Chapter CXXII: Appendix: E

THE FOLLOWING NOTES AND CORRECTIONS TO MATTER RELATING TO AMERICAN ABORIGINES.

(PP. 76-108) HAVE BEEN KINDLY MADE BY MAJOR J. W. POWELL AND MR. J. OWEN DORSEY, OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

Adai.

This tribe, formerly classed as a distinct family—the
Adaizan—is now regarded by the Bureau of Ethnology as but a
part of the Caddoan or Pawnee.

Apache Group.

Indians of different families are here mentioned together:
(A) the Comanches, etc., of the Shoshonean Family;
(B) the Apaches (including the Chiricaguis, or Chiri cahua,
Coyoteros, etc., but excluding the Tejuas who are Tañoan) of
the Athapascan Family, the Navajos of the same family; and
(C) the Yuman Family, including the Cosninos, who are not
Apache (Athapascan stock).

Athapascan Family.

Not an exact synonym of "Chippewyans, Tinneh and Sarcees." The
whole family is sometimes known as Tinneh, though that
appellation is more frequently limited to part of the Northern
group, the Chippewyans. The Surcees are an offshoot of the
Beaver tribe, which latter form part of one of the
subdivisions of the Northern group of the Athapascan Family.
The Sarcees are now with the Blackfeet.

Atsinas (Caddoes).

The Atsinas are not a Caddoan people, but they are Algonquian,
as are the Blackfeet (Sik-sik-a). The Atsinas are the "Fall
Indians," "Minnetarees of the Plains," or "Gros Ventres of the
Plains," as distinguished from the Hidatsa, who are sometimes
called the "Minnetarees of the Missouri," "Gros Ventres of the
Missouri."

Blackfeet or Siksikas.

The Sarcee are a Tinneh or Athapascan tribe, but they are not
the Tinneh (see above). The "Atsina" are not a Caddo tribe
(see above).

Cherokees.

These people are now included in the Iroquoian Family. See
Powell, in Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 79.

Flatheads (Salishan Family).

The "Cherakis," though included among the Flatheads by Force,
are of the Iroquoian Family. The "Chicachas" or Chickasaws,
are not Salishan, but Muskhogean. See Powell, Seventh Annual
Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 95. The Totiris of Force, are
the Tutelos, a tribe of the Siouan Family. See Powell,
Seventh, Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 116. The
Cathlamahs, Killmucks (i. e., Tillamooks), Clatsops, Chinooks
and Chilts are of the Chinookan Family. See Powell, Seventh
Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, pages 65, 66.

Gros Ventres (Minnetaree; Hidatsa).

There are two distinct tribes which are often confounded, both
being known as the Gros Ventres or Minnetarees. 1. The Atsina
or Fall Indians, an Algonquian tribe, the "Gros Ventres of the
Plains," or the "Minnetarees of the Plains." 2. The Hidatsa, a
Siouan tribe, the "Gros Ventres of the Missouri," or the
"Minnetarees of the Missouri." The former, the Atsina, have
been wrongly styled "Caddoes" on page 81.

Hidatsa, or Minnetaree, or Gros Ventres.

Often confounded with the Atsina, who belong to the Algonquian
Family, the Hidatsa being a tribe of the Siouan Family. The
Hidatsa have been called Gros Ventres, "Big Paunches," but
this nickname could have no reference to any personal
peculiarities of the Hidatsa. It seems to have originated in a
quarrel between some Indians over the big paunch of a buffalo,
resulting in the separation of the people into the present
tribes of Hidatsas and Absarokas or Crows, the latter of whom
now call the Hidatsa, "Ki-kha-tsa," from ki-kha, a paunch.

Hupas.

They belong to the Athapascan Family: the reference to the
Modocs is misleading.

Iroquois Tribes of the South.
"The Meherrins or Tuteloes."

These were not identical, the Tutelos being a Siouan tribe,
the Meherrins being now identified with the Susquehannocks.

Kenai or Blood Indians.

The Kenai are an Athapascan people inhabiting the shores of
Cook's Inlet and the Kenai Peninsula, Southern Alaska; while
the Blood Indians are a division of the Blackfeet (Siksika),
an Algonquian tribe, in Montana.

Kusan Family.

The villages of this family were on Coos River and Bay, and on
both sides of Coquille River, near the mouth. See Powell,
Seventh, Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 80.

ALSO IN:
J. Owen Dorsey, The Gentile System of the
Siletz Tribes, in Journal American Folk-Lore,
July-Sept., 1890, page 231.

Minnetarees.

See above, ATSINA and HIDATSA.

Modocs (Klamaths) and their California and Oregon neighbors.

The Klamaths and Modocs are of the Lutuamian Family; the
Shastas of the Sastean; the Pit River Indians of the
Palaihnihan; the Eurocs of the Weitspekan; the Cahrocs of the
Quoratean; the Hoopahs, Tolewas, and the lower Rogue River
Indians of the Athapascan; the upper Rogue River Indians of
the Takilman.

Muskhogean Family.

The Biloxi tribe is not Muskhogean but Siouan. See Dorsey
(James Owen), "The Biloxi Indians of Louisiana," reprinted
from volume 42, Proc. American Association Advancement
of Science., Madison meeting, 1893.

Natchitoches.

A tribe of the Caddoan Family.

_Dorsey (J. Owen),
MS. in the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882._

ALSO IN:
_Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 61._

Pueblos.

"That Zuni was Cibola it is needless to attempt to prove any
further."

A. F. Bandelier,
Journal of American Eth. and Arch., volume 3,
page 19, 1892.

{xx}

Rogue River Indians.

This includes tribes of various families: the upper Rogue
River Indians being the Takelma, who are assigned to a special
family, the Takilman; and the lower Rogue River Indians, who
are Athapascan tribes.

See _Dorsey (J. Owen),
"The Gentile System of the Siletz Tribes,"
in Journal of American Folk-Lore,
July-September, 1890, pages 228, 232-236._

Santees.

Two divisions of the Siouan Family are known by this name: 1.
The I san-ya-ti or Dwellers on Knife Lake, Minnesota,
identical with the Mdewakantonwan Dakota. These figured in the
Minnesota outbreak of 1862. The survivors are in Knox County,
Nebraska, on what was once the Santee reservation, and near
Flandreau, South Dakota. 2. The Santees of South Carolina were
part of the Catawba confederacy. The Santee river is named
after them.

Sarcee.

These are not all of the Tinneh, nor are they really
Blackfeet, though living with them. The Sarcees are an
offshoot of the Beaver Indians, a tribe of one of the
divisions of the Northern group of the Athapascan Family.

Siouan Family.

All the tribes of this family do not speak the Sioux language,
as is wrongly stated on page 103. Those who speak the "Sioux"
language are the Dakota proper, nicknamed Sioux, and the
Assiniboin. There are, or have been, nine other groups of
Indians in this family: to the Cegiha or Dhegiha group belong
the Omahas, Ponkas, Osages, Kansas or Kaws, and Kwapas or
Quapaws; to the Tchiwere group belong the Iowas, Otos, and
Missouris; the Winnebago or Hochangara constitute another
group; the fifth group consists of the survivors of the Mandan
nation; to the sixth group belong the Hidatsa and the
Absarokas or Crows; the Tutelos, Keyauwees, Aconeechis, etc.,
constituted the seventh group; the tribes of the Catawba
confederacy, the eighth; the Biloxis, the ninth; and certain
Virginia tribes the tenth group. The Winnebagos call
themselves Hochangara, or First Speech (not "Trout Nation"),
they are not called Horoje ("fish-eaters") by the Omahas, but
Hu-tan-ga, Big Voices, a mistranslation of Hochangara. The
Dakotas proper sometimes speak of themselves as the "O-che-ti
sha-ko-win," or the Seven Council-fires. Their Algonquian foes
called them Nadowe-ssi-wak, the Snake-like ones, from nadowe,
a snake; this was corrupted by the Canadian French to
Nadouessioux, of which the last syllable is Sioux. The seven
primary divisions of the Dakota are as follow: Mdewakantonwan,
Wakhpekute, Sisitonwan or Sisseton, Wakhpetonwan or Warpeton,
Ihanktonwan or Yankton, Ihanktonwanna or Yanktonnai, and
Titonwan or Teton.

The Sheyennes or Cheyennes, mentioned in connection with the Sioux by Gallatin and Carver, are an Algonquian people. Gallatin styles the "Mandanes" a Minnetaree tribe; but as has just been stated, the survivors of the Mandan nation, a people that formerly inhabited many villages (according to Dr. Washington Matthews and others) belong to a distinct group of the Siouan Family, and the Hidatsa (including the Amakhami or "Annahawas" of Gallatin) and the Absaroka, Upsaroka or Crows constitute the sixth group of that family. The "Quappas or Arkansas" of Gallatin are the Kwapas or Quapaws of recent times. The Osages call themselves, not "Wausashe," but Wa-sha-she.

Takilman Family.

"The Takilma formerly dwelt in villages along upper Rogue
River, Oregon, all the latter, with one exception, being on
the south side, from Illinois River on the southwest, to Deep
Rock, which was nearer the head of the stream. They are now
included among the 'Rogue River Indians,' and they reside on
the Siletz Reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon, where Dorsey
found them in 1884."

_Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 121._

They call themselves, Ta-kel-ma

_Dorsey._

Dorsey had their chief make a map showing the locations of all
their villages.

{xxi}

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