Chapter CDXXXII: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (29)

The bill was reported to the House of Representatives by the
Chairman of its Committee on Ways and Means, Mr. McKinley, on
the 16th of April, 1890. "We have not been so much concerned,"
said the majority of the Committee in their report, "about the
prices of the articles we consume as we have been to encourage
a system of home production which shall give fair remuneration
to domestic producers and fair wages to American workmen, and
by increased production and home competition insure fair
prices to consumers. … The aim has been to impose duties upon
such foreign products as compete with our own, whether of the
soil or the shop, and to enlarge the free list wherever this
can be done without injury to any American industry, or
wherever an existing home industry can be helped without
detriment to another industry which is equally worthy of the
protecting care of the Government. … We have recommended no
duty above the point of difference between the normal cost of
production here, including labor, and the cost of like
production in the countries which seek our markets, nor have
we hesitated to give this quantum of duty even though it
involved an increase over present rates and showed an advance
of percentages and ad valorem equivalents." On the changes
proposed to be made in the rates of duty on wool and on the
manufactures of wool—the subject of most debate in the whole
measure—the majority reported as follows; "By the census of
1880, in every county in the United States except 34, sheep
were raised. In 1883 the number of sheep in the United States
was over 50,000,000, and the number of persons owning flocks
was in excess of a million. This large number of flock-masters
was, to a considerable extent, withdrawn from the business of
raising grain and other farm products, to which they must
return if wool-growing cannot be profitably pursued. The
enormous growth of this industry was stimulated by the wool
tariff of 1867, and was in a prosperous condition prior to the
act of 1883. Since then the industry has diminished in
alarming proportions, and the business has neither been
satisfactory nor profitable. … By the proposed bill the duties
on first and second class wools are made at 11 and 12 cents a
pound, as against 10 and 12 under existing law. On third-class
wool, costing 12 cents or less, the duty is raised from 2½
cents a pound to 3½ cents, and upon wool of the third class,
costing above 12 cents, the duty recommended is an advance
from 5 to 8 cents per pound. … There seems to be no doubt that
with the protection afforded by the increased duties
recommended in the bill the farmers of the United States will
be able at an early day to supply substantially all of the
home demand, and the great benefit such production will be to
the agricultural interests of the country cannot be estimated.
The production of 600,000,000 pounds of wool would require
about 100,000,000 sheep, or an addition of more than 100 per
cent to the present number. … The increase in the duty on
clothing wool and substitutes for wool to protect the wool
growers of this country, and the well-understood fact that the
tariff of 1883, and the construction given to the worsted
clause, reduced the duties on many grades of woollen goods to
a point that invited increasing importations, to the serious
injury of our woollen manufacturers and wool growers,
necessitate raising the duties on woollen yarn, cloth and
dress goods to a point which will insure the holding of our
home market for these manufactures to a much greater extent
than is now possible. The necessity of this increase is
apparent in view of the fact already stated that during the
last fiscal year there were imports of manufactures of wool of
the foreign value of $52,681,482, as shown by the undervalued
invoices, and the real value in our market of nearly
$90,000,000—fully one-fourth of our entire home
consumption—equivalent to an import of at least 160,000,000
pounds of wool in the form of manufactured goods. In revising
the woollen-goods schedule so as to afford adequate protection
to our woollen manufacturers and wool growers we have
continued the system of compound duties which have proved to
be so essential in any tariff which protects wool, providing
first for a specific compensatory pound or square yard duty,
equivalent to the duty which would be paid on the wool if
imported, for the benefit of the wool grower, and an ad
valorem duty of from 30 to 50 per cent, according to the
proportion of labor required in the manufacture of the several
classes of goods, as a protection to the manufacturer against
foreign competition, and 10 per cent additional upon ready
made clothing for the protection of the clothing
manufacturers. … In computing the equivalent ad valorem duty
on manufactures of woollens, the combinations of both the
specific duty, which is simply compensatory for the duty on
the wool used, of which the wool grower receives the benefit,
and the duty which protects the manufacturers, makes the
average resultant rate of the woollen-goods schedule proposed
91.78 per cent."

_Report of the Committee on Ways and Means._

"Substantially as reported from the Committee on Ways and
Means, it [the McKinley Bill] passed the House, after two
weeks' debate, May 21 [1890]. The vote was a strictly party
one, except that two Republicans voted in the negative. June
19 the bill was reported from the Senate Committee on Finance
with a very large number of amendments, mainly in the way of a
lessening of rates. After debating the project during nearly
the whole of August and a week in September, the Senate passed
it by a strict party vote, September 10. The differences
between the houses then went to a conference committee. The
bill as reported by this committee, September 26, was adopted
by the House and Senate on the 27th and 30th respectively and
approved by the President October 1. On the final vote three
Republicans in each house declined to follow their party. The
law went into effect October 6.
{3087}
Prominent features of the new schedules are as follows:

steel rails reduced one-tenth of a cent per lb.;

tin plates increased from one cent to two and two-tenths cents
per lb., with the proviso that they shall be put on the free
list at the end of six years if by that time the domestic
product shall not have reached an aggregate equal to one-third
of the importations;

unmanufactured copper substantially reduced;

bar, block and pig tin, hitherto on the free list, receives a
duty of four cents per lb. to take effect July 1, 1893,
provided that it be restored to the free list if by July 1,
1895, the mines of the United States shall not have produced
in one year 5,000 tons;

a bounty of one and three-fourths and two cents per lb. upon
beet, sorghum, cane or maple sugar produced in the United
States between 1891 and 1905;

all imports of sugar free up to number 16, Dutch standard, in
color and all above that one-half cent per lb. (formerly from
three to three and a half cents), with one-tenth cent
additional if imported from a country that pays an export
bounty;

a heavy increase on cigar wrappers and cigars;

a general and heavy increase on agricultural products, e. g.
on beans, eggs, hay, hops, vegetables and straw;

a heavy increase on woolen goods, with a new classification of
raw wool designed to give more protection;

paintings and statuary reduced from 30 to 15 per cent.

The following (among other) additions are made to the free
list: beeswax, books and pamphlets printed exclusively in
languages other than English, blue clay, coal tar, currants
and dates, jute butts and various textile and fibrous grasses,
needles, nickel ore, flower and grass seeds and crude sulphur.
… Among the 464 points of difference between the two houses
which the conference committee had to adjust, some of the more
important were as follows: paintings and statuary, made free
by the House and kept at the old rate by the Senate, were
fixed at half the old rate; binding twine, made free by the
Senate in favor of Western grain-raisers but taxed by the
House to protect Eastern manufacturers, fixed at half the
House rate; the limit of free sugar fixed at number 16, as
voted by the House, instead of number 13, as passed by the
Senate, thus including in the free list the lower grades of
refined as well as all raw sugar. The question of reciprocity
with American nations was injected into the tariff discussion
by Secretary Blaine in June. In transmitting to Congress the
recommendation of the International American Conference for
improved commercial relations, the secretary dilated upon the
importance of securing the markets of central and South
America for our products, and suggested as a more speedy way
than treaties of reciprocity an amendment to the pending
tariff bill authorizing the President to open our ports to the
free entry of the products of any American nation which should
in turn admit free of taxation our leading agricultural and
manufactured products. In July Mr. Blaine took up the idea
again in a public correspondence with Senator Frye,
criticizing severely the removal of the tariff on sugar, as
that on coffee had been removed before, without exacting trade
concessions in return. He complained that there was not a
section or a line in the bill as it came from the House that
would open the market for another bushel of wheat or another
barrel of pork. The Senate Finance Committee acted upon the
suggestion of the secretary by introducing an amendment to the
bill authorizing and directing the President to suspend by
proclamation the free introduction of sugar, molasses, coffee,
tea and hides from any country which should impose on products
of the United States exactions which in view of the free
introduction of sugar etc. he should deem reciprocally unequal
and unreasonable. The rates at which the President is to
demand duties upon the commodities named are duly fixed. This
reciprocity provision passed the Senate and the conference
committee and became part of the law."

_Political Science Quarterly:
Record of Events, December, 1890._

TARIFF: (United States): A. D. 1894.
The Wilson Act.
Protected interests and the Senate.

Two years after the embodiment of the extremest doctrines of
protection in the McKinley Act, the tariff question was
submitted again to the people, as the dominant issue between
the Republican and Democratic parties, in the presidential and
congressional elections of 1892. The verdict of 1888 was then
reversed, and tariff reform carried the day. Mr. Cleveland was
again elected President, with a Democratic majority in both
houses of Congress apparently placed there to sustain his
policy. A serious financial situation was manifesting itself
in the country at the time he resumed the presidential office,
produced by the operation of the silver-purchase law of 1890
(see MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1848-1893), and by the
extravagance of congressional appropriations, depleting the
treasury. It became necessary, therefore, to give attention,
first, to the repeal of the mischievous silver law, which was
accomplished, November 1, 1893, at a special session of
Congress called by the President. That cleared the way for the
more serious work of tariff-revision, which was taken up under
discouraging circumstances of general depression and extensive
collapse in business, throughout the country. "The Democratic
members of the House committee on ways and means began during
the special session the preparation of a tariff bill. The
outcome of their labors was the Wilson Bill, which was laid
before the whole committee and made public November 27. On the
previous day the sugar schedule was given out, in order to
terminate the manipulation of the stock market through false
reports as to the committee's conclusions. The characteristic
features of the bill, as described in the statement of
Chairman Wilson which accompanied it, were as follows: First,
the adoption, wherever practicable, of ad valorem instead of
specific duties; second, 'the freeing from taxes of those
great materials of industry that lie at the basis of
production.' Specific duties were held to be objectionable,
first, as concealing the true weight of taxation, and second,
as bearing unjustly on consumers of commoner articles. Free
raw materials were held necessary to the stimulation of
industry and the extension of foreign trade. The schedules, as
reported, showed in addition to a very extensive increase in
the free list, reductions in rates, as compared with the
McKinley Bill, on all but a small number of items. The
important additions to the free list included iron ore,
lumber, coal and wool. Raw sugar was left free, as in the
existing law, but the rate on refined sugar was reduced from
one-half to one-fourth of a cent per pound, and the bounty was
repealed one-eighth per annum until extinguished.
{3088}
Some amendments were made in the administrative provisions of
the tariff law, designed to soften, as the committee said,
features of the McKinley Bill 'that would treat the business
of importing as an outlawry, not entitled to the protection of
the government.' It was estimated that the reduction of
revenue effected would be about $50,000,000, and the committee
set to work on an internal revenue bill to make good this
deficiency. On January 8 Mr. Wilson brought up the bill in the
House, and debate began under a rule calling for a vote on the
29th. During the consideration in committee a number of
changes were made in the schedules, the most important being
in respect to sugar, where the duty was taken off refined
sugars, and the repeal of the bounty was made immediate
instead of gradual. A clause was inserted, also, specifically
repealing the reciprocity provision of the McKinley Act. The
greatest general interest was excited, however, by the
progress of the internal revenue bill, the chief feature of
which was a proposition for an income tax. The bill, after
formulation by the Democratic members of the ways and means
committee, was brought before the full committee January 22.
Besides the income tax, the measure provided for a stamp duty
on playing cards, and raised the excise on distilled spirits
to one dollar per gallon. As to incomes, the committee's bill
… imposed a tax of two per cent on all incomes so far as they
were in excess of $4,000, after allowing deductions for taxes,
losses not covered by insurance and bad debts. Declarations of
income were required from all persons having over $3,500,
under heavy penalties for neglect, refusal or fraud in the
matter. As to corporations, the same rate was levied on all
interest on bonds and on all dividends and all surplus income
above dividends, excepting premiums returned to policy holders
by mutual life insurance companies, interest to depositors in
savings banks, and dividends of building loan associations. …
The income-tax measure was immediately and very vigorously
antagonized by a considerable number of Eastern Democrats,
headed by the New York Congressmen. It was adopted by the ways
and means committee mainly through Southern and Western votes.
On the 24th of January it was reported to the House. A
Democratic caucus on the following day resolved by a small
majority, against the wish of Mr. Wilson, to attach the
measure to the Tariff Bill. Accordingly, the rule regulating
the debate was modified to allow discussion of the amendment.
The final votes were then taken on February 1. The internal
revenue bill was added to the Wilson Bill by 182 to 50, 44
Democrats voting in the minority and most of the Republicans
not voting. The measure as amended was then adopted by 204 to
140, 16 Democrats and one Populist going with the Republicans
in the negative. In the hands of the Senate finance committee
the bill underwent a thorough revision, differences of opinion
in the Democratic majority leading to a careful discussion of
the measure in a party caucus. The measure as amended was laid
before the full committee March 8, and was introduced in the
Senate on the 20th. Changes in details were very numerous. The
most important consisted in taking sugar, iron ore and coal
off the free list and subjecting each to a small duty. Debate
on the bill was opened April 2. It was soon discovered,
however, that many Democratic senators were seriously
dissatisfied with the schedules affecting the industries of
their respective states, and at the end of April there was a
lull in the debate while the factions of the majority adjusted
their differences. A scheme of changes was finally agreed to
in caucus on May 3, and laid before the Senate by the finance
committee on the 8th. The most important features were a new
sugar schedule which had given great trouble, and very
numerous changes from ad valorem to specific duties, with a
net increase in rates."

_Political Science Quarterly:
Record of Political Events, June, 1894._

Very soon after the tariff bill appeared in the Senate, it
became apparent that the more powerful protected "interests,"
and conspicuously the "sugar trust" had acquired control, by
some means, of several Democratic senators, who were acting
obviously in agreement to prevent an honest fulfillment of the
pledges of their party, and especially as concerned the free
opening of the country to raw materials. Public opinion of the
conduct of the senators in question may be judged from the
expressions of so dignified an organ of the business world as
the "Banker's Magazine," which said in its issue of July,
1894: "Indifference has largely supplanted the hopes of the
friends of tariff reform, as well as the fears of the honest
advocates of high protection; and disgust, on the part of the
people, has taken the place of trust in our Government, at the
exposures of the corruption of the Senate by the most
unconscionable and greedy Trusts in existence. Hence the
indifference of everybody but the Trusts, and their Senatorial
attorneys and dummies with 'retainers' or Trust stocks in
their pockets; as it is taken for granted that no interests,
but those rich and characterless enough to buy 'protection'
will be looked after. … Nothing will be regarded as finally
settled … if the Tariff Bill, as emasculated by the Senate,
becomes a law; and it may as well be killed by the House, if
the Senate refuse to recede; or, vetoed by the President, if
it goes to him in its present shape; and let the existing
status continue, until the country can get rid of its
purchasable Senators and fill their disgraced seats with
honest men who cannot be bought up like cattle at so much per
head. This is the growing sentiment of business men
generally."

_H. A. Pierce,
A Review of Finance and Business
(Banker's Magazine, July, 1894)._

First in committee, and still more in the Senate after the
committee had reported, the bill was radically changed in
character from that which the House sent up. The profits of
the sugar trust were still protected, and coal and iron ore
were dropped back from the free list into the schedules of
dutiable commodities. According to estimates made, the average
rate of duty in the Wilson Bill as it passed the House was
35.52 per cent., and in the bill which passed the Senate it
was 37 per cent., as against 49.58 per cent. in the McKinley
law. Hence, the general effect of the revision in the Senate,
even as manipulated by the senators suspected of corrupt
motives, was an extensive lowering of duties. Some very
important additions to the free list made by the Wilson Bill
were left untouched by the senators—such as wool, lumber and
salt.
{3089}
In view of the extent of the gains acquired, the supporters of
tariff-reform in the House, after prolonged attempts in
conference committee to break the strength of the combination
against free sugar, free coal and free iron ore, were
reluctantly prevailed upon to accept the Senate bill. It had
passed the Senate on the 3d of July. The struggle in
conference committee lasted until the 13th of August, when the
House passed the Senate bill unchanged. The President declined
to give his signature to the act, but allowed it to become a
law. Immediately after the passage of the bill, the House
adopted special enactments admitting raw sugar, coal, iron
ore, and barbed wire, free of duty; but these bills were not
acted on in the Senate.

----------TARIFF: End--------

TARLETON, Colonel, in the War of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1780 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST); and 1780-1781.

TARPEIAN ROCK, The.

See CAPITOLINE HILL.

TARQUIN THE PROUD, The expulsion of.

See ROME: B. C. 510.

TARRACONENSIS.

See SPAIN: B. C. 218-25.

TARRAGONA: A. D. 1641.
Occupation by the French.
Surrender to the Spaniards.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1640-1642.

TARRAGONA: A. D. 1644.
Siege by the French.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1644-1646.

TARSUS.

See CILICIA.

TARTAN.

The title of the chief commander —under the king—of the
Assyrian armies.

TARTAR DYNASTY OF CHINA, The.

See CHINA: A. D. 1294-1882.

TARTARS, OR TATARS.

"The Chinese used the name in a general sense, to include the
greater part of their northern neighbours, and it was in
imitation of them, probably, that the Europeans applied the
name to the various nomade hordes who controlled Central Asia
after the Mongol invasion. But the name properly belonged, and
is applied by Raschid and other Mongol historians, to certain
tribes living in the north-eastern corner of Mongolia, who, as
I believe, were partially, at least, of the Tungusic race, and
whose descendants are probably to be found among the Solons of
Northern Manchuria."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 25._

"The name of Tartars, or Tatars, has been variously applied.
It was long customary among geographical writers to give this
title to the Kalmucs and Mongoles, and even to use it as a
distinguishing name for those races of men who resemble the
Kalmucs in features, and who have been supposed, whether
correctly or not, to be allied to them in descent. Later
authors, more accurate in the application of terms, have
declared this to be an improper use of the name of Tartar, and
by them the appellation has been given exclusively to the
tribes of the Great Turkish race, and chiefly to the northern
division of it, viz. to the hordes spread through the Russian
empire and independent Tartary. … Whatever may be the true
origin of the name of Tartar, custom has appropriated it to
the race of men extensively spread through northern Asia, of
whom the Ottoman Turks are a branch. It would, perhaps, be
more strictly correct to call all these nations Turks, but the
customary appellation may be retained when its meaning is
determined."

_J. C. Prichard,
Researches into the Physical History
of the Races of Mankind,
chapter 5, section 1 (volume 2)._

"The populations in question [the remnants, in southern Russia
and Siberia, of the great Mongol empire of the Kiptchak],
belong to one of three great groups, stocks, or families—the
Turk, the Mongol, or the Tungus. When we speak of a Tartar, he
belongs to the first, whenever we speak of a Kalmuk, he
belongs to the second, of these divisions. It is necessary to
insist upon this; because, whatever may be the laxity with
which the term Tartar is used, it is, in Russian ethnology at
least, a misnomer when applied to a Mongol. It is still worse
to call a Turk a Kalmuk."

_R. G. Latham,
The Nationalities of Europe,
volume 1, chapter 23._

"Tartars (more correctly Tatars, but Tartars is the form
generally current), a name given to nearly three million
inhabitants of the Russian empire, chiefly Moslem and of
Turkish origin. The majority—in European Russia—are remnants
of the Mongol invasion of the 13th century, while those who
inhabit Siberia are survivals of the once much more numerous
Turkish population of the Ural-Altaic region, mixed to some
extent with Finnish and Samoyedic stems, as also with Mongols.
… The ethnographical features of the present Tartar
inhabitants of European Russia, as well as their language,
show that they contain no admixture (or very little) of
Mongolian blood, but belong to the Turkish branch of the
Ural-Altaic stock, necessitating the conclusion that only
Batu, his warriors, and a limited number of his followers were
Mongolians, while the great bulk of the 13th-century invaders
were Turks."

_P. A. Kropotkine,
Article "Tartars" Encyclopœdia Brittanica._

ALSO IN:
_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 2, division 1, page 37._

See TURKS;
and MONGOLS.

TARTESSUS.

"The territory round Gades, Carteia, and the other Phenician
settlements in this district [southwestern Spain] was known to
the Greeks in the sixth century B. C. by the name of
Tartessus, and regarded by them somewhat in the same light as
Mexico and Peru appeared to the Spaniards of the sixteenth
century."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 18._

This was the rich region known afterwards to the Romans as
Bætica, as Turdetania, and in modern times as Andalusia.

_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 21, section 2._

ALSO IN:
_J. Kenrick,
Phoenicia,
chapter 4, section 3._

TARUMI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

TARUSATES, The.

See AQUITAINE: THE ANCIENT TRIBES.

TASHKEND OR TASHKENT, Russian capture of (1865).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

TASMANIA: Discovery and naming.

See AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1601-1800.

TATARS.

See TARTARS.

TAUBERBISCHOFSHEIM, Battle of.

See GERM[ANY: A. D. 1866.

{3090}

TAUNTON: A. D. 1685.
The Welcome to Monmouth.
The Maids of Taunton and their flag.

"When Monmouth marched into Taunton [A. D. 1685] it was an
eminently prosperous place. … The townsmen had long leaned
towards Presbyterian divinity and Whig politics. In the great
civil war, Taunton had, through all vicissitudes, adhered to
the Parliament, had been twice closely besieged by Goring, and
had been twice defended with heroic valour by Robert Blake,
afterwards the renowned Admiral of the Commonwealth. Whole
streets had been burned down by the mortars and grenades of
the Cavaliers. … The children of the men who, forty years
before, had manned the ramparts of Taunton against the
Royalists, now welcomed Monmouth with transports of joy and
affection. Every door and window was adorned with wreaths of
flowers. No man appeared in the streets without wearing in his
hat a green bough, the badge of the popular cause. Damsels of
the best families in the town wove colours for the insurgents.
One flag in particular was embroidered gorgeously with emblems
of royal dignity, and was offered to Monmouth by a train of
young girls." After the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion,
and while the "bloody Assizes" of Jeffreys were in progress,
these little girls were hunted out and imprisoned, and the
queen's maids of honor were permitted to extort money from
their parents for the buying of their pardon and release.

_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 5._

See, also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

TAURICA, TAURIC CHERSONESE.

The ancient Greek name of the Crimea, derived from the Tauri,
a savage people who once inhabited it; "perhaps," says Grote,
"a remnant of the expelled Cimmerians."

See BOSPHORUS, THE CITY, &c.;
and CIMMERIANS.

TAURIS, Naval battle near.

In the Roman civil war between Cæsar and his antagonists an
important naval battle was fought, B. C. 47, near the little
island of Tauris, on the Illyrian coast. Vatinius, who
commanded on the Cæsarian side, defeated Octavius, and drove
him out of the Adriatic.

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 5, chapter 21._

TAVORA PLOT, The.

See JESUITS: A. D. 1757-1773.

TAWACONIES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

TAXIARCH. PHYLARCH.

"The tribe appears to have been the only military
classification known to Athens, and the taxiarch the only
tribe officer for infantry, as the phylarch was for cavalry,
under the general-in-chief."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 8._

ALSO IN:
_G. F. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 3._

TAYLOR, General Zachary,
The Mexican campaign of.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1846-1847.

Presidential election and administration.
Death.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.

TCHERNAYA, Battle of the (1855).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856.

TCHINOVNIKS.

To keep the vast and complex bureaucratic machine of Russia in
motion "it is necessary to have a large and well-drilled army
of officials. These are drawn chiefly from the ranks of the
noblesse and the clergy, and form a peculiar social class
called Tchinovniks, or men with 'Tchins.' As the Tchin plays
an important part in Russia, not only in the official world,
but also to some extent in social life, it may be well to
explain its significance. All officers, civil and military,
are, according to a scheme invented by Peter the Great,
arranged in fourteen classes or ranks, and to each class or
rank a particular name is attached. … As a general rule a man
must begin at or near the bottom of the official ladder, and
he must remain on each step a certain specified time. The step
on which he is for the moment standing, or, in other words,
the official rank or Tchin which he possesses, determines what
offices he is competent to hold. Thus rank or Tchin is a
necessary condition for receiving an appointment, but it does
not designate any actual office, and the names of the
different ranks are extremely apt to mislead a foreigner."

_D. M. "Wallace,
Russia,
chapter 13._

TCHOUPRIA, Battle of (1804).

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:
14-19TH CENTURIES (SERVIA).

TEA: Introduction into Europe.

"The Dutch East India Company were the first to introduce it
into Europe, and a small quantity came to England from Holland
in 1666. The East India Company thereafter ordered their agent
at Bantam to send home small quantities, which they wished to
introduce as presents, but its price was 60s. per lb., and it
was little thought of. Twenty years elapsed before the Company
first decided on importing tea, but by degrees it came into
general use. In 1712 the imports of tea were only 156,000
lbs.; in 1750 they reached 2,300,000 lbs.; in 1800, 24,000,000
lbs.; in 1830, 30,500,000 lbs., and in 1870, 141,000,000 lbs."

_L. Levi,
History of British Commerce,
page 239._

TEA-PARTY, The Boston.

See BOSTON: A. D. 1773.

TEA-ROOM PARTY, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1865-1868.

TEARLESS BATTLE, The (B. C. 368).

See GREECE: B. C. 371-362.

TECPANECAS, The.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502.

TECTOSAGES.

See VOLCÆ.

TECUMSEH, and his Indian League.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1811;
and 1812-1813 HARRISON'S NORTHWESTERN CAMPAIGN.

TECUNA, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

TEGYRA, Battle of.

The first important victory won by the Thebans (B. C. 375), in
the war which broke the power of Sparta. It was fought in
Lokrian territory.

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 38._

TEHUEL-CHE, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PATAGONIANS.

TEKKE TURCOMANS, Russian subjugation of.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1869-1881.

TEL EL AMARNA TABLETS, The.

See EGYPT: ABOUT B. C. 1500-1400.

TEL EL KEBIR, Battle of (1882).

See EGYPT: A. D. 1882-1883.

TELAMON, Battle of (B. C. 225).

See ROME: B. C. 295-191.

TELINGAS, The.

See TURANIAN RACES.

TELL, William, The Legend of.

See SWITZERLAND: THE THREE FOREST CANTONS.

TELMELCHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

{3091}

TEMENIDÆ, The.

"The history of the Macedonian kingdom is the history of its
royal race. The members of this royal house called themselves
Temenidæ; i. e. they venerated as their original ancestor the
same Temenus who was accounted the founder of the Heraclide
dynasty in Peloponnesian Argos. Now, we remember the
disturbances at Argos during the regal period, the quarrel
between the Heraclidæ and the Dorian soldiery, and the flight
of a King Phidon to Tegea. It is therefore highly credible,
that during these troubles individual members of the royal
house emigrated, in order to seek a more favorable theatre for
their activity than was offered by the cribbed and confused
affairs of their home; and tradition points precisely to the
brother of this Phidon as the man who came to Macedonia from
the shores of Peloponnesus."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 7, chapter 1 (volume 5)._

TEMENITES.

One of the suburbs of the ancient city of Syracuse was
so-called from the ground sacred to Apollo Temenites which it
contained. It afterwards became a part of the city called
Neapolis.

TEMESVAR, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

TEMESVAR, Siege and capture of (1716).

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1699-1718.

TEMPE, Vale of.

See THESSALY.

----------TEMPLARS: Start--------

TEMPLARS: A. D. 1118.
The founding of the Order.

"During the reign of Baldwin I. the kingdom [of Jerusalem] was
constantly harassed by the incursions of the Bedoween Arabs,
and pious pilgrims were exposed to great dangers in their
visits to the holy places. Nine valiant knights therefore, of
whom the two principal were Hugh de Payens and Godfrey of St.
Omer, vowed, in honour of the Sweet Mother of God (La douce
mère de Dieu) to unite the character of the soldier and the
monk, for the protection of pilgrims. In the presence of the
king and his barons, they took, in the year 1118, in the hands
of the patriarch, the three vows taken by the Hospitallers,
adding a fourth, that of combating the heathen, without
ceasing, in defence of pilgrims and of the Holy Land. The king
assigned them a part of his palace for their dwelling, and the
canons of the Temple gave them the open space between it and
the palace, whence they derived their appellation of Templars,
or Soldiers of the Temple. … Their garments were such as were
bestowed upon them by the charitable, and the seal of their
order, when they had attained to opulence—two knights mounted
on one horse—commemorated the time when a single war-horse had
to serve two knights of the Temple. When Baldwin II. was
released from captivity (1128), he sent envoys to Europe to
implore aid of the Christian powers. Among these were Hugh de
Payens, and some others of the brethren of the Temple. The
Templars appeared before the council of Troyes, and gave an
account of their order and its objects, which were highly
approved of by the fathers. The celebrated Bernard, abbot of
Clairvaux, took a lively interest in its welfare, and made
some improvements in its rule. A white mantle was assigned as
their habit, to which Pope Eugenius some years afterwards
added a plain red cross on the left breast; their banner was
formed of the black and white striped cloth named Bauséant,
which word became their battle-cry, and it bore the humble
inscription, 'Not unto us, O Lord, but unto thy name be
glory!' Hugh de Payens returned to Syria at the head of three
hundred knights of the noblest houses of the West, who had
become members of the order."

_T. Keightley,
The Crusaders,
chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_J. A. Froude,
The Spanish Story of the Armada and other Essays,
chapter 4._

TEMPLARS: A. D. 1185-1313.
The Order in England and elsewhere.

"The Knights Templars first established the chief house of
their order in England, without Holborn Bars [London] on the
south side of the street, where Southampton House formerly
stood, adjoining to which Southampton Buildings were
afterwards erected. … This first house of the Temple,
established by Hugh de Payens himself, before his departure
from England, on his return to Palestine, was adapted to the
wants and necessities of the order in its infant state, when
the knights, instead of lingering in the preceptories of
Europe, proceeded at once to Palestine, and when all the
resources of the society were strictly and faithfully
forwarded to Jerusalem, to be expended in defence of the
faith; but when the order had greatly increased in numbers,
power, and wealth, and had somewhat departed from its original
purity and simplicity, we find that the superior and the
knights resident in London began to look abroad for a more
extensive and commodious place of habitation. They purchased a
large space of ground, extending from the White Friars
westward to Essex House without Temple Bar, and commenced the
erection of a convent on a scale of grandeur commensurate with
the dignity and importance of the chief house of the great
religio-military society of the Temple in Britain. It was
called the New Temple, to distinguish it from the original
establishment at Holborn, which came thenceforth to be known
by the name of the Old Temple. This New Temple was adapted for
the residence of numerous military monks and novices, serving
brothers, retainers, and domestics, … connected, by a range of
handsome cloisters, with the magnificent church, consecrated
by the patriarch. Alongside the river extended a spacious
pleasure ground. … The year of the consecration of the Temple
Church [A. D. 1185] Geoffrey, the superior of the order in
England, caused an inquisition to be made of the lands of the
Templars in this country. … The number of manors, farms,
churches, advowsons, demesne lands, villages, hamlets,
windmills, and water-mills, rents of assize, rights of common
and free warren, and the amount of all kinds of property
possessed by the Templars in England at the period of the
taking of this inquisition, are astonishing. … The annual
income of the order in Europe has been roughly estimated at
six millions sterling! According to Matthew Paris, the
Templars possessed nine thousand manors or lordships in
Christendom, besides a large revenue and immense riches
arising from the constant charitable bequests and donations of
sums of money from pious persons. … The Templars, in addition
to their amazing wealth, enjoyed vast privileges and
immunities."

_C. G. Addison,
The Knights Templars,
chapter 3._

{3092}

When the order of the Templars was suppressed and its property
confiscated, the convent and church of the Temple in London were
granted by the king, first, in 1313, to Aymer de Valence, Earl
of Pembroke; afterwards, successively, to the Duke of
Lancaster and to Hugh le Despenser. "The Temple then came for
a short time into the hands of the Knights Hospitallers, and
during the reign of Edward III. it seems to have been occupied
by the lawyers, as tenants under the Hospitallers. When that
order was dissolved by Henry VIII., the property passed into
the hands of the Crown, the lawyers still holding possession
as tenants. This continued till the reign of James I., when a
petition was drawn up and presented to the king asking him to
assign the property to the legal body in permanence. This was
accordingly done by letters patent, in A. D. 1609, and the
Benchers of the Inner and Middle Temple received possession of
the buildings, on consideration of a small annual payment to
the Crown."

_F. C. Woodhouse,
Military Religious Orders,
part 2, chapter 7._

"Many of the old retainers of the Temple became servants of
the new lawyers, who had ousted their masters. … The dining in
pairs, the expulsion from hall for misconduct, and the locking
out of chambers were old customs also kept up. The judges of
Common Pleas retained the title of knight, and the Fratres
Servientcs of the Templars arose again in the character of
learned serjeants-at-law, the coif of the modern serjeant
being the linen coif of the old Freres Serjens of the Temple."

_W. Thornbury,
Old and New London,
volume 1, chapter 14._

ALSO IN:
_C. G. Addison,
The Knights Templars
chapter 7._

TEMPLARS: A. D. 1299.
Their last campaign in Palestine.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1299.

TEMPLARS: A. D. 1307-1314.
The prosecution and destruction of the order.

"When the Holy Land fell completely into Mahomedan hands on
the loss of Acre in 1291 [see JERUSALEM: A. D. 1291] they [the
Templars] abandoned the hopeless task and settled in Cyprus.
By the end of the thirteenth century they had almost all
returned to Europe. They were peculiarly strong and wealthy in
France—the strength and wealth were alike dangerous to them.
In Paris they built their fortress, the Temple, over against
the King's palace of the Louvre; and in that stronghold the
King himself had once to take refuge from the angry Parisian
mob, exasperated by his heavy extortions. During the life and
death struggle with the Papacy, the order had not taken the
side of the Church against the sovereign; for their wealth had
held them down. Philip [Philip IV], however, knew no
gratitude, and they were doomed. A powerful and secret society
endangered the safety of the state: their wealth was a sore
temptation: there was no lack of rumours. Dark tales came out
respecting the habits of the order; tales exaggerated and
blackened by the diseased imagination of the age. Popular
proverbs, those ominous straws of public opinion, were heard
in different lands, hinting at dark vices and crimes.
Doubtless the vows of the order, imposed on unruly natures,
led to grievous sins against the first laws of moral life. And
there was more than this: there were strange rumours of
horrible infidelity and blasphemy; and men were prepared to
believe everything. So no one seemed to be amazed when, in
October, 1307, the King made a sudden coup d'etat, arrested
all the Templars in France on the same day, and seized their
goods. The Temple at Paris with the Grand Master fell into his
hands. Their property was presently placed in the custody of
the Pope's nuncios in France; the knights were kept in dark
and dismal prisons. Their trial was long and tedious. Two
hundred and thirty-one knights were examined, with all the
brutality that examination then meant; the Pope also took the
depositions of more than seventy. From these examinations what
can we learn? All means were used: some were tortured, others
threatened, others tempted with promises of immunity. They
made confession accordingly; and the ghastly catalogue of
their professed ill-doings may be read in the history of the
trial. Who shall say what truth there was in it all? Probably
little or none. Many confessed and then recanted their
confession. The golden image with eyes of glowing carbuncle
which they worshipped; the trampling and spitting on the
crucifix; the names of Galla and Baphomet; the hideous
practices of the initiation;—all these things pass before us,
in the dim uncertainty, like some horrible procession of the
vices in hell. What the truth was will never be known. … The
knights made a dignified defence in these last moments of
their history; they did not flinch either at the terrible
prospect before them, or through memory of the tortures which
they had undergone. Public opinion, in and out of France,
began to stir against the barbarous treatment they had
received; they were no longer proud and wealthy princes, but
suffering martyrs, showing bravery and a firm front against
the cruelties of the King and his lawyers. Marigni, Philip's
minister and friend, and the King himself, were embarrassed by
the number and firmness of their victims, by the sight of
Europe looking aghast, by the murmurs of the people. Marigni
suggested that men who had confessed and recanted might be
treated as relapsed heretics, such being the law of the
Inquisition, (what irony was here!) and accordingly in 1310 an
enclosure was made at Paris, within which fifty-nine Templars
perished miserably by fire. Others were burnt later at Senlis.
… The King and Pope worked on the feeble Council, until in
March 1312 the abolition of the order was formally decreed;
and its chief property, its lands and buildings, were given
over to the Knights of St. John, to be used for the recovery
of the Holy Land; 'which thing,' says the Supplementor to
William of Nangis, 'came not to pass, but rather the endowment
did but make them worse than before.' The chief part of the
spoil, as might be well believed, never left the King's hands.
One more tragedy, and then all was over. The four heads of the
order were still at Paris, prisoners —Jacques de Molai, Grand
Master; Guy of Auvergne, the Master of Normandy, and two more.
The Pope had reserved their fate in his own hands, and sent a
commission to Paris, who were enjoined once more to hear the
confession of these dignitaries, and then to condemn them to
perpetual captivity. But at the last moment the Grand Master
and Guy publicly retracted their forced confessions, and
declared themselves and the order guiltless of all the
abominable charges laid against them. Philip was filled with
devouring rage. Without further trial or judgment he ordered
them to be led that night to the island in the Seine; there
they were fastened to the stake and burnt."

_G. W. Kitchin,
History of France,
volume 1, book 3, chapter 10, section 3._

{3093}

In England, a similar prosecution of the Templars, instigated
by the pope, was commenced in January, 1308, when the chiefs
of the order were seized and imprisoned and subjected to
examination with torture. The result was the dissolution of
the order and the confiscation of its property; but none of
the knights were executed, though some died in prison from the
effects of their barbarous treatment. "The property of the
Templars in England was placed under the charge of a
commission at the time that proceedings were commenced against
them, and the king very soon treated it as if it were his own,
giving away manors and convents at his pleasure. A great part
of the possessions of the Order was subsequently made over to
the Hospitallers. … Some of the surviving Templars retired to
monasteries, others returned to the world, and assumed secular
habits, for which they incurred the censures of the Pope. … In
Spain, Portugal, and Germany, proceedings were taken against
the Order; their property was confiscated, and in some cases
torture was used; but it is remarkable that it was only in
France, and those places where Philip's influence was
powerful, that any Templar was actually put to death."

_F. C. Woodhouse,
Military Religious Orders,
part 2, chapters 6-7 and 5._

ALSO IN:
_C. G. Addison,
The Knights Templars,
chapter 7._

_J. Michelet,
History of France,
book 5, chapter 3._

_H. H. Milman,
History of Latin Christianity,
book 12, chapters 1-2 (volume 5)._

----------TEMPLARS: End--------

TEMPLE, The (London).

See TEMPLARS: A. D. 1185-1313.

TEMPLE OF CONCORD AT ROME, The.

After the long contest in Rome over the Licinian Laws, which
were adopted B. C. 367, M. Furius Camillus—the great
Camillus—being made Dictator for the fifth time, in his
eightieth year, brought about peace between the patricians and
plebeians, in commemoration of which he vowed a temple to
Concord. "Before he could dedicate it, the old hero died. The
temple, however, was built according to his design; its site,
now one of the best known among those of ancient Rome, can
still be traced with great certainty at the north-western
angle of the Forum, immediately under the Capitoline. The
building was restored with great magnificence by the Emperor
Tiberius; and it deserved to be so, for it commemorated one of
the greatest events of Roman history."

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
book 2, chapter 15 (volume 1)._

TEMPLE OF DIANA.

See EPHESUS.

TEMPLE OF JANUS, The.

"The Temple of Janus was one of the earliest buildings of
Rome, founded, according to Livy (i. 19.) by Numa. It stood
near the Curia, on the northeast side of the Forum, at the
verge of a district called the Argiletum. … [it was] a small
'ædicula' or shrine, which towards the end of the Republic, or
perhaps earlier, was of bronze. It is shown with much
minuteness on a First Brass of Nero as a small cella, without
columns, but with richly ornamented frieze and cornice. Its
doors were closed on those rare occasions when Rome was at
peace with all the world. From the time of its traditional
founder, Numa, to that of Livy, it was only twice shut—once
after the first Punic War, and secondly after the victory of
Augustus at Actium. … It contained a very ancient statue,
probably by an Etruscan artist, of the double faced Janus
Bifrons, or Geminus. … The Temple of Janus gave its name to
this part of the edge of the Forum, and from the numerous
shops of the argentarii or bankers and money-lenders which
were there, the word Janus came to mean the usurers' quarter."

_J. H. Middleton,
Ancient Rome in 1885,
chapter 5._

The Temple of Janus was closed, once more, by Vespasian, after
the destruction of Jerusalem and the ending of the war in
Judea, A. D. 71. "It had stood open since the German wars of
the first princeps [Augustus]; or, according to the
computation of the christian Orosius, from the birth of Christ
to the overthrow of the Jewish people: for the senate had
refused to sanction Nero's caprice in closing it on his
precarious accommodation with Parthia. Never before had this
solemn act addressed the feelings of the citizens so directly.
… The Peace of Vespasian was celebrated by a new bevy of poets
and historians not less loudly than the Peace of Augustus. A
new era of happiness and prosperity was not less passionately
predicted."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 60._

TEMPLE OF SOLOMON, The.

"As soon as David had given to his people the boon of a unique
capital, nothing could be more natural than the wish to add
sacredness to the glory of the capital by making it the centre
of the national worship. According to the Chronicles, David …
had made unheard-of preparations to build a house for God. But
it had been decreed unfit that the sanctuary should be built
by a man whose hands were red with the blood of many wars, and
he had received the promise that the great work should be
accomplished by his son. Into that work Solomon threw himself
with hearty zeal in the month Zif of the fourth year of his
reign, when his kingdom was consolidated. … He inherited the
friendship which David had enjoyed, with Hiram, King of Tyre.
… The friendliest overtures passed between the two kings in
letters, to which Josephus appeals as still extant. A
commercial treaty was made by which Solomon engaged to furnish
the Tyrian king with annual revenues of wheat, barley, and
oil, and Hiram put at Solomon's disposal the skilled labour of
an army of Sidonian wood-cutters and artisans. … Some writers
have tried to minimise Solomon's work as a builder, and have
spoken of the Temple as an exceedingly insignificant structure
which would not stand a moment's comparison with the smallest
and humblest of our own cathedrals. Insignificant in size it
certainly was, but we must not forget its costly splendour,
the remote age in which the work was achieved, and the truly
stupendous constructions which the design required. Mount
Moriah was selected as a site hallowed by the tradition of
Abraham's sacrifice, and more recently by David's vision of
the Angel of the Pestilence with his drawn sword on the
threshing-floor of the Jebusite Prince Araunah. But to utilise
this doubly consecrated area involved almost super-human
difficulties, which would have been avoided if the loftier but
less suitable height of the Mount of Olives could have been
chosen. The rugged summit had to be enlarged to a space of 500
yards square, and this level was supported by Cyclopean walls,
which have long been the wonder of the world. … The caverns,
quarries, water storages, and subterranean conduits hewn out
of the solid rock, over which Jerusalem is built, could only
have been constructed at the cost of immeasurable toil. … It
was perhaps from his Egyptian father-in-law that Solomon, to
his own cost, learnt the secret of forced labour which alone
rendered such undertakings possible. …
{3094}
Four classes were subject to it.

1. The lightest labour was required from the native freeborn
Israelites (ezrach). They were not regarded as bondsmen, … yet
30,000 of these were required in relays of 10,000 to work, one
month in every three, in the forest of Lebanon.

2. There were the strangers, or resident aliens (Gerim), such
as the Phœnicians and Giblites, who were Hiram's subjects and
worked for pay.

3. There were three classes of slaves—those taken in war, or
sold for debt, or home-born.

4. Lowest and most wretched of all, there were the vassal
Canaanites (Toshabim), from whom were drawn those 70,000
burden-bearers, and 80,000 quarry-men, the Helots of
Palestine, who were placed under the charge of 3,600 Israelite
officers.