but, for all
practical purposes, himself and his hordes must be regarded as
Turks. Like all the eastern Turks, such civilization as they
had was of Persian origin; and it was of the Persian form of
Islam that Timour was so zealous an assertor."

_E. A. Freeman,
History and Conquests of the Saracens,
lecture 6._

{3113}

In 1378 Timour overran Khuarezm. Between 1380 and 1386 he
subjugated Khorassan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Sistan. He
then passed into southern Persia and forced the submission of
the Mozafferides who reigned over Fars, punishing the city of
Isfahan for a rebellious rising by the massacre of 70,000 of
its inhabitants. This done, he returned to Samarkand for a
period of rest and prolonged carousal. Taking the field again
in 1389, he turned his arms northward and shattered the famous
"Golden Horde," of the Khanate of Kiptchak, which dominated a
large part of Russia. In 1392-93 the Tartar conqueror
completed the subjugation of Persia and Mesopotamia,
extinguishing the decayed Mongol Empire of the Ilkhans, and
piling up a pyramid of 90,000 human heads on the ruins of
Bagdad, the old capital of Islam. Thence he pursued his career
of slaughter through Armenia and Georgia, and finished his
campaign of five years by a last destroying blow struck at the
Kiptchak Khan whom he is said to have pursued as far as
Moscow. Once more, at Samarkand, the red-handed, invincible
savage then gave himself up to orgies of pleasure-making; but
it was not for many months. His eyes were now on India, and
the years 1398-1399 were spent by him in carrying death and
desolation through the Punjab, and to the city of Delhi, which
was made a scene of awful massacre and pillage. No permanent
conquest was achieved; the plunder and the pleasure of
slaughter were the ends of the expedition. A more serious
purpose directed the next movement of Timour's arms, which
were turned against the rival Turk of Asia Minor, or Roum—the
Ottoman, Bajazet, or Bayezid, who boasted of the conquest of
the Roman Empire of the East. In 1402, Bajazet was summoned
from the siege of Constantinople to defend his realm. On the
20th of July in that year, on the plain of Angora, he met the
enormous hosts of Timourlenk and was overwhelmed by them—his
kingdom lost, himself a captive. The merciless Tartar hordes
swept hapless Anatolia with a besom of destruction and death.
Nicæa, Prusa and other cities were sacked. Smyrna provoked the
Tartar savage by an obstinate defense and was doomed to the
sword, without mercy for age or sex. Even then, the customary
pyramid of heads which he built on the site was not large
enough to satisfy his eye and he increased its height by
alternate layers of mud. Aleppo, Damascus, and other cities of
Syria had been dealt with in like manner the year before. When
satiated with blood, he returned to Samarkand in 1404, rested
there until January 1405, and then set out upon an expedition
to China; but he died on the way. His empire was soon broken
in pieces.

_A. Vambery,
History of Bokhara,
chapters 10, 11, 12._

ALSO IN:
_J. Hutton,
Central Asia,
chapters 5-6._

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 65._

_A. Lamartine,
History of Turkey,
book 7._

_H. G. Smith,
Romance of History,
chapter 4._

TIMUCHI.

This was the name given to the members of the senate or
council of six hundred of Massilia—ancient Marseilles.

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 1, chapter 21._

TIMUCUA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TIMUQUANAN FAMILY.

TINNEH.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

TIOCAJAS, Battles of.

See ECUADOR: ABORIGINAL KINGDOM.

TIPPECANOE, The Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1811.

TIPPERMUIR, Battle of (1644).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1644-1645.

TIPPOO (OR TIPU) SAIB, English wars with.

See INDIA: A. D. 1785-1793, and 1798-1805.

TIROL.

See TYROL.

TIRSHATHA.

An ancient Persian title, borne by an officer whose functions
corresponded with those of High Sheriff.

_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
book 5, section 1._

TIRYNS.

See ARGOS; and HERACLEIDÆ.

TITHE.

"To consecrate to the Sanctuary in pure thankfulness towards
God the tenth of all annual profits, was a primitive tradition
among the Canaanites, Phoenicians and Carthaginians. The
custom, accordingly, very early passed over to Israel."

_H. Ewald.
Antiquities of Israel,
introduction, 3d section, II., 3_.

Modern "recognition of the legal obligation of tithe dates
from the eighth century, both on the continent and in England.
In A. D. 779 Charles the Great ordained that everyone should
pay tithe, and that the proceeds should be disposed of by the
bishop; and in A. D. 787 it was made imperative by the
legatine councils held in England."

_W. Stubbs.
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 8, section 86 (volume 1)._

TITHE OF SALADIN.

See SALADIN, THE TITHE OF.

TITHES, Irish.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1832-1833.

TITIES, The.

See ROME: THE BEGINNINGS.

TITUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 79-81.

TIVITIVAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

TIVOLI.

See TIBUR.

TLACOPAN.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502.

TLASCALA.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1519 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

T'LINKETS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

TOBACCO:
Its introduction into the Old World from the New.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1584-1586.

The systematic culture of the plant introduced in Virginia.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1609-1616.

TOBACCO NATION, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HURONS;
and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR NAME.

TOBAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

TOGA, The Roman.

"The toga, the specifically national dress of the Romans, was
originally put on the naked body, fitting much more tightly
than the rich folds of the togas of later times. About the
shape of this toga, which is described as a semicircular cloak
…, many different opinions prevail. Some scholars consider it
to have been an oblong piece of woven cloth …; others
construct it of one or even two pieces cut into segments of a
circle. Here again we shall adopt in the main the results
arrived at through practical trials by Weiss ('Costümkunde,'
page 956 et seq.). The Roman toga therefore was not … a
quadrangular oblong, but 'had the shape of an oblong edged off
into the form of an oval, the middle length being equal to
about three times the height of a grown-up man (exclusive of
the head), and its middle breadth equal to twice the same
length. In putting it on, the toga was at first folded
lengthwise, and the double dress thus originated was laid in
folds on the straight edge and thrown over the left shoulder
in the simple manner of the Greek or Tuscan cloak; the toga,
however, covered the whole left side and even dragged on the
ground to a considerable extent. The cloak was then pulled
across the back and through the right arm, the ends being
again thrown over the left shoulder backwards. The part of the
drapery covering the back was once more pulled towards the
right shoulder, so as to add to the richness of the folds.' …
The simpler, that is narrower, toga of earlier times naturally
clung more tightly to the body."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 95._

{3114}

"No tacks or fastenings of any sort indeed are visible in the
toga, but their existence may be inferred from the great
formality and little variation displayed in its divisions and
folds. In general, the toga seems not only to have formed, as
it were, a short sleeve to the right arm, which was left
unconfined, but to have covered the left arm down to the
wrist. … The material of the toga was wool; the colour, in
early ages, its own natural yellowish hue. In later periods
this seems, however, only to have been retained in the togas
of the higher orders; inferior persons wearing theirs dyed,
and candidates for public offices bleached by an artificial
process. In times of mourning the toga was worn black, or was
left off altogether. Priests and magistrates wore the 'toga
pretexta,' or toga edged with a purple border, called
pretexta. This … was, as well as the bulla, or small round
gold box suspended on the breast by way of an amulet, worn by
all youths of noble birth to the age of fifteen. … The knights
wore the 'trabea,' or toga striped with purple throughout."

_T. Hope,
Costume of the Ancients,
volume 1._

TOGATI, The.

See ROME: B. C. 275.

TOGGENBURG WAR, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1652-1789.

TOGRUL BEG, Seljuk Turkish Sultan. A. D. 1037-1063.

TOHOMES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

TOHOPEKA, Battle of (1814).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1813-1814 (AUGUST-APRIL).

TOISECH.

See RI.

TOISON D'OR.

The French name of the Order of Knighthood known in the
English-speaking world as the "Order of the Golden Fleece."

See GOLDEN FLEECE.

TOLBIAC, Battle of.

See ALEMANNI: A. D. 496-504;
also, FRANKS: A. D. 481-511.

TOLEDO, Ohio: A. D. 1805-1835.
Site in dispute between Ohio and Michigan.

See MICHIGAN: A. D. 1837.

TOLEDO, Spain: A. D. 531-712.
The capital of the Gothic kingdom in Spain.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 507-711.

TOLEDO, Spain: A. D. 712.
Surrender to the Arab-Moors.

See SPAIN: A. D. 711-713.

TOLEDO, Spain: A. D. 1083-1085.
Recovery from the Moors.

On the crumbling of the dominions of the Spanish caliphate of
Cordova, Toledo became the seat of one of the most vigorous of
the petty kingdoms which arose in Moorish Spain. But on the
death of its founder, Aben Dylnun, and under his incapable son
Yahia, the kingdom of Toledo soon sank to such weakness as
invited the attacks of the Christian king of Leon, Alfonso VI.
After a siege of three years, on the 25th of May, A. D. 1085,
the old capital of the Goths, which the Moslems had occupied
for nearly four centuries, was restored to their descendants
and successors.

_S. A. Dunham,
History of Spain and Portugal,
book 3, section 1, chapter 1._

TOLEDO, Spain: A. D. 1520-1522.
Revolt against the government of Charles, the emperor.
Siege and surrender.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1518-1522.

TOLEDO, Councils of.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 507-711.

TOLENTINO, Treaty of (1797).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

TOLERATION, and the Puritan theocracy
In Massachusetts.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1631-1636.

In Maryland.

See MARYLAND: A. D. 1649.

TOLERATION ACT, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1689 (APRIL-AUGUST).

TOLOSA, Battle of Las Navas de (1211 or 1212).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1146-1232;
also, ALMOHADES.

TOLTECS, The.

See MEXICO, ANCIENT.

TOMI.

An ancient Greek city on the western shore of the Euxine,
which was Ovid's place of banishment. Its site is occupied by
the modern town of Kustendje.

TONE, Theobald Wolf, and the United Irishmen.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1793-1798.

TONIKAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TONIKAN FAMILY.

TONKAWAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TONKAWAN FAMILY.

TONKIN. COCHIN-CHINA. ANNAM. CAMBOJA.

"The whole region which recent events have practically
converted into French territory comprises four distinct
political divisions: Tonkin in the north; Cochin-China in the
centre; Lower Cochin-China and Camboja in the south. The first
two, formerly separate States, have since 1802 constituted a
single kingdom, commonly spoken of as the empire of Annam.
This term Annam (properly An-nan) appears to be a modified
form of Ngannan, that is, 'Southern Peace,' first applied to
the frontier river between China and Tonkin, and afterwards
extended not only to Tonkin, but to the whole region south of
that river after its conquest and pacification by China in the
third century of the new era. Hence its convenient application
to the same region since the union of Tonkin and Cochin-China
under one dynasty and since the transfer of the administration
to France in 1883, is but a survival of the Chinese usage, and
fully justified on historic grounds. Tonkin (Tongking,
Tungking), that is, 'Eastern Capital,' a term originally
applied to Ha-noi when that city was the royal residence, has
in quite recent times been extended to the whole of the
northern kingdom, whose true historic name is Yüeh-nan. Under
the native rulers Tonkin was divided into provinces and
sub-divisions bearing Chinese names, and corresponding to the
administrative divisions of the Chinese empire. … Since its
conquest by Cochin-China the country has been administered in
much the same way as the southern kingdom. From this State
Tonkin is separated partly by a spur of the coast range
projecting seawards, partly by a wall built in the sixteenth
century and running in the same direction. After the erection
of this artificial barrier, which lies about 18° North
Latitude, between Hatinh and Dong-koi, the northern and
southern kingdoms came to be respectively distinguished by the
titles of Dang-ngoai and Dang-trong, that is, 'Outer' and
'Inner Route.'
{3115}
The term Cochin-China, by which the Inner Route is best known,
has no more to do with China than it has with the Indian city
of Cochin. It appears to be a modified form of Kwe-Chen-Ching,
that is, the 'Kingdom of Chen-Ching,' the name by which this
region was first known in the 9th century of the new era, from
its capital Chen-Ching. Another although less probable
derivation is from the Chinese Co-Chen-Ching, meaning 'Old
Champa,' a reminiscence of the time when the Cham (Tsiam)
nation was the most powerful in the peninsula. … Before the
arrival of the French, Cochin-China comprised the whole of the
coast lands from Tonkin nearly to the foot of the Pursat hills
in South Camboja. … From the remotest times China claimed, and
intermittently exercised, suzerain authority over Annam, whose
energies have for ages been wasted partly in vain efforts to
resist this claim, partly in still more disastrous warfare
between the two rival States. Almost the first distinctly
historic event was the reduction of Lu-liang, as Tonkin was
then called, by the Chinese in 218 B. C., when the country was
divided into prefectures, and a civil and military
organisation established on the Chinese model. … Early in the
ninth century of the new era the term Kwe-Chen-Ching
(Cochin-China) began to be applied to the southern, which had
already asserted its independence of the northern, kingdom. In
1428 the two States freed themselves temporarily from the
Chinese protectorate, and 200 years later the Annamese reduced
all that remained of the Champa territory, driving the natives
to the uplands, and settling in the plains. This conquest was
followed about 1750 by that of the southern or maritime
provinces of Camboja since known as Lower (now French)
Cochin-China. In 1775 the King of Cochin-China, who had
usurped the throne in 1774, reduced Tonkin, and was
acknowledged sovereign of Annam by the Chinese emperor. But in
1798 Gia-long, son of the deposed monarch, recovers the throne
with the aid of some French auxiliaries, and in 1802
reconstitutes the Annamese empire under the Cochin-Chinese
sceptre. From this time the relations with France become more
frequent. … After his death in 1820 the anti-European national
party acquires the ascendant, the French officers are
dismissed, and the Roman Catholic religion, which had made
rapid progress during the reign of Gia-long, is subjected to
cruel and systematic persecution. Notwithstanding the protests
and occasional intervention of France, this policy is
persevered in, until the execution of Bishop Diaz in 1857 by
order of Tu-Duc, third in succession from Gia-long, calls for
more active interference. Admiral Rigault de Genouilly
captures Tourane in 1858, followed next year by the rout of
the Annamese army at the same place, and the occupation of the
forts at the entrance of the Donnai and of Gia-diñh (Saigon),
capital of Lower Cochin-China. This virtually established
French supremacy, which was sealed by the treaty of 1862,
ceding the three best, and that of 1867 the three remaining,
provinces of Lower Cochin-China. It was further strengthened
and extended by the treaty of 1863, securing the protectorate
of Camboja and the important strategical position of
'Quatre-Bras' on the Mekhong. Then came the scientific
expedition of Mekhong (1866-68), which dissipated the hopes
entertained of that river giving access to the trade of
Southern China. Attention was accordingly now attracted to the
Song-koi basin, and the establishment of French interests in
Tonkin secured by the treaties of peace and commerce concluded
with the Annamese Government in 1874. This prepared the way
for the recent diplomatic complications with Annam and China,
followed by the military operations in Cochin-China and Tonkin
[see FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889], which led up to the treaties of
1883 and 1884, extending the French protectorate to the whole
of Annam, and forbidding the Annamese Government all
diplomatic relations with foreign powers, China included,
except through the intermediary of France. Lastly, the
appointment in 1886 of a French Resident General, with full
administrative powers, effaced the last vestige of national
autonomy, and virtually reduced the ancient kingdoms of Tonkin
and Cochin-China to the position of an outlying French
possession."

_A. H. Keane,
Eastern Geography,
pages 98-104._

"In the south-eastern extremity of Cochin-China, and in
Camboja, still survive the scattered fragments of the
historical Tsiam (Cham, Khiam) race, who appear to have been
at one time the most powerful nation in Farther India.
According to Gagelin, they ruled over the whole region between
the Menam and the Gulf of Tongking. … Like the Tsiams, the
Cambojans, or Khmers, are a race sprung from illustrious
ancestry, but at present reduced to about 1,500,000, partly in
the south-eastern provinces of Siam, partly forming a petty
state under French protection, which is limited east and west
by the Mekong and Gulf of Siam, north and south by the Great
Lake and French Cochin-China. During the period of its
prosperity the Cambojan empire overshadowed a great part of
Indo-China, and maintained regular intercourse with
Cisgangetic India on the one hand, and on the other with the
Island of Java. The centre of its power lay on the northern
shores of the Great Lake, where the names of its great cities,
the architecture and sculptures of its ruined temples, attest
the successive influences of Brahmanism and Buddhism on the
local culture. A native legend, based possibly on historic
data, relates how a Hindu prince migrated with ten millions of
his subjects, some twenty-three centuries ago, from
Indraspathi (Delhi) to Camboja, while the present dynasty
claims descent from a Benares family. But still more active
relations seem to have been maintained with Lanka (Ceylon),
which island has acquired almost a sacred character in the
eyes of the Cambojans. The term Camboja itself (Kampushea,
Kamp'osha) has by some writers been wrongly identified with
the Camboja of Sanskrit geography. It simply means the 'land
of the Kammen,' or 'Khmer.' Although some years under the
French protectorate, the political institutions of the
Cambojan state have undergone little change. The king, who
still enjoys absolute power over the life and property of his
subjects, chooses his own mandarins, and these magistrates
dispense justice in favour of the highest bidders. Trade is a
royal monopoly, sold mostly to energetic Chinese contractors;
and slavery has not yet been abolished, although the severity
of the system has been somewhat mitigated since 1877. Ordinary
slaves now receive a daily pittance, which may help to
purchase their freedom. …
{3116}
On the eastern slopes, and in the lower Mekong basin, the
dominant race are the Giao-shi (Giao-kii} or Annamese, who are
of doubtful origin, but resemble the Chinese more than any
other people of Farther India. Affiliated by some to the
Malays, by others to the Chinese, Otto Kunze regards them as
akin to the Japanese. According to the local traditions and
records they have gradually spread along the coast from
Tongking southwards to the extremity of the Peninsula. After
driving the Tsiams into the interior, they penetrated about
1650 to the Lower Mekong, which region formerly belonged to
Camboja, but is now properly called French Cochin-China. Here
the Annamese, having driven out or exterminated most of the
Cambojans, have long formed the great majority of the
population."

_É. Reclus,
The Earth and its Inhabitants: Asia,
volume 3, chapter 22._

TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE.

See TUNNAGE AND POUNDAGE;
also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1629.

TONQUIN.

See TONKIN.

TONTONTEAC.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PUEBLOS.

TONTOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: APACHE GROUP.

TOPASSES, The.

See INDIA: A. D. 1600-1702.

TOPEKA CONSTITUTION, The.

See KANSAS: A. D. 1854-1859.

TOQUIS.

See CHILE: THE ARAUCANIANS.

TORBAY, Landing of William of Orange at.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1688 (JULY-NOVEMBER).

TORDESILLAS, Treaty of.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1494.

TORGAU: A. D. 1525.
Protestant League.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1525-1529.

TORGAU: A. D. 1645.
Yielded to the Swedes.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1640-1645.

TORGAU: A. D. 1760.
Victory of Frederick the Great.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.

TORGAU: A. D. 1813.
Siege and capture by the Allies.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

TORIES, English:
Origin of the Party and the Name.

See RAPPAREES; ENGLAND: A. D. 1680;
and CONSERVATIVE PARTY.

TORIES, English:
Of the American Revolution, and their exile.

"Before the Revolution the parties in the colonies were
practically identical with the Whigs and Tories of the mother
country, the Whigs or anti-prerogative men supporting ever the
cause of the people against arbitrary or illegal acts of the
governor or the council. In the early days of the Revolution
the ultra Tories were gradually driven into the ranks of the
enemy, until for a time it might be said that all
revolutionary America had become Whig; the name Tory, however,
was still applied to those who, though opposed to the
usurpations of George III., were averse to a final separation
from England."

_G. Pellew,
John Jay,
page 269._

"The terms Tories, Loyalists, Refugees, are burdened with a
piteous record of wrongs and sufferings. It has not been found
easy or satisfactory for even the most candid historian to
leave the facts and arguments of the conflict impartially
adjusted. Insult, confiscation of property, and exile were the
penalties of those who bore these titles. … Remembering that
the most bitter words of Washington that have come to us are
those which express his scorn of Tories, we must at least look
to find some plausible, if not justifying, ground for the
patriot party. Among those most frank and fearless in the
avowal of loyalty, and who suffered the severest penalties,
were men of the noblest character and of the highest position.
So, also, bearing the same odious title, were men of the most
despicable nature, self-seeking and unprincipled, ready for
any act of evil. And between these were men of every grade of
respectability and of every shade of moral meanness. … As a
general rule, the Tories were content with an unarmed
resistance, where they were not reinforced by the resources or
forces of the enemy. But in successive places in possession of
the British armies, in Boston, Long Island, New York, the
Jerseys, Philadelphia, and in the Southern provinces, there
rallied around them Tories both seeking protection, and ready
to perform all kinds of military duty as allies. By all the
estimates, probably below the mark, there were during the war
at least 25,000 organized loyalist forces. … When the day of
reckoning came at the close of the war, it needed no spirit of
prophecy to tell how these Tories, armed or unarmed, would
fare, and we have not to go outside the familiar field of
human nature for an explanation. That it was not till six
months after the ratification of the treaty by Congress that
Sir Guy Carleton removed the British army from New York—the
delay being caused by his embarrassment from the crowds of
loyalists seeking his protection—is a reminder to us of their
forlorn condition. … From all over the seaboard of the
continent refugees made their way to New York in crowds. …
They threw themselves in despair upon the protection of the
British commander. … He pleaded his encumbrances of this
character in answer to the censures upon him for delaying his
departure, and he vainly hoped that Congress would devise some
measures of leniency to relieve him. It is difficult to
estimate with any approach to exactness the number of these
hounded victims. Many hundreds of them had been seeking refuge
in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick since the autumn of 1782, and
additional parties, in increasing number, followed to the same
provinces. An historian [Murdoch, "History of Nova Scotia"]
sets the whole number at the close of 1783 at 25,000. Large
numbers of the loyalists of the Southern provinces were
shipped to the Bahamas and to the West India Islands. At one
time Carleton had upon his hands over 12,000 Tories clamorous
for transportation. … A celebration of the centennial of the
settlement of Upper Canada by these exiles took place in 1884.
At a meeting of the royal governor, Lord Dorchester, and the
council, in Quebec, in November, 1789, in connection with the
disposal of still unappropriated crown lands in the province,
order was taken for the making and preserving of a registry of
the names of all persons, with those of their sons and
daughters, 'who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and
joined the royal standard in America before the treaty of
separation in the year 1783.' The official list contains the
names of several thousands. It was by their descendants and
representatives that the centennial occasion referred to was
observed. … Some bands passed to Canada by Whitehall, Lake
Champlain, Ticonderoga, and Plattsburg, then southward to
Cornwall, ascending the St. Lawrence, and settling on the
north bank.
{3117}
Others went from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia up the St.
Lawrence to Sorel, where they wintered, going afterwards to
Kingston. Most of the exiles ascended the Hudson to Albany,
then by the Mohawk and Wood Creek to Oneida and Ontario lakes.
… As these exiles had stood for the unity of the empire, they
took the name of the 'United Empire Loyalists'" (a name which
is often abbreviated in common use to U. E. Loyalists).

_G. E. Ellis,
The Loyalists and their Fortunes
(Narrative and Critical History of America,
volume 7, pages 185-214)._

"Some 10,000 refugees had, in 1784, and the few years
following, found homes in Western Canada, just as it is
estimated … that 20,000 had settled in the provinces by the
sea. Assuming full responsibility for the care and present
support of her devoted adherents, Great Britain opened her
hand cheerfully to assist them. … The sum paid by the British
Government to the suffering refugees was about $15,000,000."

_G. Bryce,
Short History of the Canadian People,
chapter 7, section 2._

ALSO IN:
_E. Ryerson,
The Loyalists of America and their Times._

_L. Sabine,
Biographical Sketches of the Loyalists of America._

TORNOSA, Battle of.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

TORO, Battle of (1476).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1368-1479.

TOROMONOS, The.

See BOLIVIA: ABORIGINES INHABITANTS.

TORONTO: A. D. 1749.
The hospitable origin of the city.

"The Northern Indians were flocking with their beaver-skins to
the English of Oswego; and in April, 1749, an officer named
Portneuf had been sent with soldiers and workmen to build a
stockaded trading-house at Toronto, in order to intercept
them,—not by force, which would have been ruinous to French
interests, but by a tempting supply of goods and brandy. Thus
the fort was kept well stocked, and with excellent effect."

_F. Parkman,
Montcalm and Wolfe,
chapter 3 (volume 1)._

TORONTO: A. D. 1813.
Taken and burned by the Americans.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1813 (APRIL-JULY).

TORONTO: A. D. 1837.
The Mackenzie rising.
Defeat of the rebels.

See CANADA: A. D. 1837-1838.

TORQUES.

"The Latin word torques has been applied in a very extended
sense to the various necklaces or collars for the neck, found
in Britain, and other countries inhabited by the Celtic
tribes. This word has been supposed to be derived from the
Welch or Irish 'torc,' which has the same signification, but
the converse is equally plausible, that this was derived from
the Latin."

_S. Birch,
On the Torc of the Celts
(Archaeological Journal, volume 2)._

TORRES VEDRAS, The Lines of.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1809-1810 (OCTOBER-SEPTEMBER),
and 1810-1812.

TORTONA: A. D. 1155.
Destruction by Frederick Barbarossa.

See ITALY: A. D. 1154-1162.

TORTOSA: A. D. 1640.
Spanish capture and sack.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1640-1642.

TORTUGAS:
The Rendezvous of the Buccaneers.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1639-1700.

TORTURE.

See LAW, CRIMINAL,: A. D.1708.

TORY.

See TORIES.

TOTEMS.

"A peculiar social institution exists among the [North
American] Indians, very curious in its character; and though I
am not prepared to say that it may be traced through all the
tribes east of the Mississippi, yet its prevalence is so
general, and its influence on political relations so
important, as to claim especial attention. Indian communities,
independent of their local distribution into tribes, bands,
and villages, are composed of several distinct clans. Each
clan has its emblem, consisting of the figure of some bird,
beast, or reptile; and each is distinguished by the name of
the animal which it thus bears as its device; as, for example,
the clan of the Wolf, the Deer, the Otter, or the Hawk. In the
language of the Algonquins, these emblems are known by the
name of 'Totems.' The members of the same clan, being
connected, or supposed to be so, by ties of kindred more or
less remote, are prohibited from intermarriage. Thus Wolf
cannot marry Wolf; but he may, if he chooses, take a wife from
the clan of Hawks, or any other clan but his own. It follows
that when this prohibition is rigidly observed, no single clan
can live apart from the rest; but the whole must be mingled
together, and in every family the husband and wife must be of
different clans. To different totems attach different degrees
of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the Tortoise, and
the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud of
his badge, jealously asserting its claims to respect; and the
members of the same clan, though they may, perhaps, speak
different dialects, and dwell far asunder, are yet bound
together by the closest ties of fraternity. If a man is
killed, every member of the clan feels called upon to avenge
him; and the wayfarer, the hunter, or the warrior is sure of a
cordial welcome in the distant lodge of the clansman whose
face perhaps he has never seen. It may be added that certain
privileges, highly prized as hereditary rights, sometimes
reside in particular clans; such as that of furnishing a
sachem to the tribe, or of performing certain religious
ceremonies or magic rites."

_F. Parkman,
Conspiracy of Pontiac,
chapter 1._

"A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards
with superstitious respect, believing that there exists
between him and every member of the class an intimate and
altogether special relation. The name is derived from an
Ojibway (Chippeway) word 'totem,' the correct spelling of
which is somewhat uncertain. It was first introduced into
literature, so far as appears, by J. Long, an Indian
interpreter of last century, who spelt it 'totam.' … The
connexion between a man and his totem is mutually beneficent;
the totem protects the man, and the man shows his respect for
the totem in various ways, by not killing it if it be an
animal, and not cutting or gathering it if it be a plant. As
distinguished from a fetich, a totem is never an isolated
individual, but always a class of objects, generally a species
of animals or of plants, more rarely a class of inanimate
natural objects, very rarely a class of artificial objects.
Considered in relation to men, totems are of at least three
kinds:—

(1) the clan totem, common to a whole clan, and passing by
inheritance from generation to generation;

(2) the sex totem, common either to all the males or to all
the females of a tribe, to the exclusion in either case of the
other sex;

(3) the individual totem, belonging to a single individual and
not passing to his descendants."

_J. G. Frazer,
Totemism,
pages 1-2._

ALSO IN:
_L. H. Morgan,
League of the Iroquois,
chapter 4._

_L. H. Morgan,
Ancient Society,
part 2._

_L. Fison and A. W. Howitt,
Kamilaroi and Kurnai,
appendix B._

_W. R. Smith,
Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia,
chapter 7._

{3118}

TOTILA, King of the Ostrogoths.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

TOTONACOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TOTONACOS.

TOUL: A. D. 1552-1559.
Possession acquired by France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

TOUL: A. D. 1648.
Ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

TOULON: A. D. 1793-1794.
Revolt against the Revolutionary Government at Paris.
English aid called in.
Siege, capture and frightful vengeance by the Terrorists.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER);
and 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

----------TOULOUSE: Start--------

TOULOUSE: B. C. 106.
Acquisition by the Romans.

Tolosa, modern Toulouse, was the chief town of the Volcæ
Tectosages (see VOLCÆ, THE), a Gallic tribe which occupied the
upper basin of the Garonne, between the western prolongation
of the Cevennes and the eastern Pyrenees. Some time before 106
B. C. the Romans had formed an alliance with the Tectosages
which enabled them to place a garrison in Tolosa; but the
people had tired of the arrangement, had risen against the
garrison and had put the soldiers in chains. On that
provocation, Q. Servilius Cæpio, one of the consuls of the
year 106, advanced upon the town, found traitors to admit him
within its gates, and sacked it as a Roman general knew how to
do. He found a great treasure of gold in Tolosa, the origin of
which has been the subject of much dispute. The treasure was
sent off under escort to Massilia, but disappeared on the way,
its escort being attacked and slain. Consul Cæpio was accused
of the robbery; there was a great scandal and prosecution at
Rome, and "Aurum Tolosanum"—"the gold of Toulouse"—became a
proverbial expression, applied to ill-gotten wealth.

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 2, chapter 1._

TOULOUSE: A. D. 410-509.
The Gothic kingdom.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 410-419, and after.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 721.
Repulse of the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 715-732.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 781.
Made a county of Aquitaine.

See AQUITAINE: A. D. 781.

TOULOUSE: 10-11th Centuries.
The rise of the Counts.

The counts of Toulouse "represented an earlier line of dukes
of Aquitaine, successors of the dukes of Gothia or Septimania,
under whom the capital of southern Gaul had been not Poitiers
but Toulouse, Poitou itself counting as a mere underfief. In
the latter half of the tenth century these dukes of Gothia or
Aquitania Prima, as the Latin chroniclers sometimes called
them from the Old Roman name of their country, had seen their
ducal title transferred to the Poitevin lords of Aquitania
Secunda—the dukes of Aquitaine with whom we have had to deal.
But the Poitevin overlordship was never fully acknowledged by
the house of Toulouse; and this latter in the course of the
following century again rose to great importance and
distinction, which reached its height in the person of Count
Raymond IV., better known as Raymond of St. Gilles, from the
name of the little county which had been his earliest
possession. From that small centre his rule gradually spread
over the whole territory of the ancient dukes of Septimania.
In the year of the Norman conquest of England [1066] Rouergue,
which was held by a younger branch of the house of Toulouse,
lapsed to the elder line; in [1088] the year after the
Conqueror's death Raymond came into possession of Toulouse
itself; in 1094 he became, in right of his wife, owner of half
the Burgundian county of Provence. His territorial influence
was doubled by that of his personal fame; he was one of the
chief heroes of the first Crusade; and when he died in 1105 he
left to his son Bertrand, over and above his Aquitanian
heritage, the Syrian county of Tripoli. On Bertrand's death in
1112 these possessions were divided, his son Pontius
succeeding him as count of Tripoli, and surrendering his
claims upon Toulouse to his uncle Alfonso Jordan, a younger
son of Raymond of St. Gilles. Those claims, however, were
disputed. Raymond's elder brother, Count William IV., had left
an only daughter who, after a childless marriage with King
Sancho Ramirez of Aragon, became the wife of Count William
VIII. of Poitou. From that time forth it became a moot point
whether the lord of St. Gilles or the lord of Poitiers was the
rightful count of Toulouse. … With all these shiftings and
changes of ownership the kings of France had never tried to
interfere. Southern Gaul—'Aquitaine' in the wider sense—was a
land whose internal concerns they found it wise to leave as
far as possible untouched."

_K. Norgate,
England under the Angevin Kings,
volume I, chapter 10._

See, also, BURGUNDY: A. D. 1032.

TOULOUSE: 12th Century.
The joyous court.

See PROVENCE: A. D. 1179-1207.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 1209.
The beginning of the Albigensian Crusades.

See ALBIGENSES: A. D. 1209.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 1213.
Conquest by Simon de Montfort and his crusaders.

See ALBIGENSES: A. D. 1210-1213.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 1229-1271.
End of the reign of the Counts.

See ALBIGENSES: A. D. 1217-1229.

TOULOUSE: A. D. 1814.
The last battle of the Peninsular War.
Occupation of the city by the English.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1812-1814.

TOURCOIGN, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).

TOURNAY: A. D. 1513.
Capture by the English.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1513-1515.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1581.
Siege and capture by the Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1583.
Submission to Spain.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1667.
Taken by the French.

See NETHERLANDS (THE SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1667.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1668.
Ceded to France.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1668.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1709.
Siege and reduction by Marlborough and Prince Eugene.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1708-1709.

{3119}

TOURNAY: A. D. 1713.
Ceded to Holland.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714;
and NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1713-1715.

TOURNAY: A. D. 1745-1748.
Siege.
Battle of Fontenoy and surrender to the French.
Restoration at the Peace.