Chapter IV: , VII (158)

"On the coast of Liguria, the land on each side of the city of
Genoa, a land which was not reckoned Italian in early times,
we find people who seem not to have been Aryan. And these
Ligurians seem to have been part of a race which was spread
through Italy and Sicily before the Aryan settlements, and to
have been akin to the non-Aryan inhabitants of Spain and
southern Gaul, of whom the Basques … remain as a remnant."

_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Geography of Europe,
chapter 3._

ALSO IN:
_I. Taylor,
Origin of the Aryans,
chapter 2, section 7._

See, also, APPENDIX A, VOLUME 1.

{2027}

----------LILLE: Start--------

LILLE: A. D. 1583.
Submission to Spain.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585
LIMITS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES.

LILLE: A. D. 1667.
Taken by the French.

See NETHERLANDS (THE SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1667.

LILLE: A. D. 1668.
Ceded to France.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1668.

LILLE: A. D. 1708.
Siege and capture by Marlborough and Prince Eugene.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1708-1709.

LILLE: A. D. 1713.
Restoration to France.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

----------LILLE: End--------

LILLEBONNE, Assembly of.

A general assembly of Norman barons convened by Duke William,
A. D. 1066, for the considering of his contemplated invasion
of England.

_E. A. Freeman,
Norman Conquest,
chapter 13, section 3 (volume 3)._

LILLIBULLERO.

"Thomas Wharton, who, in the last Parliament, had represented
Buckinghamshire, and who was already conspicuous both as a
libertine and as a Whig, had written [A. D. 1688, just prior
to the Revolution which drove James II. from the English
throne] a satirical ballad on the administration of Tyrconnel
[Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel, James' Lord Deputy in
Ireland.]

See IRELAND: A. D. 1685-1688.

In this little poem an Irishman congratulates a brother
Irishman, in a barbarous jargon, on the approaching triumph of
Popery and of the Milesian race. … These verses, which were
in no respect above the ordinary standard of street poetry,
had for burden some gibberish which was said to have been used
as a watchword by the insurgents of Ulster in 1641. The verses
and the tune caught the fancy of the nation. From one end of
England to the other all classes were constantly singing this
idle rhyme. It was especially the delight of the English army.
More than seventy years after the Revolution, a great writer
delineated, with exquisite skill, a veteran who had fought at
the Boyne and at Namur. One of the characteristics of the good
old soldier is his trick of whistling Lillibullero. Wharton
afterwards boasted that he had sung a King out of three
kingdoms. But in truth the success of Lillibullero was the
effect, and not the cause, of that excited state of public
feeling which produced the Revolution. … The song of
Lillibullero is among the State Poems. In Percy's Relics the
first part will be found, but not the second part, which was
added after William's landing."

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 9, with foot-note._

ALSO IN:
_W. W. Wilkins,
Political Ballads of the 17th and 18th Centuries,
volume 1, page 275._

LILY OF FLORENCE, The.

See FLORENCE: ORIGIN AND NAME.

----------LILYBÆUM: Start--------

LILYBÆUM: B. C. 368.
Siege by Dionisius.

"This town, close to the western cape of Sicily, appears to
have arisen as a substitute for the neighbouring town of Motye
(of which we hear little more since its capture by Dionysius
in 396 B. C.), and to have become the principal Carthaginian
station." Lilybæum was first besieged and then blockaded by
the Syracuse tyrant, Dionysius, B. C. 368; but he failed to
reduce it. It was made a powerful stronghold by the
Carthaginians.

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 83._

LILYBÆUM: B. C. 277.
Siege by Pyrrhus.

See ROME: B. C. 282-275.

LILYBÆUM: B. C. 250-241.
Siege by the Romans.

See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.

----------LILYBÆUM: End--------

LIMA:
Founded by Pizarro (1535).

See PERU: A. D. 1533-1548.

LIMBURG:
Capture by the Dutch (1632).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1621-1633.

----------LIMERICK: Start--------

LIMERICK: A. D. 1690-1691.
Sieges and surrender.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1689-1691.

LIMERICK: A. D. 1691.
The treaty of surrender and its violation.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1691.

----------LIMERICK: End--------

LIMES, The.

This term was applied to certain Roman frontier-roads. "Limes
is not every imperial frontier, but only that which is marked
out by human hands, and arranged at the same time for being
patrolled and having posts stationed for frontier-defence,
such as we find in Germany and in Africa. … The Limes is
thus the imperial frontier-road, destined for the regulation
of frontier-intercourse, inasmuch as the crossing of it was
allowed only at certain points corresponding to the bridges of
the river boundary, and elsewhere forbidden. This was
doubtless effected in the first instance by patrolling the
line, and, so long as this was done, the Limes remained a
boundary road. It remained so, too, when it was fortified on
both sides, as was done in Britain and at the mouth of the
Danube; the Britannic wall is also termed Limes."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 4, foot-note._

LIMIGANTES, The.

The Limigantes were a tribe occupying, in the fourth century,
a region of country between the Danube and the Theiss, who
were said to have been formerly the slaves of a Sarmatian
people in the same territory and to have overpowered and
expelled their masters. The latter, in exile, became
dependents of the warlike nation of the Quadi. At the end of a
war with the latter, A. D. 357-359, in which they were greatly
humbled, the Emperor Constantius commanded the Limigantes to
surrender their stolen territory to its former owners. They
resisted the mandate and were exterminated.

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapters 18-19._

The Limigantes were a branch of the Iazyges or Jazyges, a
nomadic Sarmatian or Sclavonic people who were settled in
earlier times on the Palus Mæotis.

LIMISSO.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN: A. D. 1118-1310.

----------LIMOGES: Start--------

LIMOGES,
Origin of the town.

See LEMOVICES.

LIMOGES, A. D. 1370.
Massacre by the Black Prince.

A foul crime which stains the name of "the Black Prince."
Taking the city of Limoges, in France, after a short siege, A.
D. 1370, he ordered a promiscuous massacre of the population,
and more than 3,000 men, women and children were slain, while
the town was pillaged and burned.

_Froissart,
Chronicles
(translated by Johnes),
book 1, chapters 288, 290._

See, also, FRANCE: A. D. 1360-1380.

----------LIMOGES: End--------

LIMONUM.

See POITIERS.

LIMOUSIN,
Early inhabitants of the.

See LEMOVICES.

{2028}

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Election to the Presidency.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Inauguration and Presidential administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-MARCH), to 1865 (APRIL).

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Gettysburg address.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (NOVEMBER).

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Reëlection to the Presidency.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Visit to Richmond.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (APRIL: VIRGINIA).

LINCOLN, Abraham.
Assassination.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (APRIL 14TH).

LINCOLN, General Benjamin,
in the War of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1778-1779 THE WAR CARRIED INTO THE SOUTH;
1779 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER);
1780 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

LINCOLN, Battle of.

See LAMBETH, TREATY OF.

LINCOLN, Origin of.

See LINDUM.

LINDISWARA, LINDESFARAS.

"Dwellers about Lindum," or Lincoln; a name given for a time
to the Angles who seized and settled in that English district.

_J. R. Green,
The Making of England._

See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.

LINDSEY, Kingdom of.

One of the small and transient kingdoms of the Angles in early
England.

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 70 (volume 1)._

LINDUM.

The Roman city from which sprang the English city of Lincoln.

_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._

LINGONES, The.

A tribe in ancient Gaul whose territory embraced parts in the
modern French departments of the Haute-Marne, the Aube, the
Yonne and the Côte-d'Or.

_Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, foot-note (volume 2)._

See, also, ROME: B. C. 390-347.

LINKÖPING, Battle of (1598).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1523-1604.

LION AND THE SUN, The Order of the.

A Persian order, instituted in 1808.

LION OF ST. MARK, The Winged.

The standard of the Venetian republic. "Historians have failed
or omitted to fix the precise time when this ensign of the
lion was first adopted by the Republic. But when the two
granite columns ['trophies of a successful raid in the
Archipelago'], still the conspicuous ornaments of the Piazetta
of St. Mark, were erected, in or about 1172, a winged lion in
bronze was placed on one of them, and a statue of St.
Theodore, a patron of earlier standing, on the other."

_The Republic of Venice
(Quarterly Review, Oct., 1874),
page 423._

See, also, VENICE: A. D. 829.

LIPAN, Battle of (1434).

See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.

----------LISBON: Start--------

LISBON:
Origin and early history.

See PORTUGAL: EARLY HISTORY.

LISBON: A. D. 1147.
Capture from the Moors.
Made the capital of Portugal.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.

LISBON: A. D. 1755.
The great Earthquake.

"On the morning of the 1st of November in this year, at the
same period, though in less or greater degree a far-spreading
earthquake ran through great part both of Europe and Barbary.
In the north its effects, as usual with earthquakes in that
region, were happily slight and few. Some gentle vibrations
were felt as far as Dantzick. … In Madrid a violent shock
was felt, but no buildings, and only two human beings,
perished. In Fez and in Morocco, on the contrary, great
numbers of houses fell down, and great multitudes of people
were buried beneath the ruins. But the widest and most fearful
destruction was reserved for Lisbon. Already, in the year
1531, that city had been laid half in ruins by an earthquake.
The 1st of November 1755 was All Saints' Day, a festival of
great solemnity; and at nine in the morning all the churches
of Lisbon were crowded with kneeling worshippers of each sex,
all classes, and all ages, when a sudden and most violent
shock made every church reel to its foundations. Within the
intervals of a few minutes two other shocks no less violent
ensued, and every church in Lisbon—tall column and towering
spire—was hurled to the ground. Thousands and thousands of
people were crushed to death, and thousands more grievously
maimed, unable to crawl away, and left to expire in lingering
agony. The more stately and magnificent had been the fabric,
the wider and more grievous was the havoc made by its ruin.
About one fourth, as was vaguely computed, of all the houses
in the city toppled down. The encumbered streets could scarce
afford an outlet to the fugitives; 'friends,' says an
eye-witness, 'running from their friends, fathers from their
children, husbands from their wives, because every one fled
away from their habitations full of terror, confusion, and
distraction.' The earth seemed to heave and quiver like an
animated being. The sun was darkened with the clouds of lurid
dust that arose. Frantic with fear a headlong multitude rushed
for refuge to a large and newly built stone pier which jutted
out into the Tagus, when a sudden convulsion of the stream
turned this pier bottom uppermost, like a ship on its keel in
the tempest, and then engulphed it. And of all the living
creatures who had lately thronged it,—full 3,000, it is
said,—not one, even as a corpse, ever rose again. From the
banks of the river other crowds were looking on in speechless
affright, when the river itself came rushing in upon them like
a torrent, though against wind and tide. It rose at least
fifteen feet above the highest spring tides, and then again
subsided, drawing in or dashing to pieces every thing within
its reach, while the very ships in the harbour were violently
whirled around. Earth and water alike seemed let loose as
scourges on this devoted city. 'Indeed every clement,' says a
person present, 'seemed to conspire to our destruction … for
in about two hours after the shock fires broke out in three
different parts of the city, occasioned from the goods and the
kitchen fires being all jumbled together.' At this time also
the wind grew into a fresh gale, which made the fires spread
in extent and rage with fury during three days, until there
remained but little for them to devour. Many of the maimed and
wounded are believed to have perished unseen and unheeded in
the flames; some few were almost miraculously rescued after
being for whole days buried where they fell, without light or
food or hope. The total number of deaths was computed at the
time as not less than 30,000."

_Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope),
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapter 32 (volume 4)._

LISBON: A. D. 1807.
Occupied by the French.
Departure of the Royal Family for Brazil.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1807.

----------LISBON: End--------
{2029}

LISLE.

See LILLE.

LISSA, Battle of (1866).

See ITALY: A. D. 1862-1866.

LIT DE JUSTICE.

See BED OF JUSTICE.

----------LITHUANIA: Start--------

LITHUANIA: A. D. 1235.
Formation of the Grand Duchy.

"From 1224 [when Russia was prostrated by the Mongol conquest]
to 1487 … is a period of obscuration in Russian history,
during which Russia is nothing in the Slavonian world. The
hour of Russia's weakness was that in which the Lithuanians,
formerly a mere chaos of Slavo-Finnish tribes, assumed
organization and strength. Uniting the original Lithuanian
tribes into one government, and extending his sway over those
territories, formerly included in the Russian Empire, which
the Mongolian destruction of the Russian power had left
without a ruler, a native chief, named Ringold, founded (1235)
a new state called the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania. The limits of
this state extended from the Baltic coast, which it touched at
a single point, across the entire continent, almost to the
Black Sea, with Lithuania proper as its northern nucleus, and
the populations along the whole course of the Dnieper as its
subjects. The Lithuanians, thus made formidable by the extent
of their dominion, were at this time still heathens."

_Poland: Her History and Prospects
(Westminster Review, January, 1855),
page 119._

See, also, RUSSIA: A. D. 1237-1480.

LITHUANIA: A. D. 1386. Union with Poland under the Jagellon kings.

See POLAND: A. D. 1333-1572.

----------LITHUANIA: End--------

LITHUANIANS. LETTS.

"They and the Slavonians are branches of the same Sarmatian
family; so, of course, their languages, though different, are
allied. But next to the Slavonic what tongues are nearest the
Lithuanic? Not the speech of the Fin, the German, or the Kelt,
though these are the nearest in geography. The Latin is liker
than any of these; but the likest of all is the ancient sacred
language of India—the Sanskrit of the Vedas, Puranas, the
Mahabharata, and the Ramayana. And what tongue is the nearest
to the Sanskrit? Not those of Tibet and Armenia, not even
those of Southern India. Its nearest parallel is the obscure
and almost unlettered languages of Grodno, Wilna, Vitepsk,
Courland, Livonia, and East Prussia. There is a difficult
problem here. … The present distribution of the Lithuanian
populations is second only in importance to that of the
Ugrians. Livonia is the most convenient starting-point. Here
it is spoken at present; though not aboriginal to the
province. The Polish, German, and Russian languages have
encroached on the Lithuanian, the Lithuanian on the Ugrian. It
is the Lett branch of the Lithuanian which is spoken by the
Letts of Livonia (Liefland), but not by the Liefs. The same is
the case in Courland. East Prussia lies beyond the Russian
empire, but it is not unnecessary to state that, as late as
the sixteenth century, a Lithuanian tongue was spoken there.
Vilna, Grodno, and Vitepsk are the proper Lithuanian
provinces. There, the original proper Lithuanic tongue still
survives; uncultivated, and day by day suffering from the
encroachment of the Russian, but, withal, in the eyes of the
ethnologist, the most important language in Europe."

_R. G. Latham,
Ethnology of Europe,
chapter 6._

LITTLE BIG HORN, Battle of the.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1876.

LITTLE BRETHREN.

See BEGUINES, &c.

LITTLE ROCK, Federal occupation of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-MISSOURI).

LITTLE RUSSIA.

See RUSSIA, GREAT.

LITTLE YAHNI, Battle of (1877).

See TURKS: A. D. 1877-1878.

LITURGIES.

"It was not only by taxation of its members that the
[Athenian] State met its financial needs, but also by many
other kinds of services which it demanded from them, and
which, though not, like the former, producing an income, yet
nevertheless saved an expense. Such services are called
Liturgies [i. e.; properly, services for the
people.'—Footnote]. They are partly ordinary or 'encyclic'—
such, that is, as occurred annually, even in times of peace,
according to a certain order, and which all bore some relation
to worship and to the celebration of festivals—and partly
extraordinary, for the needs of war. Among the former class
the most important is the so-called Choregia, i. e., the
furnishing of a chorus for musical contests and for festivals.
… A similar though less burdensome Liturgy was the
Gymnasiarchy for those feasts which were celebrated with
gymnastic contests. The gymnasiarch, as it seems, was
compelled to have all who wished to come forward as
competitors trained in the gymnasia, to furnish them with
board during the time of training, and at the games themselves
to furnish the necessary fittings and ornaments of the place
of contest. … More important and more costly than all these
ordinary or encyclic Liturgies was the extraordinary Liturgy
of trierarchy, i. e., the equipment of a ship of war."

_G. F. Schumann,
Antiquity of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 3._

"The Liturgiæ, which are sometimes considered as peculiar to
the Athenians, … were common to all democracies at least [in
the Greek states], and even to certain aristocracies or
oligarchies. … The Liturgiæ of the Greeks were distinguished
by a much more generous and noble characteristic than the
corresponding services and contributions of the present day.
They were considered honorable services. … Niggardliness in
the performance of them was considered disgraceful. The state
needed no paid officer, or contractors to superintend or
undertake their execution. … The ordinary Liturgiæ … are
principally the choregia, the gymnasiarchia, and the feasting
of the tribes [or hestiasis]. … The lampadarchy, if not the
only kind, was certainly the most important and expensive kind
of gymnasiarchy. The race on foot with a torch in the hand was
a common game. The same kind of race was run with horses for
the first time at Athens in the time of Socrates. The art
consisted, besides other particulars, in running the fastest,
and at the same time not extinguishing the torch. … Since
the festivity was celebrated at night, the illumination of the
place which was the scene of the contest was necessary. Games
of this kind were celebrated specially in honor of the gods of
light and fire. … The expenses of the feasting of the tribes
were borne by a person selected for this purpose from the
tribe. … The entertainments, the expenses of which were
defrayed by means of this liturgia, were different from the
great feastings of the people, the expenses of which were paid
from the treasury of the theorica. They were merely
entertainments at the festivals of the tribes."

_A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of the Athenians
(translated by Lamb),
book 3, chapters 1 and 21-23._

ALSO IN:
_E. G. Bulwer-Lytton,
Athens,
book 5, chapter 2._

{2030}

LITUS, The.

In the Salic law, of the Franks, the litus appears as
representing a class in that Germanic nation. He "was no doubt
identical with the serf whom Tacitus represents as cultivating
the soil, and paying a rent in kind to his lord. That the
litus was not free is evident from the mention of his master
and the fact that he could be sold; though we find a weregild
set upon his life equal to that of a free Roman."

_W. C. Perry,
The Franks,
chapter 10._

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, The.

See STEAM LOCOMOTION ON LAND.

LIVERPOOL MINISTRY, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1812-1813.

LIVERY, Origin of the term.

"After an ancient custom, the kings of France, at great
solemnities, gave such of their subjects as were at court
certain capes or furred mantles, with which the latter
immediately clothed themselves before leaving the court. In
the ancient 'comptes' (a sort of audits) these capes were
called 'livrées' (whence, no doubt, our word livery), because
the monarch gave them ('les livrait') himself."

_J. F. Michaud,
History of the Crusades,
book 13._

LIVERY COMPANIES.

See GUILDS, MEDIÆVAL.

LIVERY OF SEIZIN.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

LIVINGSTON MANOR, The.

Robert Livingston, "secretary of Albany," son of a Scotch
clergyman, began to acquire a landed estate, by purchases from
the Indians, soon after his arrival in America, which was
about 1674. "The Mohegan tribes on the east side of the Hudson
had become reduced to a few old Indians and squaws, who were
ready to sell the lands of which they claimed the ownership.
Livingston's position as clerk of Indian affairs gave him
exceptional opportunities to select and to purchase the best
lands in desirable localities. … In 1702, Lord Bellomont
[then governor of New York] writes, 'I am told Livingston has
on his great grant of 16 miles long and 24 broad, but four or
five cottages, occupied by men too poor to be farmers, but are
his vassals.' After the close of the war [Queen Anne's War],
Livingston made more rapid progress in his improvements. He
erected flour and timber mills, and a new manor-house." In
1715 Livingston obtained from Governor Hunter a confirmatory
patent, under an exact and careful survey of his estate.
"Although it does not give the number of acres, the survey
computes the area of the manor to contain 160,240 acres. It
was now believed to be secure against any attack. … Philip,
the second proprietor, was not disturbed as to title or
limits. He was a merchant, and resided in New York, spending
his summers at the Manor House. … His son, Robert, succeeded
him as the third proprietor, but he had hardly come into
possession before he began to be harassed by his eastern
neighbors, the people of Massachusetts. … Massachusetts, by
her charter, claimed the lands lying west of her eastern
boundary to the Pacific Ocean. She had long sought to make
settlements within the province of New York. Now as her
population increased she pushed them westward, and gradually
encroached on lands within the limits of a sister province. In
April, 1752, Livingston wrote to Governor Clinton, and entered
complaint against the trespassers from Massachusetts. A long
correspondence between the governors of the two provinces
followed, but settled nothing. The trouble continued," for a
number of years, and frequent riots were incident to it, in
which several men were killed. At length, "the boundary
between New York and Massachusetts was finally settled, and
the claimants ceased their annoyance. … The Revolution was
approaching. The public mind was occupied with politics. …
Land titles ceased to be topics of discussion. The proprietors
of the old manor, and all bearing their name, with a few
unimportant exceptions, took a decided stand in favor of
independence. During the war that followed, and for some years
after its close, their title and possession of their broad
acres were undisputed. But in 1795 another effort was made to
dispossess them. The old methods of riots and arrests were
abandoned. The title was now attacked by the tenants, incited
and encouraged by the envious and disaffected. A petition,
numerously signed by the tenants of the manor, was sent to the
Legislature. … The committee to which the petition was
referred reported adversely, and this was approved by the
House on March 23, 1795. … After the failure of 1795 to
break the title, there was a season of comparative quiet
continued for nearly forty years. Then a combination was
formed by the tenants of the old manorial estates, including
those of large landed proprietors in other parts of the State,
termed 'anti-renters.' It was a civil association with a
military organization. It was their purpose to resist the
payment of rents. The tenants of the Van Rensselaer and the
Livingston Manors, being the most numerous, were the
projectors and leaders, giving laws and directions. …
Landlords and officers were intimidated by bands disguised as
Indians, and some property was destroyed. The anti-renters
carried their grievances into politics, throwing their votes
for the party which would give them the most favorable
legislation. In 1844, they petitioned the Legislature to set
aside as defective the Van Rensselaer title, and put the
tenants in legal possession of the farms they occupied. The
petition was referred to the Judiciary Committee of the
Assembly, the late Judge William Allen being chairman.
Anti-renters of known ability were on the committee, and a
favorable report was anticipated. But after a long and
thorough investigation of the title … the committee
unanimously reported against the prayer of the petition. This
put an end to the combination, and to the anti-rent war,
although resistance to the collection of rents in isolated
cases, with bloodshed and loss of life, is still [1885]
continued. The landlords, however, particularly the
Livingstons, were tired of the strife. They adopted measures
of compromise, selling to their tenants the lands they
occupied at reduced valuations. Only small portions of the old
manor now remain in the hands of Robert Livingston's
descendants."

_G. W. Schuyler,
Colonial New York,
volume I, pages 243-285._

ALSO IN:
_E. P. Cheyney,
Anti-Rent Agitations in New York
(University of Pennsylvania Pubs.)._

{2031}

LIVONIA: 12th-13th Centuries.
First introduction of Commerce and Christianity.

"Till the year A. D. 1158 … Livonia was well-nigh utterly
unknown to the rest of Europe. Some traders of Bremen then
visited it, and formed several settlements along the coast.
These commercial relations with their western neighbours first
opened up the country to missionary enterprise, and in the
year A. D. 1186 one of the merchant-ships of Bremen brought to
the mouth of the Düna a venerable canon named Meinhard."
Meinhard died in 1196, having accomplished little. He was
succeeded by a Cistercian abbot named Berthold, who, being
driven away by the obstinate pagans, returned wrathfully in
1198, with a crusading army, which Pope Innocent III. had
commissioned him to lead against them. This was the beginning
of a long and merciless crusading warfare waged against the
Livonians, or Lieflanders, and against their Prussian and
other Sclavonic neighbors, until all were forced to submit to
the religious rites of their conquerors and to call themselves
Christians. For the furthering of this crusade, Berthold's
successor, Albert von Apeldern, of Bremen (who founded the
town of Riga), "instituted, in the year A. D. 1201, with the
concurrence of the emperor Otho IV. and the approbation of the
Pope, the knightly 'Order of the Sword,' and placed it under
the special protection of the Virgin Mary. The members of this
order bound themselves by solemn vows to hear mass frequently,
to abstain from marriage, to lead a sober and chaste life, and
to fight against the heathen. In return for these services
they were to have and to enjoy whatever lands they might wrest
with their swords from their pagan adversaries. … Albert von
Apeldern made Riga the starting-point of his operations.
Thence, aided by Waldemar II. king of Denmark, he directed the
arms of his crusaders against Esthonia, and the neighbouring
countries of Semgallen and Courland. On these war-wasted
districts he succeeded in imposing a nominal form of
Christianity." The Order of the Sword was subsequently united
with the Teutonic Order, which turned its crusading energies
from the Moslems of the Holy Land to the heathendom of the
Baltic.

_G. F. Maclear,
Apostles of Mediæval Europe,
chapters 15-16._

ALSO IN:
_A. Rambaud,
History of Russia,
volume 1, chapter 9._

See, also
PRUSSIA: 13TH CENTURY.

LLANOS.

See PAMPAS.

LLORENS, Battle of (1645).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1644-1646.

LOANO, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

LOBBY, The.

"'The Lobby' is the name given in America to persons, not
being members of a legislature, who undertake to influence its
members, and thereby to secure the passing of bills. The term
includes both those who, since they hang about the chamber,
and make a regular profession of working upon the members, are
called 'lobbyists,' and those persons who on any particular
occasion may come up to advocate, by argument or solicitation,
any particular measure in which they happen to be interested.
The name, therefore, does not necessarily impute any improper
motive or conduct, though it is commonly used in what Bentham
calls a dyslogistic sense."

_J. Bryce,
The American Commonwealth,
volume 1, appendix note (B) to chapter 16._

LOBOSITZ, OR LOWOSITZ, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1756.

LOCH LEVEN, Mary Stuart's captivity at.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

LOCHLANN.

The Celtic name for Norway, meaning Lakeland.

LOCKE'S CONSTITUTION FOR THE CAROLINAS.

See NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1669-1693.

LOCOFOCOS.

"In 1835, in the city and county of New York, a portion of the
democrats organized themselves into the 'equal rights' party.
At a meeting in Tammany Hall they attempted to embarrass the
proceedings of the democratic nominating committee, by
presenting a chairman in opposition to the one supported by
the regular democrats. Both parties came to a dead lock, and,
in the midst of great confusion, the committee extinguished
the lights. The equal rights men immediately relighted the
room with candles and locofoco matches, with which they had
provided themselves. From this they received the name of
locofocos, a designation which, for a time, was applied to the
whole democratic party by the opposition."

_W. R. Houghton,
History of American Politics,
page 219._

LOCRI.

The city of Locri, or Locri Epizephyrii, an ancient Greek
settlement in Southern Italy, was founded by the Locrians as
early as B. C. 683. The elder Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse,
married a Locrian woman and showed great favor to the city, of
which he acquired control; but it suffered terribly from his
son, the younger Dionysius, who transferred his residence to
Locri when first driven from Syracuse.

LOCRIANS, The.

See LOKRIANS.

LODGER FRANCHISE.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1884-1885.

LODI, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

LODI, Treaty of (1454).

See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454;
and ITALY: A. D. 1447-1480.

LOEN, OR STADTLOHN, Battle of (1623).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1621-1623.

LŒTIC COLONIES.

During and after the civil wars of the declining years of the
Roman empire, large numbers of Germans were enlisted in the
service of the rival factions, and were recompensed by gifts
of land, on which they settled as colonists. "They were called
Lœti, and the colonies lœtic colonies, probably from the
German word 'leute,' people, because they were regarded as the
people or men of the empire."

_P. Godwin,
History of France: Ancient Gaul,
book 3, chapter 9, foot-note._

LOG, The.

See EPHAH.

LOG CABIN AND HARD CIDER CAMPAIGN.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1840.

LOGAN CROSS ROADS, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).

LOGAN'S WRONGS. LOGAN'S WAR. LOGAN'S FAMOUS SPEECH.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

LÖGBERG, The.

See THING.

LOGI, The.

See BRITAIN: CELTIC TRIBES.

LOGISTÆ AND EUTHYNI, The.

"In Athens, all accounts, with the exception of those of the
generals, were rendered to the logistæ and euthyni. Both
authorities, before and after the archonship of Euclid,
existed together at the same time. Their name itself shows
that the logistæ were auditors of accounts. The euthyni were
in immediate connection with them. … The logistæ were the
principal persons in the auditing board."

_A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of Athens
(translated by Lamb),
book 2, chapter 8._

{2032}

LOGOGRAPHI, The.

The earlier Ionian Greek historians "confined their attention
to the circle of myths and antiquities connected with single
families, single cities and districts. These were the Ionic
'logographi,' so called because they noted down in easy
narrative the remarkable facts that they had collected and
obtained by inquiry as to the foundation of the cities, the
myths of the prehistoric age, and the natural, political, and
social condition of different countries."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 3, chapter 3 (volume 2)._

LOGOTHETES.

A class of officers created under Justinian for the
administration of the imperial finances in Italy, after its
conquest from the Goths. Their functions corresponded with
those of a modern auditor, or comptroller.

_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 5, chapter 15 (volume 4)._

LOGSTOWN.

About the middle of the 18th century, Logstown was "an
important Indian village a little below the site of the
present city of Pittsburg. Here usually resided Tanacharisson,
a Seneca chief of great note, being head sachem of the mixed
tribes which had migrated to the Ohio and its branches. He was
generally surnamed the half-king, being subordinate to the
Iroquois confederacy."

_W. Irving,
Life of Washington,
volume 1, chapter 5._

LOIDIS.

See ELMET.

LOJA: Sieges and capture by the Spaniards (1482-1483).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1476-1492.

LOJERA, Battle of (1353).

See CONSTANTINOPLE: A. D. 1348-1355.

LOKRIANS, The.

"The coast [of Greece, in ancient times] opposite to the
western side of Eubœa, from the neighbourhood of Thermopylæ as
far as the Bœotian frontier at Anthedon, was possessed by the
Lokrians, whose northern frontier town, Alpeni, was
conterminous with the Malians. There was, however, one narrow
strip of Phokis—the town of Daphnus, where the Phokians also
touched the Eubœan sea—which broke this continuity and
divided the Lokrians into two sections,—Lokrians of Mount
Knemis, or Epiknemidian Lokrians, and Lokrians of Opus, or
Opuntian Lokrians. … Besides these two sections of the
Lokrian name, there was also a third, completely separate, and
said to have been colonised from Opus,—the Lokrians surnamed
Ozolæ,—who dwelt apart on the western side of Phokis, along
the northern coast of the Corinthian Gulf. … Opus prided
itself on being the mother-city of the Lokrian name. … The
whole length of this Lokrian coast is celebrated for its
beauty and fertility, both by ancient and modern observers."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 3 (volume 2)._

LOLLARDS. The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1360-1414;
and BEGUINES.—BEGHARDS.

LOLLARDS' TOWER.

When the persecution of the Lollards, or disciples of Wyclif,
began in England, under Henry IV., the prisons were soon
crowded, and the Archbishop of Canterbury found need of
building an additional tower to his palace at Lambeth for the
custody of them. The Lollards' Tower, as it was named, is
still standing, with the rings in its walls to which the
captives were chained.

LOMBARDS, OR LANGOBARDI.
Early history.

"The Langobardi … are ennobled by the smallness of their
numbers; since, though surrounded by many powerful nations,
they derive security, not from obsequiousness, but from their
martial enterprise."

_Tacitus,
Germany,
Oxford translation,
chapter 40._

"In the reign of Augustus, the Langobardi dwelt on this side
the Elbe, between Luneburg and Magdeburg. When conquered and
driven beyond the Elbe by Tiberius, they occupied that part of
the country where are now Prignitz, Ruppin, and part of the
Middle Marche. They afterward founded the Lombard kingdom in
Italy."

_Tacitus,
Germany,
Oxford translation,
Translator's note._

The etymology which explains the name of the Lombards or
Langobardi by finding in it a reference to the length of their
beards is questioned by some modern writers. Sheppard ("Fall
of Rome") conjectures that the name originally meant
"long-spears" rather than "long-beards." Other writers derive
the name "from the district they inhabited on the banks of the
Elbe, where Börde (or Bord) still signifies 'a fertile plain
by the side of a river,' and a district near Magdeburg is
still called the lange Börde. According to this view,
Langobardi would signify 'inhabitants of the long bord of the
river'; and traces of their name are supposed still to occur
in such names as Bardengau and Bardewick, in the neighbourhood
of the Elbe."

_Dr. W. Smith,
Note to Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 42._

From the Elbe the Langobardi moved in time to the Danube.
"Here they encountered the Gepidæ, who, … after having taken
a leading part in the defeat and dispersion of the Huns in the
great battle of Netad [A. D. 453], had settled in the plains
of Upper Hungary and on the Transylvanian hills. For thirty
years these two powerful tribes continued a contest in which
both sides sought the assistance of the Greek emperor, and
both were purposely encouraged in their rivalry with a view to
their common destruction." In 566 the struggle was decided by
a tremendous battle in which the Gepidæ were crushed. The
Lombards, in this last encounter, had secured the aid of the
pretended Avars, then lately arrived on the Danube; but the
prestige of the overwhelming victory attached itself to the
name of the young Lombard king, Alboin. "In the days of
Charlemagne, the songs of the German peasant still told of his
beauty, his heroic qualities, and the resistless vigour of his
sword. His renown crossed the Alps, and fell, with a
foreboding sound, upon the startled ears of the Italians, now
experienced in the varied miseries of invasion."

_J. G. Sheppard,
Fall of Rome,
lecture 6._

LOMBARDS: A. D. 568-573.
Conquests and settlement in Italy.

When the Lombards and the Avars crushed the nation of the
Gepidæ (see AVARS), in 566, it was one of the terms of the
bargain between them that the former should surrender to the
Avars, not only the conquered territory—in Wallachia,
Moldavia, Transylvania and part of Hungary—but, also, their
own homes in Pannonia and Noricum. No doubt the ambitious
Lombard king, Alboin, had thoughts of an easy conquest of
Italy in his mind when he assented to so strange an agreement.
Fourteen years before, the Lombard warriors had traversed the
sunny peninsula in the army of Narses, as friends and allies
of the Roman-Greeks.
{2033}
The recollection of its charms, and of its still surviving
wealth, invited them to return. Their old leader, Narses, had
been deposed from the exarchate at Ravenna; it is possible
that he encouraged their coming. "It was not an army, but an
entire nation, which descended the Alps of Friuli in the year
568. The exarch Longinus, who had succeeded Narses, shut
himself up within the walls of Ravenna, and offered no other
resistance. Pavia, which had been well fortified by the kings
of the Ostrogoths, closed its gates, and sustained a siege of
four years. Several other towns, Padua, Monzelice, and Mantua,
opposed their isolated forces, but with less perseverance. The
Lombards advanced slowly into the country, but still they
advanced; at their approach, the inhabitants fled to the
fortified towns upon the sea coast in the hope of being
relieved by the Greek fleet, or at least of finding a refuge
in the ships, if it became necessary to surrender the place.
… The islands of Venice received the numerous fugitives from
Venetia, and at their head the patriarch of Aquileia, who took
up his abode at Grado; Ravenna opened its gates to the
fugitives from the two banks of the Po; Genoa to those from
Liguria; the inhabitants of La Romagna, between Rimini and
Ancona, retired to the cities of the Pentapolis; Pisa, Rome,
Gaeta, Naples, Amalfi, and all the maritime towns of the south
of Italy were peopled at the same time by crowds of
fugitives."

_J. C. L. de Sismondi,
Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 11 (volume 1)._

"From the Trentine hills to the gates of Ravenna and Rome, the
inland regions of Italy became, without a battle or a siege,
the lasting patrimony of the Lombards. … One city, which had
been diligently fortified by the Goths, resisted the arms of a
new invader; and, while Italy was subdued by the flying
detachments of the Lombards, the royal camp was fixed above
three years before the western gate of Ticinum, or Pavia. …
The impatient besieger had bound himself by a tremendous oath
that age, and sex, and dignity should be confounded in a
general massacre. The aid of famine at length enabled him to
execute his bloody vow; but as Alboin entered the gate his
horse stumbled, fell, and could not be raised from the ground.
One of his attendants was prompted by compassion, or piety, to
interpret this miraculous sign of the wrath of Heaven: the
conqueror paused and relented. … Delighted with the
situation of a city which was endeared to his pride by the
difficulty of the purchase, the prince of the Lombards
disdained the ancient glories of Milan; and Pavia during some
ages was respected as the capital of the kingdom of Italy."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 45._

LOMBARDS: A. D. 573-754.
Their kingdom.

Alboin survived but a short time the conquest of his Italian
kingdom. He was murdered in June, 573, at the instigation of
his wife, the Gepid princess Rosamond, whose alliance with him
had been forced and hateful. His successor, Clef, or Clepho, a
chief elected by the assembly of the nation at Pavia, reigned
but eighteen months, when he, too, was murdered. After a
distracted period of ten years, in which there was no king,
the young son of Clepho, named Autharis, came to manhood and
was raised to the throne. "Under the standard of their new
king, the conquerors of Italy withstood three successive
invasions [of the Franks and the Alemanni], one of which was
led by Childebert himself, the last of the Merovingian race
who descended from the Alps. … During a period of 200 years
Italy was unequally divided between the kingdom of the
Lombards and the exarchate of Ravenna. … From Pavia, the
royal seat, their kingdom [that of the Lombards] was extended
to the east, the north, and the west, as far as the confines
of the Avars, the Bavarians, and the Franks of Austrasia and
Burgundy. In the language of modern geography, it is now
represented by the Terra Firma of the Venetian republic,
Tyrol, the Milanese, Piedmont, the coast of Genoa, Mantua,
Parma, and Modena, the grand duchy of Tuscany, and a large
portion of the ecclesiastical state from Perugia to the
Adriatic. The dukes, and at length the princes, of Beneventum,
survived the monarchy, and propagated the name of the
Lombards. From Capua to Tarentum, they reigned near 500 years
over the greatest part of the present kingdom of Naples."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 45._

LOMBARDS: A. D. 754-774.
The Fall of their monarchy.
Charlemagne's conquest.

Until 754 the Lombard kings pursued a generally prosperous
career of aggrandizement, in Italy. They had succeeded, at the
last, in expelling the exarchs of the Eastern Empire from
Ravenna and in taking possession of that capital, with much of
the territory and many of the cities in central Italy which
depended on it. These successes inflamed their determination
to acquire Rome, which had practically resumed its
independence, and theoretically reconstituted itself a
republic, with the Pope, in fact, ruling it as an actual
prince. In 753 the Papal chair was filled by Stephen II. and
the Lombard throne by King Aistaulf, or Astolphus. The former,
being newly threatened by the latter, made a journey to the
court of the Frank king, Pippin, to solicit his aid. Pippin
was duly grateful for the sanction which the preceding pope
had given to his seizure of the Merovingian crown, and he
responded to the appeal in a vigorous way. In a short campaign
beyond the Alps, in 754, he extorted from the Lombard king a
promise to make over the cities of the exarchate to the Pope
and to respect his domain. But the promise was broken as soon
as made. The Franks were hardly out of Italy before Aistulf
was ravaging the environs of Rome and assailing its gates. On
this provocation Pippin came back the next year and humbled
the Lombard more effectually, stripping him of additional
territory, for the benefit of the Pope, taking heavy ransom
and tributes from him, and binding him by oaths and hostages
to acknowledge the supremacy of the king of the Franks. This
chastisement sufficed for nearly twenty years; but in 773 the
Pope (now Hadrian) was driven once more to appeal to the Frank
monarch for protection against his northern neighbors. Pippin
was dead and his great son Charles, or Charlemagne, had
quarrels of his own with Lombardy to second the Papal call. He
passed the Alps at the head of a powerful army, reduced Pavia
after a year-long siege and made a complete conquest of the
kingdom, immuring its late king in a cloister for the
remainder of his days. He also confirmed, it is said, the
territorial "donations" of his father to the Holy See and
added some provinces to them. "Thus the kingdom of the
Lombards, after a stormy existence of over two hundred years,
was forever extinguished.
{2034}
Comprising Piedmont, Genoa, the Milanese, Tuscany, and several
smaller states, it constituted the most valuable acquisition,
perhaps, the Franks had lately achieved. Their limits were
advanced by it from the Alps to the Tiber; yet, in the
disposal of his spoil, the magnanimous conqueror regarded the
forms of government which had been previously established. He
introduced no changes that were not deemed indispensable. The
native dukes and counts were confirmed in their dignities; the
national law was preserved, and the distributions of land
maintained, Karl receiving the homage of the Lombard lords as
their feudal sovereign, and reserving to himself only the name
of King of Lombardy."

_P. Godwin,
History of France: Ancient Gaul,
chapters 15-16._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 49._

_J. I. Mombert,
Charlemagne,
book 1, chapter 2,
and book 2, chapter 2._

_J. Bryce,
The Holy Roman Empire,
chapters 4-5._

See, also,
PAPACY: A. D. 728-774.

----------LOMBARDY: Start--------

LOMBARDY: A. D. 754.
Charlemagne's reconstitution of the kingdom.

See LOMBARDS: A. D. 754-774.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 961-1039.
The subjection to Germany.

See ITALY: A. D. 961-1039.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1056-1152.
The rise of the Republican cities.

See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1154-1183.
The wars of Frederick Barbarossa against the Communes.
The League of Lombardy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1154-1162, to 1174-1183;
and FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
MEDIÆVAL LEAGUE OF LOMBARDY.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1183-1250.
The conflict with Frederick II.

See ITALY: A. D. 1183-1250.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1250-1520.
The Age of the Despots.

See ITALY: A. D. 1250-1520.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1277-1447.
Rise and domination of the Visconti of Milan, and the
dissolution of their threatening tyranny.

See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1310-1313.
Visit of the Emperor Henry VII.
His coronation with the Iron Crown.

See ITALY: A. D. 1310-1313.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1327-1330.
Visit and coronation of Louis IV. of Bavaria.

See ITALY: A. D. 1313-1330.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1360-1391.
The Free Companies and the wars with Florence
and with the Pope.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1393.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1412-1422.
Reconquest by Filippo Maria Visconti, third duke of Milan.

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1447-1454.
Disputed succession of the Visconti in Milan.
The duchy seized by Francesco Sforza.
War of Venice, Naples, and other States against Milan and
Florence.

See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1492-1544.
The struggle for the Milanese territory, until its acquisition
by the Spanish crown.

See references under MILAN: A. D. 1492-1496, to 1544.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1713.
Cession of the duchy of Milan to Austria.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1745-1746.
Occupied by the Spaniards and French
and recovered by the Austrians.

See ITALY: A. D. 1745; and 1746-1747.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1749-1792.
Under Austrian rule, after the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.

See ITALY: A. D. 1749-1792.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1796-1797.
Conquest by Bonaparte.
Creation of the Cisalpine Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER);
1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL);
and 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER).

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1799.
French evacuation.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1800.
Recovery by the French.

See FRANCE: A: D. 1800-1801 (MAY-FEBRUARY).

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1805.
The Iron Crown bestowed on Napoleon, as King of Italy.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1814.
French evacuation.

See ITALY: A. D. 1814.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1814-1815.
Restored to Austria.
Formation of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (APRIL-JUNE);
VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF;
ITALY: A. D. 1814-1815;
and AUSTRIA: A. D. 1815-1846.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1848-1849.
The struggle for freedom from Austrian misrule
and its failure.

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

LOMBARDY: A. D. 1859.
Emancipation from the Austrians.
Absorption in the kingdom of Italy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861.

----------LOMBARDY: End----------

LOMBARDY, The iron crown of.

The crown of the Lombard kings was lined with an iron band,
believed to have been wrought of the nails used in the
Crucifixion. Hence it was called the Iron Crown.

_J. I. Mombert,
History of Charles the Great,
book 2, chapter 2._

LONATO, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

LONDINIUM.
The Roman name of the city of London.

See LONDON.

----------LONDON: Start----------

LONDON:
The origin of the city and its name.

"When Plautius [Aulus Plautius, who, in the reign of the
Emperor Claudius, A. D. 43, led the second Roman invasion of
Britain, that of Cæsar having been the first] withdrew his
soldiers from the marshes they had vainly attempted to cross,
he, no doubt, encamped them somewhere in the neighbourhood. I
believe the place was London. The name of London refers
directly to the marshes, though I cannot here enter into a
philological argument to prove the fact. At London the Roman
general was able both to watch his enemy and to secure the
conquests he had made, while his ships could supply him with
all the necessaries he required. When, in the autumn of the
year 43, he drew the lines of circumvallation round his camp,
I believe he founded the present metropolis of Britain. The
notion entertained by some antiquaries that a British town
preceded the Roman camp has no foundation to rest upon, and is
inconsistent with all we know of the early geography of this
part of Britain."

_E. Guest,
Origines Celticæ,
volume 2, part 2, chapter 13._

"Old as it is, London is far from being one of the oldest of
British cities; till the coming of the Romans, indeed, the
loneliness of its site seems to have been unbroken by any
settlement whatever. The 'dun' was, in fact, the centre of a
vast wilderness. … We know nothing of the settlement of the
town; but its advantages as the first landing-place along the
Thames secured for it at once the command of all trading
intercourse with Gaul, and through Gaul with the empire at
large. So rapid was its growth that only a few years after the
landing of Claudius [who joined Aulus Plautius in the autumn of
43] London had risen into a flourishing port."

_J. R. Green,
The Making of England,
chapter 3._

{2035}

"The derivation of 'Londinium' from 'Llyn·din,' the lake fort,
seems to agree best with the situation and the history. The
Roman could not frame to pronounce the British word 'Llyn,' a
word which must have sounded to his ears very much like
'Clun,' or 'Lun,' and the fact, if it is a fact, that Llyn was
turned into Lon, goes to increase the probability that this is
the correct derivation of the name. The first founder called
his fastness the 'Fort of the Lake,' and this is all that
remains of him or it. … London was in those days
emphatically a Llyndin, the river itself being more like a
broad lake than a stream, and behind the fortress lying the
great northern lake,' as a writer so late as Fitzstephen calls
it, where is now Moorfields. I take it, it was something very
like an island, if not quite—a piece of high ground rising
out of lake, and swamp, and estuary."

_W. J. Loftie,
History of London,
chapter 1, and foot-note._

LONDON: A. D. 61.
Destruction by the Iceni.

Londinium was one of the Roman towns in Britain destroyed by
the Iceni, at the time of the furious insurrection to which
they were incited by their outraged queen Boadicea, A. D. 61.
It "was crowded with Roman residents, crowded still more at
this moment with fugitives from the country towns and villas:
but it was undefended by walls, its population of traders was
of little account in military eyes, and Suetonius sternly
determined to leave it, with all the wealth it harboured, to
the barbarians, rather than sacrifice his soldiers in the
attempt to save it. … Amidst the overthrow of the great
cities of southern Britain, not less than 70,000 Roman
colonists … perished. The work of twenty years was in a
moment undone. Far and wide every vestige of Roman
civilization was trodden into the soil. At this day the
workmen who dig through the foundations of the Norman and the
Saxon London, strike beneath them on the traces of a double
Roman city, between which lies a mass of charred and broken
rubbish, attesting the conflagration of the terrible
Boadicea."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 51._

LONDON: 4th Century.
The Roman Augusta and its walls.