Chapter 3: , page 89 (11)

"Mohegans, Munsees, Manhattans, Metöacs, and other affiliated
tribes and bands of Algonquin lineage, inhabited the banks of
the Hudson and the islands, bay and seaboard of New York,
including Long Island, during the early periods of the rise of
the Iroquois Confederacy. … The Mohegans finally retired
over the Highlands east of them into the valley of the
Housatonic. The Munsees and Nanticokes retired to the Delaware
river and reunited with their kindred, the Lenapees, or modern
Delawares. The Manhattans, and numerous other bands and
sub-tribes melted away under the influence of liquor and died
in their tracks."

_H. R. Schoolcraft,
Notes on the Iroquois,
chapter 5._

{78}

"On the basis of a difference in dialect, that portion of the
Algonquin Indians which dwelt in New England has been classed
in two divisions, one consisting of those who inhabited what
is now the State of Maine, nearly up to its western border,
the other consisting of the rest of the native population. The
Maine Indians may have been some 15,000 in number, or somewhat
less than a third of the native population of New England.
That portion of them who dwelt furthest towards the east were
known by the name of Etetchemins. The Abenaquis, including the
Tarratines, hunted on both sides of the Penobscot, and
westward as far as the Saco, if not quite to the Piscataqua.
The tribes found in the rest of New England were designated by
a greater variety of names. The home of the Penacook or
Pawtucket Indians was in the southeast corner of what is now
New Hampshire and the contiguous region of Massachusetts. Next
dwelt the Massachusetts tribe, along the bay of that name.
Then were found successively the Pokanokets, or Wampanoags, in
the southeasterly region of Massachusetts, and by Buzzard's
and Narragansett Bays; the Narragansetts, with a tributary
race called Nyantics in what is now the western part of the
State of Rhode Island; the Pequots, between the Narragansetts
and the river formerly called the Pequot River, now the
Thames; and the Mohegans, spreading themselves beyond the
River Connecticut. In the central region of Massachusetts were
the Nipmucks, or Nipnets; and along Cape Cod were the Nausets,
who appeared to have owed some fealty to the Pokanokets. The
New England Indians exhibited an inferior type of humanity.
… Though fleet and agile when excited to some occasional
effort, they were found to be incapable of continuous labor.
Heavy and phlegmatic, they scarcely wept or smiled."

_J. G. Palfrey,
Compendious History of New England,
book 1, chapter 3 (volume 1)_.

"The valley of the 'Cahohatatea,' or Mauritius River [i. e.,
the Hudson River, as now named] at the time Hudson first
ascended its waters, was inhabited, chiefly, by two aboriginal
races of Algonquin lineage, afterwards known among the English
colonists by the generic names of Mohegans and Mincees. The
Dutch generally called the Mohegans, Mahicans; and the
Mincees, Sanhikans. These two tribes were subdivided into
numerous minor bands, each of which had a distinctive name.
The tribes on the east side of the river were generally
Mohegans; those on the west side, Mincees. They were
hereditary enemies. … Long Island, or 'Sewan-hacky,' was
occupied by the savage tribe of Metowacks, which was
subdivided into various clans. … Staten Island, on the
opposite side of the bay, was inhabited by the Monatons. …
Inland, to the west, lived the Raritans and the Hackinsacks;
while the regions in the vicinity of the well-known
'Highlands,' south of Sandy Hook, were inhabited by a band or
sub-tribe called the Nevesincks or Navisinks. … To the south
and west, covering the centre of New Jersey, were the
Aquamachukes and the Stankekans; while the valley of the
Delaware, northward from the Schuylkill, was inhabited by
various tribes of the Lenape race. … The island of the
Manhattans" was occupied by the tribe which received that name
(see MANHATTAN). On the shores of the river, above, dwelt the
Tappans, the Weckquaesgeeks, the Sint Sings, "whose chief
village was named Ossin-Sing, or 'the Place of Stones,'" the
Pachami, the Waorinacks, the Wappingers, and the
Waronawankongs. "Further north, and occupying the present
counties of Ulster and Greene, were the Minqua clans of
Minnesincks, Nanticokes, Mincees, and Delawares. These clans
had pressed onward from the upper valley of the Delaware. …
They were generally known among the Dutch as the Æsopus
Indians."

_J. R Brodhead,
History of the State of New York,
volume 1, chapter 3_

"The area formerly occupied by the Algonquian family was more
extensive than that of any other linguistic stock in North
America, their territory reaching from Labrador to the Rocky
Mountains, and from Churchill River of Hudson Bay as far south
at least as Pamlico Sound of North Carolina. In the eastern
part of this territory was an area occupied by Iroquoian
tribes, surrounded on almost all sides by their Algonquian
neighbors. On the south the Algonquian tribes were bordered by
those of Iroquoian and Siouan (Catawba) stock, on the
southwest and west by the Muskhogean and Siouan tribes, and on
the northwest by the Kitunahan and the great Athapascan
families, while along the coast of Labrador and the eastern
shore of Hudson Bay they came in contact with the Eskimo, who
were gradually retreating before them to the north. In
Newfoundland they encountered the Beothukan family, consisting
of but a single tribe. A portion of the Shawnee at some early
period had separated from the main body of the tribe in
central Tennessee and pushed their way down to the Savannah
River in South Carolina, where, known as Savannahs, they
carried on destructive wars with the surrounding tribes until
about the beginning of the 18th century they were finally
driven out and joined the Delaware in the north. Soon
afterwards the rest of the tribe was expelled by the Cherokee
and Chicasa, who thenceforward claimed all the country
stretching north to the Ohio River. The Cheyenne and Arapaho,
two allied tribes of this stock, had become separated from
their kindred on the north and had forced their way through
hostile tribes across the Missouri to the Black Hills country
of South Dakota, and more recently into Wyoming and Colorado,
thus forming the advance guard of the Algonquian stock in that
direction, having the Siouan tribes behind them and those of
the Shoshonean family in front. [The following are the]
principal tribes: Abnaki, Algonquin, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Conoy,
Cree, Delaware, Fox, Illinois, Kickapoo, Mahican, Massachuset,
Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Montagnais, Montauk,
Munsee, Nanticoke, Narraganset, Nauset, Nipmuc, Ojibwa,
Ottawa, Pamlico, Pennacook, Pequot, Piankishaw, Pottawotomi,
Powhatan, Sac, Shawnee, Siksika, Wampanoag, Wappinger. The
present number of the Algonquian stock is about 95,600, of
whom about 60,000 are in Canada and the remainder in the
United States."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
pages 47-48._

ALSO IN
_J. W. De Forest,
History of the Indians of Connecticut._

_A. Gallatin,
Synopsis of the Indian Tribes
(Archæologia Americana, volume 2),
intro., section 2._

_S. G. Drake,
Aboriginal Races of North America,
book 2-3._

See, also, below:
DELAWARES; HORIKANS; SHAWANESE; SUSQUEHANNAS; OJIBWAS;
ILLINOIS.

For the Indian wars of New England,

See NEW ENGLAND:
A. D. 1637 (THE PEQUOT WAR);
A. D. 1674-1675 to 1676-1678 (KING PHILIP'S WAR).

See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR.

{79}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Alibamus, or Alabamas.

See below: MUSKHOOEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Alleghans, or Allegewi, or Talligewi.

"The oldest tribe of the United States, of which there is a
distinct tradition, were the Alleghans. The term is
perpetuated in the principal chain of mountains traversing the
country. This tribe, at an antique period, had the seat of
their power in the Ohio Valley and its confluent streams,
which were the sites of their numerous towns and villages.
They appear originally to have borne the name of Alli, or
Alleg, and hence the names of Talligewi and Allegewi. (Trans.
Am. Phi. Society, volume 1.) By adding to the radical of this
word the particle 'hany' or 'ghany,' meaning river, they
described the principal scene of their residence—namely, the
Alleghany, or River of the Alleghans, now called Ohio. The
word Ohio is of Iroquois origin, and of a far later period;
having been bestowed by them after their conquest of the
country, in alliance with the Lenapees, or ancient Delawares.
(Phi. Trans.) The term was applied to the entire river, from
its confluence with the Mississippi, to its origin in the
broad spurs of the Alleghanies, in New York and Pennsylvania.
… There are evidences of antique labors in the alluvial
plains and valleys of the Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum, the
Wabash, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Illinois, denoting that the
ancient Alleghans, and their allies and confederates,
cultivated the soil, and were semi-agriculturists. These
evidences have been traced, at late periods, to the fertile
table-lands of Indiana and Michigan. The tribes lived in fixed
towns, cultivating extensive fields of the zea-maize; and
also, as denoted by recent discoveries, … of some species of
beans, vines, and esculents. They were, in truth, the mound
builders."

_H. R. Schoolcraft,
Information respecting the Indian Tribes,
part 5, page 133._

This conclusion, to which Mr. Schoolcraft had arrived, that
the ancient Alleghans or Tallegwi were the mound builders of
the Ohio Valley is being sustained by later investigators, and
seems to have become an accepted opinion among those of
highest authority. The Alleghans, moreover, are being
identified with the Cherokees of later times, in whom their
race, once supposed to be extinct, has apparently survived;
while the fact, long suspected, that the Cherokee language is
of the Iroquois family is being proved by the latest studies.
According to Indian tradition, the Alleghans were driven from
their ancient seats, long ago, by a combination against them
of the Lenape (Delawares) and the Mengwe (Iroquois). The route
of their migrations is being traced by the character of the
mounds which they built, and of the remains gathered from the
mounds. "The general movement [of retreat before the Iroquois
and Lenape] … must have been southward, … and the exit of
the Ohio mound-builders was, in all probability, up the
Kanawah Valley on the same line that the Cherokees appear to
have followed in reaching their historical locality. … If
the hypothesis here advanced be correct, it is apparent that
the Cherokees entered the immediate valley of the Mississippi
from the northwest, striking it in the region of Iowa."

_C. Thomas,
The Problem of the Ohio Mounds
(Bureau of Ethnology, 1889)._

ALSO IN
_C. Thomas,
Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States
(Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84)._

_J. Heckewelder,
Account of the Indian Nations,
chapter 1._

See, below:
CHEROKEES, and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY;
also AMERICA, PREHISTORIC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Amahuacas.

See below: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Andastés.

See below: SUSQUEHANNAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Andesians.

"The term Andesians or Antesians, is used with geographical
rather than ethnological limits, and embraces a number of
tribes. First of these are the Cofan in Equador, east of
Chimborazo. They fought valiantly against the Spaniards, and
in times past killed many of the missionaries sent among them.
Now they are greatly reduced and have become more gentle. The
Huamaboya are their near neighbors. The Jivara, west of the
river Pastaca, are a warlike tribe, who, possibly through a
mixture of Spanish blood, have a European cast of countenance
and a beard. The half Christian Napo or Quijo and their
peaceful neighbors, the Zaporo, live on the Rio Napo. The
Yamco, living on the lower Chambiva and crossing the Marañon,
wandering as far as Saryacu, have a clearer complexion. The
Pacamora and the Yuguarzongo live on the Maranon, where it
leaves its northerly course and bends toward the east. The
Cochiquima live on the lower Yavari; the Mayoruna, or Barbudo,
on the middle Ucayali beside the Campo and Cochibo, the most
terrible of South American Indians; they dwell in the woods
between the Tapiche and the Marañon, and like the Jivaro have
a beard. The Pano, who formerly dwelt in the territory of
Lalaguna, but who now live in villages on the upper Ucayali,
are Christians. … Their language is the principal one on the
river, and it is shared by seven other tribes called
collectively by the missionaries Manioto or Mayno. … Within
the woods on the right bank live the Amahuaca and Shacaya. On
the north they join the Remo, a powerful tribe who are
distinguished from all the others by the custom of tattooing.
Outside this Pano linguistic group stand the Campa, Campo, or
Antis on the east slope of the Peruvian Cordillera at the
source of the Rio Beni and its tributaries. The Chontaquiros,
or Piru, now occupy almost entirely the bank of the Ucayali
below the Pachilia. The Mojos or Moxos live in the Bolivian
province of Moxos with the small tribes of the Baure, Itonama,
Pacaguara. A number of smaller tribes belonging to the
Antesian group need not be enumerated. The late Professor
James Orton described the Indian tribes of the territory
between Quito and the river Amazon. The Napo approach the type
of the Quichua. … Among all the Indians of the Provincia del
Oriente, the tribe of Jivaro is one of the largest. These
people are divided into a great number of sub-tribes. All of
these speak the clear musical Jivaro language. They are
muscular, active men. … The Morona are cannibals in the full
sense of the word. … The Campo, still very little known, is
perhaps the largest Indian tribe in Eastern Peru, and,
according to some, is related to the Inca race, or at least
with their successors. They are said to be cannibals, though
James Orton does not think this possible. … The nearest
neighbors of the Campo are the Chontakiro, or Chontaquiro, or
Chonquiro, called also Piru, who, according to Paul Marcoy,
are said to be of the same origin with the Campo; but the
language is wholly different. … Among the Pano people are
the wild Conibo; they are the most interesting, but are
passing into extinction."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, editor),
volume 6, pages 227-231._

{80}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Apache Group [Footnote: See Note, Appendix E.]

Under the general name of the Apaches "I include all the
savage tribes roaming through New Mexico, the north-western
portion of Texas, a small part of northern Mexico, and
Arizona. … Owing to their roving proclivities and incessant
raids they are led first in one direction and then in another.
In general terms they may be said to range about as follows:
The Comanches, Jetans, or Nauni, consisting of three tribes,
the Comanches proper, the Yamparacks, and Tenawas, inhabiting
northern Texas, eastern Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila,
Durango, and portions of south-western New Mexico, by language
allied to the Shoshone family; the Apaches, who call
themselves Shis Inday, or 'men of the woods,' and whose tribal
divisions are the Chiricaguis, Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños,
Lipanes, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones,
Pinaleños, Tejuas, Tontos, and Vaqueros, roaming over New
Mexico, Arizona, North-western Texas, Chihuahua and Sonora,
and who are allied by language to the great Tinneh family; the
Navajos, or Tenuai, 'men,' as they designate themselves,
having linguistic affinities with the Apache nation, with
which they are sometimes classed, living in and around the
Sierra de los Mimbres; the Mojaves, occupying both banks of
the Colorado in Mojave Valley; the Hualapais, near the
head-waters of Bill Williams Fork; the Yumas, on the east bank
of the Colorado, near its junction with the Rio Gila; the
Cosninos, who, like the Hualapais, are sometimes included in
the Apache nation, ranging through the Mogollon Mountains; and
the Yampais, between Bill Williams Fork and the Rio
Hassayampa. … The Apache country is probably the most desert
of all. … In both mountain and desert the fierce, rapacious
Apache, inured from childhood to hunger and thirst, and heat
and cold, finds safe retreat. … The Pueblos … are nothing
but partially reclaimed Apaches or Comanches."

_H. H. Bancroft,
Native Races of the Pacific States,
volume 1, chapter 5_.

Dr. Brinton prefers the name Yuma for the whole of
the Apache Group, confining the name Apache (that being the
Yuma word for "fighting men") to the one tribe so called. "It
has also been called the Katchan or Cuchan stock."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
page 109._

See, also, below: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Apalaches.

"Among the aboriginal tribes of the United States perhaps none
is more enigmatical than the Apalaches. They are mentioned as
an important nation by many of the early French and Spanish
travellers and historians, their name is preserved by a bay
and river on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and by the
great eastern coast range of mountains, and has been applied
by ethnologists to a family of cognate nations that found
their hunting grounds from the Mississippi to the Atlantic and
from the Ohio river to the Florida Keys; yet, strange to say,
their own race and place have been but guessed at." The
derivation of the name of the Apalaches "has been a 'questio
vexata' among Indianologists." We must "consider it an
indication of ancient connections with the southern continent,
and in itself a pure Carib word. 'Apáliché' in the Tamanaca
dialect of the Guaranay stem on the Orinoco signifies 'man,'
and the earliest application of the name in the northern
continent was as the title of the chief of a country, 'l'homme
par excellence,' and hence, like very many other Indian tribes
(Apaches, Lenni Lenape, Illinois), his subjects assumed by
eminence the proud appellation of 'The Men.' … We have …
found that though no general migration took place from the
continent southward, nor from the islands northward, yet there
was a considerable intercourse in both directions; that not
only the natives of the greater and lesser Antilles and
Yucatan, but also numbers of the Guaranay stem of the southern
continent, the Caribs proper, crossed the Straits of Florida
and founded colonies on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico; that
their customs and language became to a certain extent grafted
upon those of the early possessors of the soil; and to this
foreign language the name Apalache belongs. As previously
stated, it was used as a generic title, applied to a
confederation of many nations at one time under the domination
of one chief, whose power probably extended from the Alleghany
mountains on the north to the shore of the Gulf; that it
included tribes speaking a tongue closely akin to the Choktah
is evident from the fragments we have remaining. … The
location of the tribe in after years is very uncertain. Dumont
placed them in the northern part of what is now Alabama and
Georgia, near the mountains that bear their name. That a
portion of them did live in this vicinity is corroborated by
the historians of South Carolina, who say that Colonel Moore,
in 1703, found them 'between the head-waters of the Savannah
and Altamaha.' … According to all the Spanish authorities,
on the other hand, they dwelt in the region of country between
the Suwannee and Appalachicola rivers—yet must not be
confounded with the Apalachicolos. … They certainly had a
large and prosperous town in this vicinity, said to contain
1,000 warriors. … I am inclined to believe that these were
different branches of the same confederacy. … In the
beginning of the 18th century they suffered much from the
devastations of the English, French and Creeks. … About the
time Spain regained possession of the soil, they migrated to
the West and settled on the Bayou Rapide of Red River. Here
they had a village numbering about 50 souls."

_D. G. Brinton,
Notes on the Floridian Peninsula,
chapter 2._

See, also, below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Apelousas.

See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Araicu.

See below: GUCK ON COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Arapahoes.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Araucanians.

See CHILE.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Arawaks, or Arauacas.

See below: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Arecunas.

See below: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Arikaras.

See below: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Arkansas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Assiniboins.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Athapascan Family.
Chippewyans.
Tinneh.
Sarcees [Footnote: See Note, Appendix E.]

"This name [Athapascans or Athabascans] has been applied to a
class of tribes who are situated north of the great Churchill
river, and north of the source of the fork of the
Saskatchawine, extending westward till within about 150 miles
of the Pacific Ocean. … The name is derived, arbitrarily,
from Lake Athabasca, which is now more generally called the
Lake of the Hills. Surrounding this lake extends the tribe of
the Chippewyans, a people so-called by the Kenistenos and
Chippewas, because they were found to be clothed, in some
primary encounter, in the scanty garb of the fisher's skin.
… We are informed by Mackenzie that the territory occupied
by the Chippewyans extends between the parallels of 60° and
65° North and longitudes from 100° to 110° West."

_H. R. Schoolcraft,
Information Respecting the Indian Tribes,
part 5, page 172._

{81}

"The Tinneh may be divided into four great families of
nations; namely, the Chippewyans, or Athabascas, living
between Hudson Bay and the Rocky Mountains; the Tacullies, or
Carriers, of New Caledonia or North-western British America;
the Kutchins, occupying both banks of the Upper Yukon and its
tributaries, from near its mouth to the Mackenzie River, and
the Kenai, inhabiting the interior from the lower Yukon to
Copper River."

_H. H. Bancroft,
The Native Races of the Pacific States,
chapter 2._

"The Indian tribes of Alaska and the adjacent region may be
divided into two groups. …

1. Tinneh—Chippewyans of authors. …
Father Petitot discusses the terms Athabaskans,
Chippewayans, Montagnais, and Tinneh as applied to this group
of Indians. … This great family includes a large number of
American tribes extending from near the mouth of the Mackenzie
south to the borders of Mexico. The Apaches and Navajos belong
to it, and the family seems to intersect the continent of
North America in a northerly and southerly direction,
principally along the flanks of the Rocky Mountains. … The
designation [Tinneh] proposed by Messrs. Ross and Gibbs has
been accepted by most modern ethnologists. …

2. T'linkets, which family includes the Yakutats and other
groups.

_W. H. Dall,
Tribes of the Extreme Northwest
(Contributions to North American Ethnology, volume 1)._

"Wherever found, the members of this group present a certain
family resemblance. In appearance they are tall and strong,
the forehead low with prominent superciliary ridges, the eyes
slightly oblique, the nose prominent but wide toward the base,
the mouth large, the hands and feet small. Their strength and
endurance are often phenomenal, but in the North, at least,
their longevity is slight, few living beyond fifty.
Intellectually they rank below most of their neighbors, and
nowhere do they appear as fosterers of the germs of
civilization. Where, as among the Navajos, we find them having
some repute for the mechanical arts, it turns out that this is
owing to having captured and adopted the members of more
gifted tribes. … Agriculture was not practised either in the
north or south, the only exception being the Navajos, and with
them the inspiration came from other stocks. … The most
cultured of their bands were the Navajos, whose name is said
to signify 'large cornfields,' from their extensive
agriculture. When the Spaniards first met them in 1541 they
were tillers of the soil, erected large granaries for their
crops, irrigated their fields by artificial water courses or
acequias, and lived in substantial dwellings, partly
underground; but they had not then learned the art of weaving
the celebrated 'Navajo blankets,' that being a later
acquisition of their artisans."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
pages 69-72._

See, above, APACHE GROUP, and BLACKFEET.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Atsinas (Caddoes).

See Note, Appendix E.

See below: BLACKFEET.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Attacapan Family.

"Derivation: From a Choctaw word meaning 'man-eater.' Little
is known of the tribe, the language of which forms the basis
of the present family. The sole knowledge possessed by
Gallatin was derived from a vocabulary and some scanty
information furnished by Dr. John Sibley, who collected his
material in the year 1805. Gallatin states that the tribe was
reduced to 50 men. … Mr. Gatschet collected some 2,000 words
and a considerable body of text. His vocabulary differs
considerably from the one furnished by Dr. Sibley and
published by Gallatin. … The above material seems to show
that the Attacapa language is distinct from all others, except
possibly the Chitimachan."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 57._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Aymaras.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Aztecs.

See below: MAYAS;
also MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502;
and AZTEC AND MAYA PICTURE WRITING.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Bakairi.

See below: CARIBS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Balchitas.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Bannacks.

See below: SNOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Barbudo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Baré.

See below: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Baure.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Beothukan Family.

The Beothuk were a tribe, now extinct, which is believed to
have occupied the whole of Newfoundland at the time of its
discovery. What is known of the language of the Beothuk
indicates no relationship to any other American tongue.

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
page 57._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Biloxis.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Blackfeet, or Siksikas.

See Note, Appendix E.

"The tribe that wandered the furthest from the primitive home
of the stock [the Algonquian] were the Blackfeet, or Sisika,
which word has this signification. It is derived from their
earlier habitat in the valley of the Red river of the north,
where the soil was dark and blackened their moccasins. Their
bands include the Blood or Kenai and the Piegan Indians. Half
a century ago they were at the head of a confederacy which
embraced these and also the Sarcee (Tinné) and the Atsina
(Caddo) nations, and numbered about 30,000 souls. They have an
interesting mythology and an unusual knowledge of the
constellations."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
page 79_.

SEE above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;

And, below: FLATHEADS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Blood, or Kenai Indians.

See above: BLACKFEET.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Botocudos.

See below: TUPI. GUARANI. TUPUYAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Brulé:

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Caddoan Family.

See below: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY;

See, also, TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cakchiquels.

See below: QUICHES, and MAYAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Calusa.

See below: TUMUQUANAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cambas, or Campo, or Campa.

See above: ANDESIANS;
also, BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cañares.

See ECUADOR.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Canas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Canichanas.

See BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

{82}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Caniengas.

See below: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cariay.

See below: GUCK OR COCO Group.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Caribs and their Kindred.

"The warlike and unyielding character of these people, so
different from that of the pusillanimous nations around them,
and the wide scope of their enterprises and wanderings, like
those of the nomad tribes of the Old World, entitle them to
distinguished attention. … The traditional accounts of their
origin, though of course extremely vague, are yet capable of
being verified to a great degree by geographical facts, and
open one of the rich veins of curious inquiry and speculation
which abound in the New World. They are said to have migrated
from the remote valleys embosomed in the Apalachian mountains.
The earliest accounts we have of them represent them with
weapons in their hands, continually engaged in wars, winning
their way and shifting their abode, until, in the course of
time, they found themselves at the extremity of Florida. Here,
abandoning the northern continent, they passed over to the
Lucayos [Bahamas], and thence gradually, in the process of
years, from island to island of that vast verdant chain, which
links, as it were, the end of Florida to the coast of Paria,
on the southern continent. The archipelago extending from
Porto Rico to Tobago was their stronghold, and the island of
Guadaloupe in a manner their citadel. Hence they made their
expeditions, and spread the terror of their name through all
the surrounding countries. Swarms of them landed upon the
southern continent, and overran some parts of terra firma.
Traces of them have been discovered far in the interior of
that vast country through which flows the Oroonoko. The Dutch
found colonies of them on the banks of the Ikouteka, which
empties into the Surinam; along the Esquibi, the Maroni, and
other rivers of Guayana; and in the country watered by the
windings of the Cayenne."

_W. Irving,
Life and Voyages of Columbus,
book 6, chapter 3, (volume 1)._

"To this account [substantially as given above] of the origin
of the Insular Charaibes, the generality of historians have
given their assent; but there are doubts attending it that are
not easily solved. If they migrated from Florida, the
imperfect state and natural course of their navigation induce
a belief that traces of them would have been found on those
islands which are near to the Florida shore; let the natives
of the Bahamas, when discovered by Columbus, were evidently a
similar people to those of Hispaniola. Besides, it is
sufficiently known that there existed anciently many numerous
and powerful tribes of Charaibes on the southern peninsula,
extending from the river Oronoko to Essequebe, and throughout
the whole province of Surinam, even to Brazil, some of which
still maintain their independency. … I incline therefore to
the opinion of Martyr, and conclude that the islanders were
rather a colony from the Charaibes of South America, than from
any nation of the North. Rochefort admits that their own
traditions referred constantly to Guiana."

_B. Edwards,
History of British Colonies in the West
Indies, book 1, chapter 2._

"The Carabisce, Carabeesi, Charaibes, Caribs, or Galibis,
originally occupied [in Guiana] the principal rivers, but as
the Dutch encroached upon their possessions they retired
inland, and are now daily dwindling away. According to Mr.
Hillhouse, they could formerly muster nearly 1,000 fighting
men, but are now [1855] scarcely able to raise a tenth part of
that number. … The smaller islands of the Caribbean Sea were
formerly thickly populated by this tribe, but now not a trace of
them remains."

_H. G. Dalton,
History of British Guiana,
volume 1, chapter 1._

_E. F. im Thurn,
Among the Indians of Guiana,
chapter 6._

"Recent researches have shown that the original home of the
stock was south of the Amazon, and probably in the highlands
at the head of the Tapajoz river. A tribe, the Bakairi, is
still resident there, whose language is a pure and archaic
form of the Carib tongue."

_D. G. Brinton,
Races and Peoples,
page 268._

"Related to the Caribs stand a long list of small tribes …
all inhabitants of the great primeval forest in and near
Guiana. They may have characteristic differences, but none
worthy of mention are known. In bodily appearance, according
to all accounts, these relatives of the Caribs are beautiful.
In Georgetown the Arauacas [or Arawaks] are celebrated for
their beauty. They are slender and graceful, and their
features handsome and regular, the face having a Grecian
profile, and the skin being of a reddish cast. A little
farther inland we find the Macushi [or Macusis], with a
lighter complexion and a Roman nose. These two types are
repeated in other tribes, except in the Tarumi, who are
decidedly ugly. In mental characteristics great similarity
prevails."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, editor),
page 237._

"The Arawaks occupied on the continent the area of the modern
Guiana, between the Corentyn and the Pomeroon rivers, and at
one time all the West Indian Islands. From some of them they
were early driven by the Caribs, and within 40 years of the
date of Columbus' first voyage the Spanish had exterminated
nearly all on the islands. Their course of migration had been
from the interior of Brazil northward; their distant relations
are still to be found between the headwaters of the Paraguay
and Schingu rivers."

_D. G. Brinton,
Races and Peoples,
page 268-269._

"The Kapohn (Acawoios, Waikas, &c.) claim kindred with the
Caribs. … The Acawoios, though resolute and determined, are
less hasty and impetuous than the Caribs. … According to
their tradition, one of their hordes removed [to the Upper
Demerera] … from the Masaruni. The Parawianas, who
originally dwelt on the Demerera, having been exterminated by
the continual incursions of the Caribs, the Waika-Acawoios
occupied their vacant territory. … The Macusis … are
supposed by some to have formerly inhabited the banks of the
Orinoco. … As they are industrious and unwarlike, they have
been the prey of every savage tribe around them. The
Wapisianas are supposed to have driven them northward and
taken possession of their country. The Brazilians, as well as
the Caribs, Acawoios, &c., have long been in the habit of
enslaving them. … The Arecunas have been accustomed to
descend from the higher lands and attack the Macusis. … This
tribe is said to have formerly dwelt on the banks of the
Uaupes or Ucayari, a tributary of the Rio Negro. … The
Waraus appear to have been the most ancient inhabitants of the
land. Very little, however, can be gleaned from them
respecting their early history. … The Tivitivas, mentioned
by Raleigh, were probably a branch of the Waraus, whom he
calls Quarawetes."

_W. H. Brett,
Indian Tribes of Guiana,
part 2, chapter 13._

{83}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Caripuna.

See below: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cat Nation, or Eries.

See below: HURONS, &c.,
and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR CONQUESTS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Catawbas, or Kataba.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY;
also, TIMUQUANAN.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cayugas.

See below: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chancas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chapas, or Chapanecs.

See below: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cherokees.

"The Cherokee tribe has long been a puzzling factor to
students of ethnology and North American languages. Whether to
be considered an abnormal offshoot from one of the well-known
Indian stocks or families of North America, or the remnant of
some undetermined or almost extinct family which has merged
into another, appear to be questions yet unsettled."

_C. Thomas,
Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States
(Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-4)_.

Facts which tend to identify the Cherokees with the ancient
"mound-builders" of the Ohio Valley—the Alleghans or
Talligewi of Indian tradition—are set forth by Professor Thomas
in a later paper, on the Problem of the Ohio Mounds, published
by the Bureau of Ethnology in 1889 [see above: ALLEGHANS] and
in a little book published in 1890, entitled "The Cherokees in
Pre-Columbian Times." "The Cherokee nation has probably
occupied a more prominent place in the affairs and history of
what is now the United States of America, since the date of
the early European settlements, than any other tribe, nation,
or confederacy of Indians, unless it be possible to except the
powerful and warlike league of the Iroquois or Six Nations of
New York. It is almost certain that they were visited at a
very early period [1540] following the discovery of the
American continent by that daring and enthusiastic Spaniard,
Fernando de Soto. … At the time of the English settlement of
the Carolinas the Cherokees occupied a diversified and
well-watered region of country of large extent upon the waters
of the Catawba, Broad, Saluda, Keowee, Tugaloo, Savannah, and
Coosa rivers on the east and south, and several tributaries of
the Tennessee on the north and west. … In subsequent years,
through frequent and long continued conflicts with the ever
advancing white settlements, and the successive treaties
whereby the Cherokees gradually yielded portions of their
domain, the location and names of their towns were continually
changing until the final removal of the nation [1836-1839]
west of the Mississippi. … This removal turned the Cherokees
back in the calendar of progress and civilization at least a
quarter of a century. The hardships and exposures of the
journey, coupled with the fevers and malaria of a radically
different climate, cost the lives of perhaps 10 per cent. of
their total population. The animosities and turbulence born of
the treaty of 1835 not only occasioned the loss of many lives,
but rendered property insecure, and in consequence diminished
the zeal and industry of the entire community in its
accumulation. A brief period of comparative quiet, however,
was again characterized by an advance toward a higher
civilization. Five years after their removal we find from the
report of their agent that they are again on the increase in
population. … With the exception of occasional
drawbacks—the result of civil feuds—the progress of the
nation in education, industry and civilization continued until
the outbreak of the rebellion. At this period, from the best
attainable information, the Cherokees numbered 21,000 souls.
The events of the war brought to them more of desolation and
ruin than perhaps to any other community. Raided and sacked
alternately, not only by the Confederates and Union forces,
but by the vindictive ferocity and hate of their own factional
divisions, their country became a blackened and desolate
waste. … The war over, and the work of reconstruction
commenced, found them numbering 14,000 impoverished,
heart-broken, and revengeful people. … To-day their country
is more prosperous than ever. They number 22,000, a greater
population than they have had at any previous period, except
perhaps just prior to the date of the treaty of 1835, when
those east added to those west of the Mississippi are stated
to have aggregated nearly 25,000 people. To-day they have
2,300 scholars attending 75 schools, established and supported
by themselves at an annual expense to the nation of nearly
$100,000. To-day, 13,000 of their people can read and 18,000
can speak the English language. To-day, 5,000 brick, frame and
log-houses are occupied by them, and they have 64 churches
with a membership of several thousand. They cultivate 100,000
acres of land and have an additional 150,000 fenced. … They
have a constitutional form of government predicated upon that
of the United States. As a rule their laws are wise and
beneficent and are enforced with strictness and justice. …
The present Cherokee population is of a composite character.
Remnants of other nations or tribes [Delawares, Shawnees,
Creeks, Natchez] have from time to time been absorbed and
admitted to full participation in the benefits of Cherokee
citizenship."

_C. C. Royce,
The Cherokee Nation of Indians
(Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84)._

This elaborate paper by Mr. Royce is a narrative in detail of
the official relations of the Cherokees with the colonial and
federal governments, from their first treaty with South
Carolina, in 1721, down to the treaty of April 27, 1868.—"As
early as 1798 Barton compared the Cheroki language with that
of the Iroquois and stated his belief that there was a
connection between them. … Mr. Hale was the first to give
formal expression to his belief in the affinity of the Cheroki
to Iroquois. Recently extensive Cheroki vocabularies have come
into possession of the Bureau of Ethnology, and a careful
comparison of them with ample Iroquois material has been made
by Mr Hewitt. The result is convincing proof of the
relationship of the two languages."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
page 77._

See Note, Appendix: E.

ALSO IN
_S. G. Drake,
The Aboriginal Races of North America,
book 4, chapter 13-16._

See, above: ALLEGHANS.

See, also, for an account of the Cherokee War of 1759-1761,
SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1759-1761; and for "Lord Dunmore's
War," OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cheyennes, or Sheyennes.

See above; ALGONQUIAN FAMILY

{84}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chibchas.

The most northerly group of the tribes of the Andes "are the
Cundinamarca of the table lands of Bogota. At the time of the
conquest the watershed of the Magdalena was occupied by the
Chibcha, or, as they were called by the Spaniards, Muyscas. At
that time the Chibcha were the most powerful of all the
autochthonous tribes, had a long history behind them, were
well advanced toward civilization, to which numerous
antiquities bear witness. The Chibcha of to-day no longer
speak the well-developed and musical language of their
forefathers. It became extinct about 1730, and it can now only
be inferred from existing dialects of it; these are the
languages of the Turiero, a tribe dwelling north of Bogota,
and of the Itoco Indians who live in the neighborhood of the
celebrated Emerald mines of Muzo."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, editor)
volume 6, page 215_.

"As potters and goldsmiths they [the Chibcha] ranked among the
finest on the continent."

_D. G. Brinton,
Races and Peoples,
page 272._

See, also, COLOMBIAN STATES: A. D. 1536-1731.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chicasas.

See below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY;
also, LOUISIANA: A. D. 1719-1750.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chichimecs.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chimakuan Family.

"The Chimakum are said to have been formerly one of the
largest and most powerful tribes of Puget Sound. Their
warlike habits early tended to diminish their numbers, and
when visited by Gibbs in 1854 they counted only about 70
individuals. This small remnant occupied some 15 small lodges
on Port Townsend Bay."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 62._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chimarikan Family.

"According to Powers, this family was represented, so far as
known, by two tribes in California, one the Chi-mál-a-kwe,
living on New River, a branch of the Trinity, the other the
Chimariko, residing upon the Trinity itself from Burnt Ranch
up to the mouth of North Fork, California. The two tribes are
said to have been as numerous formerly as the Hupa, by whom
they were overcome and nearly exterminated. Upon the arrival
of the Americans only 25 of the Chimalakwe were left."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 63._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chinantecs.

See below: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chinookan Family.

"The banks of the Columbia, from the Grand Dalles to its
mouth, belong to the two branches of the Tsinuk [or Chinook]
nation, which meet in the neighborhood of the Kowlitz River,
and of which an almost nominal remnant is left. … The
position of the Tsinuk previous to their depopulation was, as
at once appears, most important, occupying both sides of the
great artery of Oregon for a distance of 200 miles, they
possessed the principal thoroughfare between the interior and
the ocean, boundless resources of provisions of various kinds,
and facilities for trade almost unequalled on the Pacific."

_G. Gibbs,
Tribes of West Washington and N. W. Oregon
(Contributions to North American Ethnology, volume 1),
page 164._

See, also, below: FLATHEADS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chippewas.

See below: OJIBWAS;
and above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chippewyans.

See below: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Choctaws.

See below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chontals and Popolocas.

"According to the census of 1880 there were 31,000 Indians in
Mexico belonging to the Familia Chontal. No such family
exists. The word 'chontalli' in the Nahuatl language means
simply 'stranger,' and was applied by the Nahuas to any people
other than their own. According to the Mexican statistics, the
Chontals are found in the states of Mexico, Puebla, Oaxaca,
Guerrero, Tabasco, Guatemala and Nicaragua. A similar term is
'popoloca,' which in Nahuatl means a coarse fellow, one
speaking badly, that is, broken Nahuatl. The Popolocas have
also been erected into an ethnic entity by some ethnographers,
with as little justice as the Chontallis. They are stated to
have lived in the provinces of Puebla, Oaxaca, Vera Cruz,
Mechoacan and Guatemala."

_D. G. Brinton,
The American Race,
pages 146-153._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chontaquiros.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Chumashan Family.

"Derivation: From Chumash, the name of the Santa Rosa
Islanders. The several dialects of this family have long been
known under the group or family name, 'Santa Barbara,' which
seems first to have been used in a comprehensive sense by
Latham in 1856, who included under it three languages, viz.:
Santa Barbara, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. The term has
no special pertinence as a family designation, except from the
fact that the Santa Barbara Mission, around which one of the
dialects of the family was spoken, is perhaps more widely
known than any of the others."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 67._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cliff-dwellers.

See AMERICA: PREHISTORIC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Coahuiltecan Family.

"Derivation: From the name of the Mexican State Coahuila. This
family appears to have included numerous tribes in
southwestern Texas and in Mexico. … A few Indians still
survive who speak one of the dialects of this family, and in
1886 Mr. Gatschet collected vocabularies of two tribes, the
Comecrudo and Cotoname, who live on the Rio Grande, at Las
Prietas, State of Tamaulipas."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 68._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Coajiro, or Guajira.

"An exceptional position is taken, in many respects, by the
Coajiro, or Guajira, who live on the peninsula of the same
name on the northwestern boundary of Venezuela. Bounded on all
sides by so-called civilized peoples, this Indian tribe is
known to have maintained its independence, and acquired the
well-deserved reputation for cruelty, a tribe which, in many
respects, can be classed with the Apaches and Comanches of New
Mexico, the Araucanians of Chili, and the Guaycara and Guarani
on the Parana. The Coajiro are mostly large, with
chestnut-brown complexion and black, sleek hair. While all the
other coast tribes have adopted the Spanish language, the
Coajiro have preserved their own speech. They are the especial
foes of the other peoples. No one is given entrance into their
land, and they live with their neighbors, the Venezuelans, in
constant hostilities. They have fine horses, which they know
how to ride excellently. … They have numerous herds of
cattle. … They follow agriculture a little."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, editor),
volume 6, page 243._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cochibo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cochiquima.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Coco Group.

See below: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Coconoons.

See below: MARIPOSAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cofan.

See above: ANDESIANS.

{85}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Collas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Comanches.

See below: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY,
and KIOWAN FAMILY;
and above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Conestogas.

See below: SUSQUEHANNAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Conibo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Conoys.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Copehan Family.

"The territory of the Copehan family is bounded on the north
by Mount Shasta and the territory of the Sastean and Lutuamian
families, on the east by the territory of the Palaihnihan,
Yanan, and Punjunan families, and on the south by the bays of
San Pablo and Suisun and the lower waters of the Sacramento."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 69._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Costanoan Family.

"Derivation: From the Spanish costano, 'coast-men.' Under this
group name Latham included five tribes … which were under
the supervision of the Mission Dolores. … The territory of
the Costanoan family extends from the Golden Gate to a point
near the southern end of Monterey Bay. … The surviving
Indians of the once populous tribes of this family are now
scattered over several counties and probably do not number,
all told, over 30 individuals, as was ascertained by Mr.
Henshaw in 1888. Most of these are to be found near the
towns of Santa Cruz and Monterey."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 71._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Creek Confederacy, Creek Wars.

See below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY;
also UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1813-1814 (AUGUST-APRIL);
and FLORIDA: A. D. 1816-1818.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Crees.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Croatans.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1587-1590.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Crows (Upsarokas, or Absarokas).

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cuatos.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cunimaré.

See below: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Cuyriri or Kiriri.

See below: GUCK on Coco GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Dakotas, or Dacotahs, or Dahcotas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Delawares, or Lenape.

"The proper name of the Delaware Indians was and is Lenapé (a
as in father, é as a in mate). … The Lenape were divided
into three sub-tribes:
1. The Minsi, Monseys, Montheys, Munsees, or Minisinks.
2. The Unami or Wonameys.
3. The Unalachtigo.
No explanation of these designations will be
found in Heckewelder or the older writers. From
investigations among living Delawares, carried out at my
request by Mr. Horatio Hale, it is evident that they are
wholly geographical, and refer to the location of these
sub-tribes on the Delaware river. … The Minsi lived in the
mountainous region at the head waters of the Delaware, above
the Forks or junction of the Lehigh river. … The Unamis'
territory on the right bank of the Delaware river extended
from the Lehigh Valley southward. It was with them and their
southern neighbors, the Unalachtigos, that Penn dealt for the
land ceded to him in the Indian deed of 1682. The Minsis did
not take part in the transaction, and it was not until 1737
that the Colonial authorities treated directly with the latter
for the cession of their territory. The Unalachtigo or Turkey
totem had its principal seat on the affluents of the Delawares
near where Wilmington now stands."

_D. G. Brinton,
The Lenape and Their Legends,
chapter 3._

"At the … time when
William Penn landed in Pennsylvania, the Delawares had been
subjugated and made women by the Five Nations. It is well
known that, according to that Indian mode of expression, the
Delawares were henceforth prohibited from making war, and
placed under the sovereignty of the conquerors, who did not
even allow sales of land, in the actual possession of the
Delawares, to be valid without their approbation. William
Penn, his descendants, and the State of Pennsylvania,
accordingly, always purchased the right of possession from the
Delawares, and that of Sovereignty from the Five Nations. …
The use of arms, though from very different causes, was
equally prohibited to the Delawares and to the Quakers. Thus
the colonization of Pennsylvania and of West New Jersey by the
British, commenced under the most favorable auspices. Peace
and the utmost harmony prevailed for more than sixty years
between the whites and the Indians; for these were for the
first time treated, not only justly, but kindly, by the
colonists. But, however gradually and peaceably their lands
might have been purchased, the Delawares found themselves at
last in the same situation as all the other Indians, without
lands of their own, and therefore without means of
subsistence. They were compelled to seek refuge on the waters
of the Susquehanna, as tenants at will, on lands belonging to
their hated conquerors, the Five Nations. Even there and on
the Juniata they were encroached upon. … Under those
circumstances, many of the Delawares determined to remove west
of the Alleghany Mountains, and, about the year 1740-50,
obtained from their ancient allies and uncles, the Wyandots,
the grant of a derelict tract of land lying principally on the
Muskingum. The great body of the nation was still attached to
Pennsylvania. But the grounds of complaint increased. The
Delawares were encouraged by the western tribes, and by the
French, to shake off the yoke of the Six Nations, and to join
in the war against their allies, the British. The frontier
settlements of Pennsylvania were accordingly attacked both by
the Delawares and the Shawnoes. And, although peace was made
with them at Easton in in 1758, and the conquest of Canada put
an end to the general war, both the Shawnoes and Delawares
removed altogether in 1768 beyond the Alleghany Mountains. …
The years 1765-1795 are the true period of the power and
importance of the Delawares. United with the Shawnoes, who
were settled on the Scioto, they sustained during the Seven
Years' War the declining power of France, and arrested for
some years the progress of the British and American arms.
Although a portion of the nation adhered to the Americans
during the War of Independence, the main body, together with
all the western nations made common cause with the British.
And, after the short truce which followed the treaty of 1783,
they were again at the head of the western confederacy in
their last struggle for independence. Placed by their
geographical situation in the front of battle, they were,
during those three wars, the aggressors, and, to the last
moment, the most active and formidable enemies of America. The
decisive victory of General Wayne (1794), dissolved the
confederacy; and the Delawares were the greatest sufferers by
the treaty of Greenville of 1795."
{86}
After this, the greater part of the Delawares were settled on
White River, Indiana, "till the year 1819, when they finally
ceded their claim to the United States. Those residing there
were then reduced to about 800 souls. A number … had
previously removed to Canada; and it is difficult to ascertain
the situation or numbers of the residue at this time [1836].
Those who have lately removed west of the Mississippi are, in
an estimate of the War Department, computed at 400 souls.
Former emigrations to that quarter had however taken place,
and several small dispersed bands are, it is believed, united
with the Senecas and some other tribes."

_A. Gallatin,
Synopsis of the Indian Tribes
(Archæologia Americana, volume 2),
introduction, section 2._

See, above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY:
below: SHAWANESE, and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.
Also, PONTIAC'S WAR; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768;
and MORAVIAN BRETHREN;
and, for an account of "Lord Dunmore's War,"
see Ohio (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Eries.

See below: HURONS, &c.,
and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR CONQUESTS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Eskimauan Family.