Chapter DXIII: Section 2: The Congress shall have power to enforce this (3)

Uriconium was totally destroyed by the West Saxons in 583. "A
British poet in verses still left to us sings piteously the
death-song of Uriconium, 'the white town in the valley,' the
town of white stones gleaming among the green woodlands."

_J. R. Green,
The Making of England,
chapter 5._

URRACA,
Queen of Castile and Leon, A. D. 1109-1126.

URSINI, The.

See ROME: 13-14TH CENTURIES.

URSULINES, The.

The origin of the order of the Ursulines "is ascribed to
Angela di Brescia, about the year 1537, though the Saint from
whom it received its name, Ursula Benincasa, a native of
Naples, was born ten years afterwards. … The duties of those
holy sisters were the purest within the circle of human
benevolence—to minister to the sick, to relieve the poor, to
console the miserable, to pray with the penitent. These
charitable offices they undertook to execute without the bond
of any community, without the obligation of any monastic vow,
without any separation from society, any renouncement of their
domestic duties and virtues."

_G. Waddington,
History of the Church,
chapter 19, section 6._

----------URUGUAY: Start--------

URUGUAY:
The name.

"The Uruguay is called so after a bird, the Uru, which is
found in the woods on its banks, and the term Uruguay
signifies the country of the Uru."

_T. J. Hutchinson,
The Parana,
page 44._

URUGUAY: A. D. 1714-1777.
The settlement.
The contest for, between Spain and Portugal.
Relinquishment by the latter.
Inclusion in the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1580-1777.

{3589}

URUGUAY: A. D. 1826-1828.
The subject of war between Brazil and the Argentine Republic.
Independence established and recognized.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1819-1874.

----------URUGUAY: End--------

USCOCKS, The.

"During the reign of Ferdinand [Emperor, 1558-1564], several
bodies of Christians, quitting the provinces which had been
recently conquered by the Turks, obtained from the Austrian
sovereigns a refuge at Clissa, in Dalmatia, under the
condition of forming themselves into a frontier militia
continually in arms against the infidels, and, from their
emigration, received the name of Uscocks, which, in the
language of the country, signifies wanderers. They fulfilled
the purpose of their establishment; and, being at length
expelled by the Turks, received a new asylum at Senga, a
ruined fortress in Croatia, on the coast of the Adriatic
gulph. Here, their numbers increasing by the accession of
Italian banditti and other marauders, they were rendered more
formidable than before; for they no longer confined their
predatory incursions to the land, but became pirates by sea. …
Their audacity increasing with success and plunder, they
pillaged, without distinction, the vessels of all the nations
who traded in the Adriatic." They were attacked by the Turks
and the Venetians, and the latter, at length, in the early
part of the 17th century, forced the Duke of Styria, who had
protected the freebooters, to allow their stronghold at Segna
to be demolished. "The Uscocks, being transplanted to
Carlstadt, soon lost their name and distinction."

_W. Coxe,
History of the House of Austria,
chapter 42 (volume 2)._

USDIÆ, The.

See IRELAND: TRIBES OF EARLY CELTIC INHABITANTS.

USES, The Statute of.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1535, and 1557.

USHANT, Naval battle off (1794).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).

USIPETES AND TENCTHERI, Cæsar's overthrow of the.

The Usipetes and Tenctheri, two German tribes, whose home was
on the lower course of the Rhine, north and south of the
Lippe, being hard pressed by the Suevi, crossed the Rhine, B.
C. 55, and began to spread themselves along the Valley of the
Meuse. Cæsar marched against them with great promptitude,
refused to parley with them, accused them of treacherous
attempts to gain time, and was himself charged with wicked
treachery, in seizing their chiefs who met him with pacific
propositions. It is certain, at all events, that he was able
to attack them when they were deprived of leaders, and to
slaughter them with so little resistance that not one Roman
soldier was killed. Those who escaped the sword were driven
into the Rhine (probably at its point of junction with the
Moselle) and almost the entire mass of 180,000 are said to
have perished. The remnant took refuge with the Sicambri or
Sigambri, on the farther shore of the Rhine. Cæsar demanded
the surrender of them, and, when refused, he caused his
engineers to bridge the river in ten days, led his army across
it and laid waste the country of the Sigambri. This was the
first crossing of the Rhine by the Romans. The Suevi offered
battle to the Roman invaders, but Cæsar prudently returned,
and destroyed the bridge.

_Cæsar,
Gallic Wars,
book 4, chapters 1-19._

ALSO IN:
_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 10 (volume 1)._

----------UTAH: Start--------

UTAH: A. D. 1847.
Migration of Mormons from Nauvoo and their settlement on the
Great Salt Lake.

See MORMONISM: A. D. 1846-1848.

UTAH: A. D. 1848.
Acquisition from Mexico.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1848.

UTAH: A. D. 1849-1850.
The proposed State of Deseret.
Organization of the Territory of Utah.
Its name.

"Until the year 1849 the Mormons were entirely under the
control of their ecclesiastical leaders, regarding the
presidency not only as their spiritual head, but as the source
of law in temporal matters. … There was already in their midst
a small percentage of gentile citizens, gathered … from nearly
all the civilized nations of the earth. … Not infrequently
litigation arose among the gentiles, or between Mormon and
gentile; and though strict justice may have been done by the
bishops, it was difficult for the latter to believe that such
was the case. … Thus it became advisable to establish for the
benefit of all some judicial authority that could not be
questioned by any, whether members of the church or not, and
this authority must be one that, being recognized by the
government of the United States, would have the support of its
laws and the shield of its protection. Further than this, if
the Mormons neglected to establish such government, the
incoming gentiles would do so ere long. Early in 1849,
therefore, a convention was summoned of 'the inhabitants of
that portion of Upper California lying east of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains,' and on the 4th of March assembled at Salt
Lake City. A committee was appointed to draught a
constitution, under which the people might govern themselves
until congress should otherwise provide by law. A few days
later the constitution was adopted, and a provisional
government organized, under the name of the State of Deseret.
An immense tract of country was claimed, extending from
latitude 33° to the border of Oregon, and from the Rocky
Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, together with a section of the
territory now included in southern California, and the strip
of coast lying between Lower California and 118° 30' of west
longitude. The seat of government was to be at Salt Lake
City." In July Almon W. Babbitt was elected delegate to
Congress, and that body was petitioned to admit the
provisionally organized State into the Union. The delegate and
his petition met with a cool reception at Washington; but in
September, 1850, Congress passed an act organizing the
Territory of Utah, and Brigham Young was appointed Governor.
"The act to establish a territorial government for Utah placed
the southern boundary at the 37th parallel, the section
between that limit and the 33d parallel being included in the
Territory of New Mexico [organized at the same time], with the
exception of the part transferred to California, by which
State Utah was to be bounded on the west. On the north, Oregon
was to remain as the boundary, and on the east the Rocky
Mountains." "The word Utah originated with the people
inhabiting that region. Early in the 17th century, when New
Mexico was first much talked of by the Spaniards, the
principal nations of frequent mention as inhabiting the
several sides of the locality about that time occupied were
the Navajos, the Yutas, the Apaches, and the Comanches. Of the
Utah nation, which belongs to the Shoshone family, there were
many tribes. … The early orthography of the word Utah is
varied." "Yuta" "was a common spelling by the early
Spaniards, and might be called the proper one. Later we have
'Youta,' 'Eutaw,' 'Utaw,' and 'Utah.'"

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 21 (Utah), chapter 17, and foot-note, page 34._

See, also, AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

{3590}

UTAH: A. D. 1857-1859.
The Mormon Rebellion.

"To this would-be 'State of Deseret' President Fillmore had
assigned Brigham Young, the spiritual head of the church, as
territorial governor; and by 1857, when a Democratic President
showed the disposition to apply the usual temporal rule of
rotation to the office, Young was rebellious, and the whole
Mormon population, refusing allegiance to anyone but their
consecrated head, began to drill and gird on their armor for
resistance. Judges of the territorial courts had to flee for
their lives; justice, which had long been tampered with to
absolve church members from punishment, was deprived of
process. It was charged that the Mormon hierarchy had leagued
with Indian tribes to impel them to atrocities against the
Gentile inhabitants, while their own Danites, or destroying
angels, were secretly set apart and bound by horrid oath to
pillage and murder such as made themselves obnoxious to the
theocracy. … President Buchanan appointed as the new governor
of Utah Alfred Cumming, a man combining courage with
discretion, and filled the judicial and other vacancies which
existed. To protect those new officers and aid them in
discharging their functions, he ordered a detachment of
regulars to accompany them to the Salt Lake region. The need
of this was soon apparent. Early in September, 1857, a part of
the troops left Fort Laramie, and on the 15th of the same
month Brigham Young, parading audaciously the commission he
still held from the United States, forbade all armed forces
from entering the territory, and called upon his people to
defend themselves against the 'armed mercenary mob' of
invaders. His legislature, meeting later, sustained him in his
bitter diatribe against the 'profane, drunken, and corrupt
officials,' which a Washington administration was trying to
force upon Utah territory at the point of the bayonet. A
Mormon force had meanwhile advanced to impede the approach of
our regulars, capturing and burning three supply trains of
wagons laden with tents and provisions, stampeding the horses,
and so crippling Fort Bridger, which was distant some twelve
days' march from Salt Lake city, as to deprive our army, on
its arrival, of a proper winter's shelter after its long and
fatiguing march, and compel General Johnston, who commanded
this important post, to despatch part of his forces upon a
dreary and hazardous expedition to New Mexico for further
supplies. Johnston's despatches in October showed the
President that unless a large force was quickly sent out, a
long conflict would be inevitable. Buchanan and his Secretary
of War asked from the present Congress ten new regiments, of
which five might be used to bring the Mormons to subjection.
But the Lecompton controversy was raging; and the use of
Federal troops to put down the free-State movement in Kansas
had caused such mistrust and irritation that none but the
President's unshaken supporters felt inclined to place more
troops at his disposal. The bill for an army increase was
lost, though both Houses passed a measure authorizing the
President to accept for the Utah disturbances two regiments of
volunteers. The volunteers were not called out; but Buchanan
mustered a military force out of the regulars strong enough to
overawe and overpower Utah's rebellious inhabitants. Two peace
commissioners also bore to Utah a proclamation from the
President, dated April 6th, which offered free pardon, except
to those who persisted still in disloyal resistance. Governor
Cumming, upon his arrival, made a like announcement. These
conciliatory efforts, backed by an irresistible show of
military strength, brought the Mormons to a speedy
acknowledgment of allegiance. They fought not a battle, but
manifested a purpose to burn their houses and make a new and
peaceable retreat into the wilderness. From this purpose,
after some conferences, they were at length dissuaded; and it
was agreed in June between the Mormon leaders and our
commissioners that the United States soldiery should be kept
out of sight as much as possible while Utah remained tranquil.
On the last day of the same month the new governor,
accompanied by Brigham Young, came back to Salt Lake city to
assume functions which were fully recognized. A few days
earlier, and before the Mormons had begun to return to their
homes, General Johnston and his troops, leaving Fort Bridger,
reached the desolate city, marched through its streets, and,
crossing its river Jordan, encamped on the opposite bank.
While abandoning all further effort at violent resistance, the
Mormons still clung to the hope of being left to govern
themselves and preserve their institutions against the world's
contaminating touch, by gaining the indispensable condition of
practical isolation and independence. To this Congress in its
next winter's session they renewed the former petitions they
had presented for immediate admission to the Union as the
'State of Deseret.' And should this request be denied, they
prayed that the organic act of the territory might be so
amended as to give the inhabitants the right to choose their
own governor, judges, and other officers. All this Congress
quietly ignored; and in military circles it was still
generally believed that, for all this outward show of loyal
acquiescence, the Mormons felt at heart no more affection for
the United States than for any foreign nation; that the only
rule they really recognized was that of their religion and the
will of their hierarchy; and that force must still be used to
compel them. Such views were entertained by General Albert
Sidney Johnston, the military commander at Utah, destined to
later distinction in the art of war. But Cumming, the
governor, who had the temporizing instincts of a civilian,
thought differently. The two came into collision when Mormons
were brought to trial in the courts for a slaughter of
emigrants in 1857, known as the Mountain Meadow massacre.
[This was the massacre, by Indians and Mormons, of a party of
136 emigrants, from Arkansas and Missouri, who were passing
through Utah to California; it occurred in September, 1857, in
a valley called the Mountain Meadows, about 300 miles south of
Salt Lake city; only 17 young children were saved from the
slaughter.] At the request of the Federal judge, Johnston
furnished a military detachment to guard the prisoners; and
when Cumming, the governor, interposed because of the angry
remonstrance of the people, Johnston would not remove them.
Buchanan, being appealed to, sustained the governor's
authority."

_J. Schouler,
History of the United States,
chapter 22 (volume 5)._

ALSO IN:
_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States,
volume 21, chapters 18-21._

_W. P. Johnston,
Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston,
chapter 13._

_Mrs. T. B. H. Stenhouse,
Tell it All,
chapter 23._

_Report of United States Secretary of the Interior,
36th Congress, 1st session,
Senate Ex. Doc., number 42 (volume 11)._

{3591}

UTAH: A. D. 1882-1893.
The Edmunds Act and its enforcement.
Abandonment of Polygamy by the Mormons.
Proclamation of Amnesty for past offenses against the law.

In March, 1882, an Act of Congress (known as the Edmunds Act)
was passed for the purpose of making efficient the law against
polygamy in the territories, which had stood among the
statutes of the United States for twenty years, without power
on the part of the federal courts or officials in Utah to
enforce it, as against Mormon juries. Besides repeating the
penalties prescribed In the Act of 1862, the Act of 1882
provides, in its eighth section, that "no polygamist,
bigamist, or any person cohabiting with more than one woman,
and no woman cohabiting with any of the persons described as
aforesaid in this section, in any Territory or other place
over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction,
shall be entitled to vote at any election held in any such
Territory or other place, or be eligible for election or
appointment to or be entitled to hold any office or place of
public trust, honor, or emolument in, under, or for any such
Territory or place, or under the United States." The ninth and
last section is as follows: "Section 9. That all the
registration and election offices of every description in the
Territory of Utah are hereby declared vacant, and each and
every duty relating to the registration of voters, the conduct
of elections, the receiving or rejection of votes, and the
canvassing and returning of the same, and the issuing of
certificates or other evidence of election, in said Territory,
shall, until other provisions be made by the legislative
assembly of said Territory, as is hereinafter by this section
provided, be performed, under the existing laws of the United
States and said Territory, by proper persons, who shall be
appointed to execute such offices and perform such duties by a
Board of five persons, to be appointed by the President, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not more than
three of whom shall be members of one political party, and a
majority of whom shall be a quorum. The members of said Board
so appointed by the President shall each receive a salary at
the rate of three thousand dollars per annum, and shall
continue in office until the legislative assembly of said
Territory shall make provision for filling said offices as
herein authorized. The Secretary of the Territory shall be the
secretary of said Board and keep a journal of its proceedings,
and attest the action of said Board under this section. The
canvass and return of all the votes at elections in said
Territory for members of the legislative assembly thereof
shall also be returned to said Board, which shall canvass all
such returns and issue certificates of election for those
persons who, being eligible for such election, shall appear to
have been lawfully elected, which certificates shall be the
only evidence of the right of such persons to sit in such
assembly: Provided, That said Board of five persons shall not
exclude any person otherwise eligible to vote from the polls
on account of any opinion such person may entertain on the
subject of bigamy or polygamy, nor shall they refuse to count
any such vote on account of the opinion of the person casting
it on the subject of bigamy or polygamy, but each house of
such assembly, after its organization, shall have power to
decide upon the elections and qualifications of its members.
And at or after the first meeting of said legislative assembly
whose members shall have been elected and returned according
to the provisions of this act, said legislative assembly may
make such laws, conformable to the organic act of said
Territory, and not inconsistent with other laws of the United
States, as it shall deem proper concerning the filling of the
offices in said Territory declared vacant by this act."—The
following Proclamation, issued by the President of the United
States on the 4th day of January, 1893, may be looked upon as
the sequel and consequence of the legislation recorded above:
"Whereas Congress, by a statute approved March 22, 1882, and
by statutes in furtherance and amendment thereof, defined the
crimes of bigamy, polygamy, and unlawful cohabitation in the
Territories and other places within the exclusive jurisdiction
of the United States and prescribed a penalty for such crimes;
and Whereas, on or about the 6th day of October, 1890, the
Church of the Latter-Day Saints, commonly known as the Mormon
Church, through its president, issued a manifesto proclaiming
the purpose of said church no longer to sanction the practice
of polygamous marriages and calling upon all members and
adherents of said church to obey the laws of the United States
in reference to said subject-matter; and Whereas it is
represented that since the date of said declaration the
members and adherents of said church have generally obeyed
said laws and have abstained from plural marriages and
polygamous cohabitation; and Whereas, by a petition dated
December 19, 1891, the officials of said church, pledging the
membership thereof to a faithful obedience to the laws against
plural marriage and unlawful cohabitation, have applied to me
to grant amnesty for past offenses against said laws, which
request a very large number of influential non-Mormons,
residing in the Territories, have also strongly urged; and
Whereas, the Utah Commission, in their report bearing date
September 15, 1892, recommended that said petition be granted
and said amnesty proclaimed, under proper conditions as to the
future observance of the law, with a view to the encouragement
of those now disposed to become law abiding citizens; and
Whereas, during the past two years such amnesty has been
granted to individual applicants in a very large number of
cases, conditioned upon the faithful observance of the laws of
the United States against unlawful cohabitation; and there are
now pending many more such applications: Now therefore, I,
Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue
of the power in me vested, do hereby declare and grant a full
amnesty and pardon to all persons liable to the penalties of
said act by reason of unlawful cohabitation under the color of
polygamous or plural marriage, who have since November 1, 1890,
abstained from such unlawful cohabitation; but upon the
express condition that they shall in the future faithfully
obey the laws of the United States hereinbefore named, and not
otherwise. Those who shall fail to avail themselves of the
clemency hereby offered will be vigorously prosecuted. In
witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the
seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of
Washington this 4th day of January, in the year of our Lord
1893, and of the Independence of the United States the 117th.
Benjamin Harrison."

{3592}

UTAH: A. D. 1894-1895.
Provision for admission to the Union as a State.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1894-1895.

----------UTAH: End--------

UTAHS, UTES, PIUTES, etc.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

----------UTICA: Start--------

UTICA:
Origin.

"The most ancient Phœnician colonies were Utica, nearly on the
northern-most point of the coast of Africa, and in the same
gulf (now known as the gulf of Tunis) as Carthage, over
against Cape Lilybæum in Sicily,—and Gades, or Gadeira, on
the south-western coast of Spain; a town which, founded
perhaps near one thousand years before the Christian era, has
maintained a continuous prosperity, and a name (Cadiz)
substantially unaltered, longer than any town in Europe. How
well the site of Utica was suited to the circumstances of
Phœnician colonists may be inferred from the fact that
Carthage was afterwards established in the same gulf and near
to the same spot, and that both the two cities reached a high
pitch of prosperity."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 18._

[Transcriber's note: The meaning of the phrase
'…name (Cadiz)…' appears to be ambiguous.
"The site of … Utica is … about 30 km from Tunis and 30 km
from Bizerte and near … Zhana, … Ghar El Melh, … El Alia,
… Metline."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica%2C_Tunisia]

UTICA:
Relations to Carthage.

See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF.

UTICA:
Curio's defeat.

Curio, the legate or lieutenant sent first by Cæsar to Africa
(B. C. 49), to attack the Pompeian forces in that quarter,
undertook with two legions to reduce the city of Utica, which
had became the capital of the Roman Province. Juba, king of
Numidia, who was personally hostile to both Curio and Cæsar,
came to the assistance of the Pompeians and forced Curio to
withdraw from its besieging lines into the neighboring
Cornelian camp, which was a famous military entrenchment left
by Scipio Africanus. There he might have waited in safety for
re-enforcements; but the wily Numidian tempted him out by a
feigned retreat and then overwhelmed him. Curio and most of
his men were slain.

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 16._

ALSO IN:
_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 5, chapter 7._

UTICA:
Last stand of the opponents of Cæsar.

See ROME: B. C. 47-46.

----------UTICA: End--------

UTRAQUISTS, The.

See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.

----------UTRECHT: Start--------

UTRECHT:
The Episcopal Principality.

"At the last ford of the Rhine a hamlet had in Roman times
been built, possibly a fort also. Nothing is preserved
regarding it but the name, which, in the mutations of
language, passed from Ultrajectum into Utrecht. Towards the
conclusion of the 7th century, Clement Willebrod, an English
priest, who had been educated at the monastery of Ripon,
coming as a missionary into those parts, succeeded, with the
aid of eleven of his fellow-countrymen, in winning over the
Frisian people to the Christian faith. He fixed his abode at
Utrecht, of which he was afterwards appointed bishop; and
gifts of land, at the time of little worth, were made to his
successors by Pepin and Charlemagne. Such was the commencement
of the temporal grandeur of the prince-bishops, whose dynasty
attained to a power little less than sovereign during the
middle ages. … With ready access to the sea, and not without
an early disposition towards these pursuits which their
kinsmen of the Rhineland towns were beginning to follow, the
inhabitants of Utrecht soon became good sailors and good
weavers, and their city throve apace. Enriched by successive
grants of privileges and lands, the bishops of Utrecht
gradually became powerful feudal lords."

_W. T. McCullagh,
Industrial History of Free Nations,
chapter 8 (volume 2)._

UTRECHT: A. D. 1456.
The bishopric grasped by the House of Burgundy.

"Utrecht was still a separate state, governed by its sovereign
bishop, who was elected by the votes of the chapter, subject
to the approval of the Pope. On the vacancy which occurred
towards the end of the year 1455, the choice of the canons
fell upon Gisbert van Brederode, who had previously been
archdeacon of the cathedral, and was held in general esteem
amongst the people as well as the clergy. The Duke of Burgundy
coveted so rich a prize, rather for its political importance,
however, … than for any direct or immediate gain." The Duke
appealed to Rome; Gisbert was put back into his archdeaconry,
with an annuity for life, and David, a natural son of Duke
Philip, was made bishop. "Thus the foundation was laid for the
permanent union of Utrecht to the other provinces, although
its final accomplishment was destined to be deferred yet many
years."

_W. T. McCullagh,
Industrial History of Free Nations,
chapter 10 (volume 2)._

UTRECHT: A. D. 1576.
The Spanish Fury.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.

UTRECHT: A. D. 1579.
The Union of the Seven Provinces.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
The Treaties which ended the War of the Spanish Succession,
forming the Peace of Utrecht and the Treaty of Rastadt.

The long War of the Spanish Succession was brought to a close
(except as between Germany and France) by negotiations at
Utrecht, which resulted in the concluding of a number of
treaties between the several powers concerned, constituting
collectively what is known as the Peace of Utrecht.
Negotiations to this end were begun by England and France
early in 1711, and preliminaries were settled between them and
signed in October of that year. This action of the English
compelled the other allies to consent to a general conference,
which opened at Utrecht January 20, 1712. The discussion of
terms lasted more than a year, while the war went on. Between
Germany and France the war still continued and it was at
Rastadt (March, 1714), not Utrecht, that the last named powers
came to their agreement of peace. The several treaties
concluded at Utrecht were most of them signed on the 31st day
of March. O. S., or April 11, N. S., in the year 1713, "by the
plenipotentiaries of France, England, Portugal, Prussia,
Savoy, and the United Provinces; the emperor resolving to
continue the war, and the king of Spain refusing to sign the
stipulations until a principality should be provided in the
Low Countries for the princess Ursini, the favourite of his
queen [a demand which he subsequently withdrew].
{3593}
The chief articles of this memorable pacification were to the
following purport: It was stipulated that, … Philip, now
established on the Spanish throne; should renounce all right
to the crown of France; that the dukes of Berry and Orleans,
the next heirs to the French monarchy after the infant
dauphin, should in like manner renounce all right to the crown
of Spain, in the event of their accession to the French
throne; that, on the death of Philip, and in default of his
male issue, the succession of Spain and the Indies should be
secured to the duke of Savoy; that the island of Sicily should
be instantly ceded by his Catholic majesty to the same prince,
with the title of king; that France should also cede to him
the valleys of Pragelas, Oulx, Sezanne, Bardonache, and
Château-Dauphin, with the forts of Exilles and Fenestrelles,
and restore to him the duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice;
and that the full property and sovereignty of both banks and
the navigation of the Marañan, or river of Amazons, in South
America, should belong to the king of Portugal. It was
declared that the king of Prussia should receive Spanish
Guelderland, with the sovereignty of Neufchâtel and Valengin,
in exchange for the principality of Orange and the lordship of
Châlons, and that his regal title should be acknowledged; that
the Rhine should form the boundary of the German empire on the
side of France; and that all fortifications, beyond that
river, claimed by France, or in the possession of his most
Christian majesty, should either be relinquished to the
emperor or destroyed; that the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of
Milan, and the Spanish territories on the Tuscan shore, should
be ceded to the house of Austria; that the sovereignty of the
Spanish Netherlands should likewise be secured to that family;
but that the elector of Bavaria (to whom they had been granted
by Philip) should retain such places as were still in his
possession, until he should be reinstated in all his German
dominions, except the Upper Palatinate, and also be put in
possession of the island of Sardinia, with the title of king:
that Luxemburg, Namur, and Charleroy should be given to the
states-general as a barrier, together with Mons, Menin,
Tournay, and other places; and that Lisle, Aire, Bethune, and
St. Venant, should be restored to France. It was agreed that
the French monarch should acknowledge the title of queen Anne,
and the eventual succession of the family of Hanover to the
British throne; that the fortifications of Dunkirk (the cause
of much jealousy to England, and raised at vast expense to
France) should be demolished, and the harbour filled up; that
the island of St. Christopher (which had long been possessed
jointly by the French and English, but from which the French
had been expelled in 1702) should be subject to this country
[England]; that Hudson's Bay and Straits (where the French had
founded a settlement, but without dispossessing the English,
and carried on a rival trade during the war), the town of
Placentia, and other districts of the island of Newfoundland
(where the French had been suffered to establish themselves,
through the negligence of government), and the long-disputed
province of Nova Scotia (into which the French had early
intruded, out of which they had been frequently driven, and
which had been finally conquered by an army from New England
in 1710), should be considered as the dependencies of the
British crown: that Minorca and the fortress of Gibraltar
(conquered from Spain) should remain in the possession of
Great Britain; and that the Assiento, or contract for
furnishing the Spanish colonies in South America with negroes,
should belong to the subjects of Great Britain for the term of
thirty years. That these conditions, especially on the part of
Great Britain, were very inadequate to the success and expense
of the war, will be allowed by every intelligent man, whose
understanding is not warped by political prejudices. … The
other confederates had greater cause to be satisfied, and the
emperor [Charles VI.] as much as any of them; yet was he
obstinate in refusing to sign the general pacification, though
two months were allowed him to deliberate on the terms. But he
had soon reason to repent his rashness in resolving to
continue the war alone. … The imperial army on the Rhine,
commanded by prince Eugene, was not in a condition to face the
French under Villars, who successively took Worms, Spire,
Keiserlautern, and the important fortress of Landau. He forced
the passage of the Rhine … and reduced Freyburg, the capital
of the Breisgau. Unwilling to prosecute a disastrous war, the
emperor began seriously to think of peace; and conferences,
which afterward terminated in a pacific treaty, were opened
between prince Eugene and Villars, at Ranstadt. The terms of
this treaty, concluded on the 6th of March (N. S.) 1714 [but
ratified at Baden the next September, and sometimes called the
Treaty of Baden], were less favourable to the emperor than
those which had been offered at Utrecht. The king of France
retained Landau, which he had before proposed to cede, with
several fortresses behind the Rhine, which he had agreed to
demolish [but restored Freiburg]. He procured the full
re-establishment of the electors of Bavaria and Cologne in
their dominions and dignities; the former prince consenting to
relinquish Sardinia to the emperor, in return for the Upper
Palatinate. … The principal articles in regard to Italy and
the Low Countries were the same with those settled at Utrecht.
Relaxing in his obstinacy, the king of Spain also acceded to
the general pacification."

_W. Russell,
History of Modern Europe,
part 2, letter 23 (volume 3)._

ALSO IN:
_J. W. Gerard,
The Peace of Utrecht,
chapters 24-29._

_T. Macknight,
Life of Bolingbroke,
chapters 8-9._

_G. W. Cooke,
Memoirs of Bolingbroke,
volume 1, chapter 13._

_W. Coxe,
Memoirs of Marlborough,
chapters 108-110._

_J. C. Collins,
Bolingbroke,
section 1._

_A. Hassall,
Life of Bolingbroke,
chapter 3._

See, also,
ITALY: A. D. 1701-1713;
SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1698-1776;
CANADA: A. D.1711-1713;
and NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1713.

----------UTRECHT: End--------

UTRECHT SCHOOL OF ST. MARTIN.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL: NETHERLANDS.

UXBRIDGE, Attempted Treaty of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).

UXELLODUNUM, Siege of.

See GAUL: B. C. 58-51.

UXMAL, Ruins of.

See MEXICO: ANCIENT, THE MAYA AND NAHUA PEOPLES.

UZES, The.

See PATCHINAKS.

{3594}

V.

VACALUS, The.

The ancient name of the river Waal.

VACCÆI, The.

One of the tribes of the Celtiberians in ancient Spain.

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 4, chapter 1._

VACCINATION, The discovery of.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 18TH CENTURY.

VACOMAGI, The.

A tribe in ancient Caledonia, whose territory extended along
the border of the Highlands, from the Moray Firth to the Tay.

See BRITAIN: CELTIC TRIBES.

VACSLAV.

See WENCESLAUS.

VADIMONIAN LAKE, Battle of the.

See ROME: B. C. 295-191.

VAISYAS.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

VALDEMAR I. (called The Great), King of Denmark, A. D. 1157-1182.

Valdemar I., King of Sweden, 1266-1275.

Valdemar II., King of Denmark, 1202-1241.

Valdemar III., King of Denmark, 1340-1375.

VALDEVEZ, The Tourney of.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.

VALEA ALBA, Battle of (1476).

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:
14-18TH CENTURIES (ROUMANIA, ETC.)

VALENCIA: A. D. 1031-1092.
The seat of a Moorish kingdom.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1031-1086.

----------VALENCIENNES: Start--------

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1566.
Crushing of the first revolt against Spanish tyranny in the
Netherlands.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1566-1568.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1576.
The Spanish Fury.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1583.
Submission to Spain.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1656.
Siege and failure of Turenne.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1653-1656.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1677.
Taken by Louis XIV.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1679.
Cession to France.

See NIMEGUEN, THE PEACE OF.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1793.
Siege and capture by the Austrians.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER) PROGRESS OF THE WAR.

VALENCIENNES: A. D. 1794.
Recovery by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (JANUARY-JULY).

----------VALENCIENNES: End--------

VALENS, Roman Emperor (Eastern), A. D. 364-378.

VALENTIA.

One of the Roman provinces formed in Britain, extending from
the wall of Hadrian to the wall of Antoninus, covering
southern Scotland. It was named in honor of the Emperor
Valentinian.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 323-337; and 367-370.

VALENTINE, Pope, A. D. 827, September to October.

VALENTINIAN I., Roman Emperor (Western), A. D. 364-375.

Valentinian II., Roman Emperor (Western), 375-392.

Valentinian III., Roman Emperor (Western), 425-455.

VALERIAN, Roman Emperor, A. D. 253-260.

VALERIAN LAWS.

See ROME: B. C. 509.

VALERIO-HORATIAN LAWS, The.

See ROME: B. C. 449.

VAL-ES-DUNES, Battle of (1047).

See NORMANDY: A. D. 1035-1063.

VALLACHIA.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

VALLACHS, The.

See WALLACHS.

VALLADOLID, Battle of (1813).

See MEXICO: A. D. 1810-1819.

VALLANDIGHAM, Clement L., The arrest of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (MAY-JUNE).

VALLEY FORGE:
Washington's army in winter quarters.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1777 (JANUARY-DECEMBER).

VALLI. VALLUM.

See CASTRA.

VALMY, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

VALOIS, The House of.

The direct line of the Capetian kings of France, descendants
of Hugh Capet, ended in 1328, with the death of Charles IV.
The crown then passed to the late king's cousin, Philip of
Valois, son of Charles Count of Valois, who was the second son
of Philip III. He became Philip VI. in the series of French
kings, and with him began the royal dynasty or House of
Valois, which came to an end in 1589, on the assassination of
Henry III., yielding the throne to the Bourbon family.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1314-1328.

For source of the name.

See BOURBON, THE HOUSE OF.

VALOUTINA, Battle of.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).

VALTELINE, Annexation to the Cisalpine Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER).

VALTELINE WAR.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1624-1626.

VAN BUREN, Martin.
Presidential election and administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1836, to 1841.

Defeat in Presidential Election.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1840.

The Free Soil Movement.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.

VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

See BRITISH COLUMBIA.

VANDALIA, The proposed western colony of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.

----------VANDALS: Start--------

VANDALS:
Origin and early movements.

"Gibbon declares that a striking resemblance, in manners,
complexion, religion, and language, indicates that the Goths
and Vandals were originally one great people; and he cites the
testimony of Pliny and Procopius in support of this belief.
According to this theory, therefore, the Vandals are of the
Teutonic stock. Other learned men have endeavoured to identify
them with the Wendes; and the Wendes, as we have seen,
according to the authority of Jornandes and others, were
members of the Slavic race. The question has been examined,
with great learning and ingenuity, by M. L. Marcus, Professor
at the College of Dijon, in a work upon Vandal history. His
conclusion, drawn from a comparison of what Tacitus, Pliny,
Procopius, and Jornandes have left us upon the subject, is
favourable to the hypothesis of Gibbon. Between the Wendes and
the Vindili of Pliny, who were undoubtedly Vandals, he
considers that no nearer point of union can be found than that
of the Asiatic origin common to all nations of Slavic and
Teutonic blood.
{3595}
He accounts for the fact that some confusion upon the subject
subsists in ancient writers, by the supposition that the
Slaves, after the great migration of Goths and Vandals to the
South, occupied the locality they had abandoned on the coasts
of the Baltic, and became inheritors of the name, as well as
of the land, of their predecessors. Hence they were commonly,
though incorrectly, called Vindili, or Vandals. … The earliest
locality of the tribe, so far as authentic history can trace
them, seems to have been the district between the Vistula and
the Elbe. Here they were found by the Langobardi, in their
migration towards the South. … In the time of Pliny, we have
that writer's testimony to the fact that the Vandals were
still to be found between the two rivers. But during the next
two centuries their unwarlike habits must have tended to
diminish their importance among their fierce and active
neighbours, of whom the Goths were the most formidable, and
probably the most aggressive. Tacitus, at any rate, in his
tractate upon the Germans [A. D. 100], merely notices them by
name. … Another half-century finds them in a strong position
among the mountains which form the northern frontier of
Bohemia. It is certain that they took part in the great
Marcomannic war [A. D. 168-180]. … In the treaty made by
Commodus, the son of Marcus Aurelius, with the Marcomanni [A.
D. 180], the Vandals are one of the tribes secured from the
hostility of those persevering enemies of the Roman empire. At
this time, Ptolemy informs us that the Vandals occupied the
districts lying around the sources of the Elbe; and all other
investigation confirms the statement." A hundred years later,
the Vandals appear to have been planted in a district on the
Danube, east of the Theiss; from which they were soon
afterwards driven by the Goths. They were then permitted by
the emperor Constantine to pass the frontiers of the empire
and settle in Pannonia, where they accepted Christianity and
exhibited "the greatest aptitude for commerce and the arts of
peace." Despite their Christianity, however, and despite their
aptitude for the "arts of peace," the Vandals, after seventy
years of friendly neighboring with the Romans, joined the
savage pack of Alans, Sueves and Burgundians which, on the
last day of the year 406, broke into Gaul and shattered the
empire and the civilization of Rome beyond the Alps.

_J. G. Sheppard,
The Fall of Rome,
lecture 7._

ALSO IN:
_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and her Invaders,
book 3, chapter 2 (volume 2)._

VANDALS: A. D. 406-409.
Final Invasion of Gaul.

See GAUL: A. D. 406-409.

A. D. 409-414.
Settlement in Spain.

See SPAIN: A. D. 409-414.

VANDALS: A. D. 428.
Conquests in Spain.

"After the retreat of the Goths [A. D. 418] the authority of
Honorius had obtained a precarious establishment in Spain,
except only in the province of Gallicia, where the Suevi and
the Vandals had fortified their camps in mutual discord and
hostile independence. The Vandals prevailed, and their
adversaries were besieged in the Nervasian hills, between Leon
and Oviedo, till the approach of Count Asterius compelled, or
rather provoked, the victorious barbarians to remove the scene
of war to the plains of Bætica. The rapid progress of the
Vandals soon required a more effectual opposition, and the
master-general Castinus marched against them with a numerous
army of Romans and Goths. Vanquished in battle by an inferior
enemy, Castinus fled with dishonour to Tarragona. … Seville
and Carthagena became the reward, or rather the prey, of the
ferocious conquerors."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 33._

Southern Spain, the ancient Bætica, acquired from the Vandals
the name Vandalusia, which became Andalusia.

_R. G. Latham,
Ethnology of Europe,
chapter 2._

VANDALS: A. D. 429-439.
Conquests in Africa.

In May, A. D. 429, the Vandals passed from Spain into Africa,
invited by Count Boniface, the Roman governor of the African
province. The latter had been deceived by an intriguing rival,
Count Aetius, who persuaded him that the imperial Court at
Ravenna were planning his disgrace and death. Thus incited to
rebellion, as an act of self defense, he called the Vandals to
his help. The latter had just fallen under the leadership of a
new and terrible king—the bold and ruthless Genseric, who was
destined to make the name of his people a proverb through all
time for ferocity and barbarism. To the Vandals were united
the Alans, and Genseric invaded Africa with some 80,000 men.
He was joined, moreover, by great numbers of disaffected
native Mauritanians, or Moors, and was welcomed by swarms of
the fanatical Donatists, whose "vandalism" could quite equal
his own. Count Boniface shrank aghast from the terrible
invasion he had summoned, and learning, too late, how foully
he had been played upon, returned to his allegiance with
penitent energy and zeal. He turned his arms against Genseric;
but it was in vain. "The victorious barbarians insulted the
open country; and Carthage, Cirta, and Hippo Regius were the
only cities that appeared to rise above the general
inundation. … The seven fruitful provinces, from Tangier to
Tripoli, were overwhelmed. … The Vandals, where they found
resistance, seldom gave quarter; and the deaths of their
valiant countrymen were expiated by the ruin of the cities
under whose walls they had fallen. Careless of the
distinctions of age or sex or rank, they employed every
species of indignity and torture to force from the captives a
discovery of their hidden wealth." Defeated in a battle which
he ventured, Boniface retired into Hippo Regius and stood a
siege of fourteen months. A second battle, won by the Vandals,
decided the fate of the city, but its inhabitants escaped, for
the most part, by sea, before the barbarians broke in. The
great Bishop of Hippo, the venerable St. Augustine, was in the
city when the siege began, but died before it ended, in his
seventy-sixth year. "When the city, some months after his
death, was burned by the Vandals, the library was fortunately
saved which contained his voluminous writings." Hippo fell in
the summer of A. D. 431. It was not until eight years later
that Carthage succumbed,—taken treacherously, by surprise, on
the 9th of October, 439; being 585 years after the destruction
of the ancient city by the younger Scipio. The provinces of
Africa were now fully in the possession of the Vandals, and
the loss of their cor

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 33._

ALSO IN:
_J. C. L. de Sismondi,
Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 7._

_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 3, chapter 2._

VANDALS: A. D. 429-477.
In Sicily.

See SICILY: A. D. 429-525.

{3596}

VANDALS: A. D. 431-533.
Ruin of Africa under their dominion.

"The Vandals were bigoted Arians and their government was
peculiarly tyrannical; they always treated the Roman
inhabitants of Africa as political enemies, and persecuted
them as religious opponents. The Visigoths in Spain had
occupied two thirds of the subjugated lands, the Ostrogoths in
Italy had been satisfied with one third; and both these people
had acknowledged the civil rights of the Romans as citizens
and Christians. The Vandals adopted a different policy.
Genseric reserved immense domains to himself and to his sons.
He divided the densely peopled and rich districts of Africa
proper among the Vandal warriors, exempting them from taxation
and binding them to military service. … They seized all the
richest lands, and the most valuable estates, and exterminated
the higher class of the Romans. Only the poorer proprietors
were permitted to preserve the arid and distant parts of the
country. Still, the number of the Romans excited the fears of
the Vandals, who destroyed the walls of the provincial towns
in order to prevent the people from receiving succours from
the Eastern Empire. … When Genseric conquered Carthage, his
whole army amounted only to 50,000 warriors; yet this small
horde devoured all the wealth of Africa in the course of a
single century, and, from an army of hardy soldiers, it was
converted Into a caste of luxurious nobles living in splendid
villas round Carthage. In order fully to understand the
influence of the Vandals on the state of the country which
they occupied, it must be observed that their oppressive
government had already so far lowered the condition and
reduced the numbers of the Roman provincials, that the native
Moors began to reoccupy the country from which Roman industry
and Roman capital had excluded them. … As the property of the
province was destroyed, Its Roman inhabitants perished."

_G. Finlay,
Greece Under the Romans,
chapter 3, section 5._

VANDALS: A. D. 455.
The sack of Rome by Genseric.

See ROME: A. D. 455

VANDALS: A. D. 533-534.
End of the kingdom and nation.

The weakened and disordered state of the Vandal kingdom,
concurring with the revival of a military spirit in the
eastern Roman empire, which the great soldier Belisarius had
brought about, encouraged the Emperor Justinian to attempt, A.
D. 533, a reconquest of the lost Roman provinces in Africa.
With a fleet of six hundred ships, bearing 37,000 men,
Belisarius set sail from Constantinople in the month of June
and landed early in September on the African coast, about five
days journey from Carthage,—having halted at a port in Sicily
on the voyage. A few days later, he defeated the Vandal king,
Gelimer, in a battle (Ad Decimus) fought at ten miles distance
from his capital, and entered Carthage in triumph (September
15, A. D. 533), received with joy by its Roman and Catholic
inhabitants, long persecuted and humiliated by the Arian
Vandals. A second and decisive battle was fought some weeks
afterwards at Tricamaron, twenty miles away from Carthage, and
there and then the Vandal kingdom came to its end. Gelimer
fled into the wilds of Numidia, was pursued, and, having
surrendered himself in the March following, was sent to
Constantinople, and passed the remainder of his days in peace
and modest luxury on a comfortable estate in Galatia. "The
fall of the Vandal monarchy was an event full of meaning for
the future history of Africa. There can be little doubt that
in destroying it Justinian was unconsciously removing the most
powerful barrier which might in the next century have arrested
the progress of Mohammedanism."

_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 4, chapter 15 (v 3)._

"The bravest of the Vandal youth were distributed into five
squadrons of cavalry, which adopted the name of their
benefactor. … But these rare exceptions, the reward of birth
or valour, are insufficient to explain the fate of a nation
whose numbers, before a short and bloodless war, amounted to
more than 600,000 persons. After the exile of their king and
nobles, the servile crowd might purchase their safety by
abjuring their character, religion, and language; and their
degenerate posterity would be insensibly mingled with the
common herd of African subjects. Yet even in the present age,
and in the heart of the Moorish tribes, a curious traveller
has discovered the white complexion and long flaxen hair of a
northern race; and it was formerly believed that the boldest
of the Vandals fled beyond the power, or even the knowledge,
of the Romans, to enjoy their solitary freedom on the shores
of the Atlantic ocean."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 41._

----------VANDALS: End--------

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, TASMANIA: Discovery and naming.

See AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1601-1800.

VANGIONES. TRIBOCI. NEMETES.

"The Rhine bank itself is occupied by tribes unquestionably
German—the Vangiones, the Triboci, and the Nemetes."—"These
tribes dwelt on the west bank of the Rhine, in what is now
Rhenish Bavaria."

_Tacitus,
Germany;
translated by Church and Brodribb,
with geographical notes._

VANNES, Origin of.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

VAN RENSSELAER, Patroon Killian,
The land purchases of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1621-1646.

VAN RENSSELAER, General Stephen,
and the Battle of Queenston Heights.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

VAN RENSSELAER MANOR.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1621-1646;
and LIVINGSTON MANOR.

VAN TWILLER, Wouter, The governorship of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1638-1647.

VARANGIAN SEA.

One of the ancient names of the Baltic.

_R. G. Latham,
Native-Races of Russian Empire,
chapter 16._

VARANGIANS, OR WARINGS. THE WARING GUARD.

Varangians "was the name of the Byzantine equivalent to the
'soldiers of a free-company' In the 11th and 12th centuries.
The soldiers were almost wholly Scandinavians—to a great
extent the Swedes of Russia. The reasons against believing
Varangian to be the same word as Frank, are: 1. The mention of
Franci along with them, as a separate people. 2. The extent to
which the Varangians were Scandinavians, rather than Germans
of the Rhine. In favour of it is: The form of the present
Oriental name for Europeans—Feringi. This, in my mind,
preponderates. Connected by name only with the Franks, the
truer ethnological affinities of the Varangians were with the
Scandinavians of Russia."

_R. G. Latham,
The Germania of Tacitus, Epilegomena,
section. 17._

{3597}