Chapter IV: , VII (146)

"The refugees from the Ukraine who had settled in Little
Russia were expelled in 1727. No Jews from without were
allowed to enter Russia upon any pretext. The few physicians
and other professional men of the excluded race who did manage
to remain in Russia were in continual jeopardy of insult and
expulsion. Over and over again Russian statesmen who were
anxious to develop the resources and trade possibilities of
their backward and barbarous land, hinted at the advisability
of bringing in some Jews. The Imperial will was resolutely
opposed. … When the broad-minded Catherine II ascended the
throne these efforts were renewed, but she too resisted them,
and says in her Memoirs, 'their admission into Russia might
have occasioned much injury to our small tradesmen.' She was
too deeply bitten with the Voltairean philosophy of her time
to have, or even assume, any religious fervour in the matter,
but though in 1786 she issued a high-sounding edict
'respecting the protection of the rights of Jews of Russia,'
the persecution on economic and social grounds continued
unabated. By this time it will be seen the laws did, however,
recognise the existence of Jews in Russia. The explanation is
that the first partition of Poland and the annexation of the
great Turkish territory lying between the Dnieper and the
Dniester had brought into the empire such a vast Hebraic
population that any thought of expulsion was hopeless. … The
rape of Poland and the looting of Turkey had brought two
millions of Jews under the sceptre of the Czar. The fact could
not be blinked. They were there—inside the Holy Empire, whose
boast for centuries had been that no circumcised dog could
find rest for his foot on its sanctified territory. To an
autocracy based so wholly on an orthodox religion as is that
of the Czars, this seemed a most trying and perplexing
problem. The solution they hit upon was to set aside one part
of the empire as a sort of lazar house, which should serve to
keep the rest of it from pollution. Hence we get the Pale.
Almost every decade since 1786, the date of Catherine's ukase,
has witnessed some alteration made in the dimensions and
boundaries of this Pale. Now it has been expanded, now sharply
contracted. … To trace these changes would be to
unnecessarily burden ourselves with details. It is enough to
keep in mind that the creation of the Pale was Russia's
solution of the Jewish problem in 1786, and is still the only
one it can think of. Side by side with this naïve notion that
Holy Russia could be kept an inviolate Christian land in the
eyes of Heaven by juggling the map, there grew up the more
worldly conception of turning the Jew to account as a kind of
milch cow. … In 1819 Jewish brandy distillers were allowed
to go into the interior and settle 'until,' as the ukase said,
'Russian master distillers shall have perfected themselves in
the art of distilling.' They availed themselves of this
permission in great numbers, and at the end of seven years
were all summarily driven out again, a new ukase explaining
that 'the number of Christian distillers was now sufficient.'
… The past century's history of the Jews in Russia is made
up of conflicts between these two impulses in the childlike
Slavonic brain—the one to drive the heretic Jew into the Pale
as into a kennel with kicks and stripes, the other guardedly
to entice him out and manage to extract some service or profit
from him. … In 1825 Nicholas ascended the throne. Within a
year he had earned from the Jews that sinister title of 'The
Second Haman,' by which Israel still recalls him. … With the
death of Nicholas [1855] and the advent of Alexander II a new
era dawned. Dr. Mackenzie Wallace has drawn a spirited and
comprehensive picture of the literal stampede all Russia made
to reform everything. … Almost the first thing the young
Czar did was to revive a commission to inquire into the
condition of the Jews, which Nicholas had decreed in 1840 and
then allowed to lapse. This commission sent out a list of
inquiries to all the Provincial Governors. These gentlemen
returned voluminous reports, all, without exception,
favourable to the Jews. … Upon the strength of these reports
were issued the ukases of 1859, 1861, and 1865, … by which
Jews of the first mercantile guild and Jewish artisans were
allowed to reside all over the Empire. It is just as well to
remember that even these beneficent concessions, which seem by
contrast with what had gone before to mark such a vast forward
step in Russo-Jewish history, were confessedly dictated by
utilitarian considerations. The shackles were stricken only
from the two categories of Jews whose freedom would bring
profit to Russia. … Still, the quarter century following
Alexander II's accession in 1855 fairly deserves its
appellation of the 'golden age' when what preceded it is
recalled."

_H. Frederic,
The New Exodus,
chapters 4-5._

See, also, JEWS: 19TH CENTURY.

JEWS: A. D. 1740.
Rise of the modern Chasidim.

See CHASIDIM.

JEWS: A. D. 1791.
The French Revolutionary emancipation.

"It is to the French Revolution that the Jews owe their
improved position in the modern world. That prolific parent of
good and evil has at least deserved well of them. It was the
first to do justice, full and unequivocal, to those whom every
other great political movement passed over as too
insignificant or too contemptible to be taken into account.
Mirabeau and the Abbé Grégoire, the one in his desire to
secularise the State, the other in his policy of
Christianising the Revolution, as our historian Graetz puts
it, both urged on a movement which, in an incredibly short
space of time, succeeded in effecting the complete
emancipation of all the Jews under the rule of the Republic.
On the 17th September, 1791, the National Assembly decreed the
abolition of every exceptional enactment previously in force
against them, and thus made them by law what they had
previously been in heart, citizens of their country.
{1931}
He who started as the child, afterwards to become the master,
of the Revolution, proclaimed the same great principles of
religious equality wherever his victorious eagles penetrated.
Since that dawn of a better time, the light has spread more
and more, though even now [1890] it is only here and there
that it has shone forth unto the perfect day."

_S. Singer,
Jews in their Relation to Other Races
(National Life and Thought, chapter 20)._

JEWS: A. D. 1846-1858.
Removal of disabilities in England.

"In 1846 the Act of Parliament was formally repealed which
compelled Jews living in England to wear a distinctive dress.
The law had, however, been in abeyance for nearly two
centuries. About this time also the Jews were admitted to the
privileges of the naturalization laws; and in 1858 the House
of Commons by resolution altered the form of oath tendered to
all its members. As it had stood up to this time, Jews were
prevented from voting in the divisions, although a Jew could
take his seat in the House when sent there by a constituency."

_E. Porritt,
The Englishman at Home,
chapter 9._

JEWS: 19th Century.
The Anti-Semite movement.
Later persecution of the Jews in Russia.

"Among the strange and unforeseen developments that have
characterized the fourth quarter of the nineteenth century,
few are likely to be regarded by the future historian with a
deeper or more melancholy interest than the anti-Semite
movement, which has swept with such a portentous rapidity over
a great part of Europe. It has produced in Russia by far the
most serious religious persecution of the century. It has
raged fiercely in Roumania, the other great centre of the
Oriental Jews. In enlightened Germany it has become a
considerable parliamentary force. In Austria it counts among
its adherents men of the highest social station. Even France,
which from the days of the Revolution has been specially
distinguished for its liberality to the Jews, has not escaped
the contagion. … It is this movement which has been the
occasion of the very valuable work of M. Anatole
Leroy-Beaulieu on 'Israel among the Nations.' The author, who
is universally recognized as one of the greatest of living
political writers, has special qualifications for his task.
With an exceedingly wide knowledge of the literature relating
to his subject he combines much personal knowledge of the Jews
in Palestine and in many other countries, and especially in
those countries where the persecution has most furiously
raged. That persecution, he justly says, unites in different
degrees three of the most powerful elements that can move
mankind—the spirit of religious intolerance; the spirit of
exclusive nationality; and the jealousy which springs from
trade or mercantile competition. Of these elements M.
Leroy-Beaulieu considers the first to be on the whole the
weakest. In that hideous Russian persecution which 'the New
Exodus' of Frederic has made familiar to the English reader,
the religious element certainly occupies a very leading place.
Pobedonosteff, who shares with his master the chief guilt and
infamy of this atrocious crime, belongs to the same type as
the Torquemadas of the past, and the spirit that animates him
has entered largely into the anti-Semite movement in other
lands. … Another element to which M. Leroy-Beaulieu attaches
considerable importance is the Kultur Kampf in Germany. When
the German Government was engaged in its fierce struggle with
the Catholics, these endeavored to effect a diversion and to
avenge themselves on papers, which were largely in the hands
of Jews, by raising a new cry. They declared that a Kultur
Kampf was indeed needed, but that it should be directed
against the alien people who were undermining the moral
foundations of Christian societies; who were the implacable
enemies of the Christian creed and of Christian ideals. The
cry was soon taken up by a large body of Evangelical
Protestants. … Still more powerful, in the opinion of our
author, has been the spirit of intense and exclusive
nationality which has in the present generation arisen in so
many countries and which seeks to expel all alien or
heterogeneous elements, and to mould the whole national being
into a single definite type. The movement has been still
further strengthened by the greater keenness of trade
competition. In the midst of many idle, drunken and ignorant
populations the shrewd, thrifty and sober Jew stands
conspicuous as the most successful trader. His rare power of
judging, influencing and managing men, his fertility of
resource, his indomitable perseverance and industry
continually force him into the foremost rank and he is
prominent in occupations which excite much animosity. The
tax-gatherer, the agent, the middleman, and the money-lender
are very commonly of Jewish race and great Jewish capitalists
largely control the money markets of Europe at a time when
capital is the special object of socialistic attacks."

_W. E. H. Lecky,
Israel among the Nations
(The Forum, December, 1893)._

"Until 1881 the lives and property of Jews had been respected.
Their liberties were restricted, not obsolete. In that year
all was changed. The Pale of Settlement, especially in the
South, became a centre of riot. Crimes were charged against,
and violence was offered to, those who had no means of
retaliation; and whose only defence was passive endurance. The
restlessness of the country, the low moral tone of the most
ignorant and unreasonable peasantry in the world, commercial
jealousy, and official intrigues were responsible for the
outbreak. The Jews had thriven; that was a crime. As the
Government had refused them the privileges of citizenship,
they had no right to rise above their neighbours. A rescript,
for which General Ignatieff was responsible, took cognisance,
not of the sufferings of the Jews, but of the condition of the
Christians. Commissioners … were appointed, in all towns
inhabited by Jews, to inquire
(1) into the manner of mal-practices by which the presence of
Jews became injurious to the Christian population;
(2) into the best methods of preventing Jews from evading old
restrictions;
(3) what new laws were required to stop the pernicious conduct
of Jews in business.
The inquiry resulted in the May Laws of 1882. These laws,
which were so severe that hesitation was felt in applying them
throughout the Pale, were supposed to be of only temporary
application. They were known as laws for the time, and only
came into full operation in 1890. … The May Laws define the
Jews' duties to the State. These consist of military service,
and pecuniary contributions.
{1932}
In common with all Russians, Jews are subject to the Law of
Conscription. Unlike Christians, they may not provide a
substitute. They may not follow any trade, or profession,
until they have produced evidence of registration in the
recruiting district. While subject to military service, Jews
cannot rise higher than the rank of non-commissioned officer.
… The journal of statistics gives the proportion of Jews to
the population as 3.95 per cent., whereas the percentage on
the conscription rolls is 5.80. Thus the Hebrew is ground
between the upper and nether millstone. … In December 1890
Russians were forbidden to sell, lease, or mortgage real
estate to Jews throughout the Empire, a measure hitherto
applied only to Poland. Where Jews have acquired such property
they will be compelled to dispose thereof. The Jewish
artisans, apothecaries' assistants, dentists, and midwives,
with all apprentices, are to be expelled from all places
outside the Pale. Exceptions to this are obtainable only by
special permission from the Minister of the Interior. Even
then the children of such must be removed to the Pale as soon
as they come of age, or marry an unprivileged Jew. This Pale
of Settlement, which stretches along the frontier, from the
Baltic to the Black Sea, is a hell of seething wretchedness.
Here five millions of Jews are compelled to live, and die, in
a Ghetto of filth and misery, mocked with a feast of Tantalus.
Beyond are lands where corn rots for lack of ingatherers; yet
they are cabined and confined. Inability to bribe a corrupt
mass of administrators has led to the expulsion of poor Jews
from villages within the Pale, into crowded towns, such as
Tchernizo, where the population has consequently risen from
5,000 to 20,000. … In September [1890] the Jews were
expelled from Trans-caspian territory; in October, Jews, not
having the right to live in St. Petersburg, were ordered to be
transferred, with their families, to their proper places of
abode; in January the Jews were ordered to be expelled from
the Terke region of the Caucasus; in February the Jews in
Novgorod were expelled. It has been declared expedient to
expel them from the Cossack Stanitzas of the Caucasus. Three
years ago the Jews were forbidden to live on Crown lands.
Eighty-seven families were recently ordered to leave Saraka
districts; because they had settled there after the passing of
the Ignatieff laws. Artisans are henceforth to be confined to
limits of residence within the Pale. It is the same with
millers; therefore mills are idle, and the price of corn has
declined. In Courland and Livonia, descendants of Jewish
families, which were established when those provinces were
incorporated into Russia, may remain; but no others may
settle. … Jews who have lived eight years in a village may
be interned therein, and may not move, even walking distance,
without leave. Jews leaving one village for another lose their
rights, and must go to the Ghetto of the nearest town. This is
practically a sentence of death. Executions are going on, not
upon scaffolds, but in dusky Ghettos, where the victims of
oppression pine without hope in the world."

_C. N. Barham,
Persecution of the Jews in Russia
(Westminster Review, volume 136, 1891), pages 139-144._

ALSO IN:
_Persecution of the Jews in Russia:
issued by the Russo-Jewish Committee;_

_D. F. Schloss,
Persecution of the Jews in Roumania._

----------JEWS: End----------

JEYPORE, OR JEYPOOR.

See RAJPOOTS.

JEZIREH, Al.

See MESOPOTAMIA.

JEZREEL, Battle of.

See MEGIDDO.

JINGIZ-KHAN, The conquests of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227;
and INDIA: A. D. 977-1290.

JINGOES.

See TURKS: A. D. 1878 EXCITEMENT IN ENGLAND.

JIVARA, OR JIVARO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

JOACHIM I.,
Elector of Brandenburg, A. D. 1499-1535.

Joachim II., Elector of Brandenburg, 1535-1571.

Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, 1598-1608.

JOAN OF ARC, The mission of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1429-1431.

JOANNA,
Queen of Castile, A. D. 1504-1555.

Joanna I., Queen of Naples, 1343-1381.

Joanna II., Queen of Naples, 1414-1435.

JOGLARS.

See TROUBADOURS.

JOHN
(of Brienne), Latin Emperor at Constantinople
(Romania), A. D. 1228-1237.

John (of Luxemburg), King of Bohemia, A. D. 1310-1346.

John, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1481-1513.

John, King of England, 1199-1216.

John (Don) of Austria: His victories over the Turks.

See TURKS: A. D. 1566-1571,
and 1572-1573.

In the Netherlands.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577, and 1577-1581.

John, Elector of Brandenburg, 1486-1499.

John (called The Fearless), Duke of Burgundy, 1404-1418.

John I., King of Aragon, 1387-1395.

John I., King of Castile and Leon, 1379-1390.

John I., nominal King of France
(an infant who lived seven days), 1316.

John I., King of Navarre, 1441-1479;

John II., of Aragon, 1458-1479;

John I., of Sicily, 1458-1479.

John I., King of Portugal, 1383-1433.

John I., King of Sicily, 1458-1479.

John II. (Comnenus),
Emperor in the East (Byzantine or Greek), 1118-1143.

John II., King of Castile and Leon, 1407-1454.

John II. (called The Good), King of France, 1350-1364.

John II., King of Portugal, 1481-1495.

John III. (Vataces), Greek Emperor of Nicæa, 1222-1255.

John III., King of Portugal, 1521-1557.

John III., King of Sweden, 1568-1592.

John IV., Pope, 640-642.

John IV. (Lascaris), Greek Emperor of Nicæa, 1259-1260.

John IV., King of Portugal, 1640-1656.

John V., Pope, 685-686.

John V. (Cantacuzene),
Greek Emperor of Constantinople, 1342-1355.

John V., King of Portugal, 1706-1750.

John VI., Pope, 701-705.

John VI. (Palæologus),
Greek Emperor of Constantinople, 1355-1391.

John VI., King of Portugal, 1816-1826.

John VII., Pope, 705-707.

John VII.
(Palæologus), Greek Emperor of Constantinople, 1425-1448.

John VIII., Pope, 872-882.

John IX., Pope, 898-900.

John X., Pope, 914-928.

John XI., Pope, 931-936.

John XII., Pope, 956-964.

John XIII., Pope, 965-972.

John XIV., Pope, 983-984.

John XV., Pope, 985-996.

John XVI., Antipope, 997-998.

John XVII., Pope, 1003, June to December.

John XVIII., Pope, 1003-1009.

John XIX., Pope, 1024-1033.

John XXI. (so styled, though 20th of the name),
Pope, 1276-1277.

John XXII., Pope, 1316-1334.

John XXIII., Pope, 1410-1410.

John Albert, King of Poland, 1493-1501.

John d'Albret and Catherine,
King and Queen of Navarre, 1503-1512.

John Balliol, King of Scotland, 1292-1296.

John Casimir, King of Poland, 1648-1668.

John Chrysostom and the Empress Eudoxia.

See ROME: A. D. 400-518.

John George, Elector of Brandenburg, 1571-1598.

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, 1608-1619.

John Sobieski, King of Poland, 1674-1697.

John Swerkerson, King of Sweden, 1216-1222.

John Zimisces, Emperor in the East
(Byzantine, or Greek), 969-976.

{1933}

JOHN COMPANY, The.

A name applied to the English East India Company.

See INDIA: A. D. 1858.

JOHNNIES.

See BOYS IN BLUE.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1867.

JOHNSON, Andrew:
Military Governor of Tennessee.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (MARCH-JUNE).

Election to the Vice Presidency.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

Succession to the Presidency.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (APRIL 15TH).

Reconstruction Policy.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY),
to 1866-1867 (OCTOBER-MARCH).

Impeachment of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1868 (MARCH-MAY).

JOHNSON, Sir William, and the Six Nations.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.

JOHNSON-CLARENDON CONVENTION.

See ALABAMA CLAIMS: A. D. 1862-1869.

JOHNSTON, General Albert Sidney.
Command of Confederate forces in the west.
Battle of Shiloh.
Death.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE),
and (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).

JOHNSTON, General Joseph E.
At the first Battle of Bull Run.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (JULY: VIRGINIA).

Command in northern Virginia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861-1862 (DECEMBER-APRIL: VIRGINIA).

Command on the Peninsula.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MARCH-MAY: VIRGINIA),
to (MAY: VIRGINIA).

Command in the west.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (APRIL-JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

Command in Georgia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863-1864
(DECEMBER-APRIL: TENNESSEE-MISSISSIPPI).

The Atlanta campaign.
Relieved of command.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864
(MAY: GEORGIA), and (MAY-SEPTEMBER: GEORGIA).

Command in the Carolinas.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865
(FEBRUARY-MARCH: THE CAROLINAS).

Surrender.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (APRIL 26TH).

JOHNSTOWN FLOOD, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

JOINT HIGH COMMISSION.

See ALABAMA CLAIMS: A. D. 1869-1871.

JOLIET'S EXPLORATIONS.

See CANADA: A. D. 1634-1673.

JOMSBORG.

Jomsborg, a stronghold at the mouth of the Oder, became, in
the later part of the 10th and early part of the 11th
centuries, a noted fastness of the piratical heathen Danes,
who found there "a secure refuge from the new religion and the
civilization it brought with it," which their country was then
submitting to. They founded at Jomsborg "a state to which no
man might belong save on proof of courage, where no woman
might enter within the walls, and where all booty was in
common."

_J. R. Green,
The Conquest of England,
pages 366-367._

"The impregnable castle of a certain body corporate, or
'Sea-Robbery Association (limited),' which, for some
generations, held the Baltic in terror, and plundered far
beyond the Belt—in the ocean itself, in Flanders and the
opulent trading havens there,—above all, in opulent anarchic
England, which, for forty years from about this time, was the
pirates' Goshen; and yielded, regularly every summer, slaves,
danegelt, and miscellaneous plunder, like no other country
Jomsburg or the viking-world had ever known."

_T. Carlyle,
Early Kings of Norway,
chapter 5._

The pirate-nest at Jomsborg was broken up, about the middle of
the tenth century, by Magnus the Good, of Norway.

JONES, John Paul, Naval exploits of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775-1776;
and 1779 (SEPTEMBER).

JONESBORO', Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-SEPTEMBER: GEORGIA).

JONGLEURS.

See TROUBADOURS.

JOPPA.

See JAFFA.

JOSEPH,
King of Portugal, A. D. 1750-1777.

Joseph I.,
King of Hungary, 1687-1711;
King of Bohemia and Germanic Emperor, 1705-1711.

Joseph II., King of Hungary and Bohemia,
and Germanic Emperor, 1765-1790.

Joseph Bonaparte,
King of Naples, 1806-1808;
King of Spain, 1808-1812.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805-1806 (DECEMBER-SEPTEMBER);
and SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (MAY-SEPTEMBER), to 1812-1814.

JOSEPHINE, Empress, Napoleon's divorce from.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1810-1812.

JOTAPATA, Siege of.

The Jewish city of Jotapata, defended by the historian
Josephus, was besieged by Vespasian for forty-seven days, A.
D. 67, and taken.

_Josephus,
Jewish War,
book 3, chapter 7-8._

JOUBERT, Campaigns of.

See FRANCE: A. D.1796-1797(OCTOBER-APRIL);
1798-1799; 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).

JOURDAN, Campaigns of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793(JULY-DECEMBER);
1794 (MARCH-JULY); 1795 (JUNE-DECEMBER);
1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER); 1798-1799 (AUGUST-APRIL).

JOUST.

See TOURNEY.

JOVIAN, Roman Emperor, A. D. 363-364.

JOVIANS AND HERCULIANS.

See PRÆTORIAN GUARDS: A. D. 312.

JOYOUS ENTRY OF BRABANT, The.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D.1559-1562.

JUAN.

See JOHN.

JUAREZ, The Mexican government of.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1848-1861, to 1867-1888.

JUBILEE, Papal institution of the.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1294-1348.

JUDAH, Kingdom of.

See JEWS: THE KINGDOMS OF ISRAEL, AND JUDAH, and after.

JUDAS MACCABÆUS.

See JEWS: B. C. 166-40.

JUDGES OF ISRAEL.

See JEWS: ISRAEL UNDER THE JUDGES.

JUDGMENT OF GOD.

See ORDEAL; also, WAGER OF BATTLE.

{1934}

JUDICIAL COMBAT.

See WAGER OF BATTLE.

JUGANTES, The.

See BRITAIN: CELTIC TRIBES.

JUGERUM.

"A Roman jugerum [of land] was somewhat less than two-thirds
of a statute acre."

_W. Ihne,
History of Rome,
book 2, chapter 7, footnote (volume 1)._

JUGURTHINE WAR, The.

See NUMIDIA: B. C. 118-104.

JULIAN (called The Apostate),
Roman Emperor, A. D. 361-363.
Restorer of Paganism.

See ROME: A. D. 361-363.

JULIAN CALENDAR. JULIAN ERA.

See CALENDAR, JULIAN.

JULIAN FAMILY, The.

"The Julian Family is that of the dictator Cæsar; his name was
transmitted, by adoption, out of the direct line, but always
within the circle of his kindred, to the five first heads of
the Roman empire; Augustus reigned from the year 30 B. C. to
the year 14 of our era; Tiberius, from 14 to 37 A. D.;
Caligula, from 37 to 41; Claudius, from 41 to 54; Nero, from
54 to 68."

_J. C. L. Sismondi,
Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 2._

JULIAN LAW, The.

See ROME: B. C. 90-88.

JULIAN LAWS, The.

"Cæsar [during his year of consulship, B. C. 59, before he
went to Gaul] carried, with the help of the people, the body
of admirable laws which are known to jurists as the 'Leges
Juliæ,' and mark an epoch in Roman history. … There was a
law declaring the inviolability of the persons of magistrates
during their term of authority, reflecting back on the murder
of Saturninus, and touching by implication the killing of
Lentulus and his companions. There was a law for the
punishment of adultery, most disinterestedly singular if the
popular accounts of Cæsar's habits had any grain of truth in
them. There were laws for the protection of the subject from
violence, public or private; and laws disabling persons who
had laid hands illegally on Roman citizens from holding office
in the Commonwealth. There was a law, intended at last to be
effective, to deal with judges who allowed themselves to be
bribed. There were laws against defrauders of the revenue;
laws against debasing the coin; laws against sacrilege; laws
against corrupt State contracts; laws against bribery at
elections. Finally, there was a law, carefully framed, 'De
repetundis.' to exact retribution from pro-consuls or
pro-prætors of the type of Verres, who had plundered the
provinces."

_J. A. Froude,
Cæsar,
chapter 13._

JULIAN LINE, The.

See ROME: A. D. 68-96.

JULIANUS.

See JULIAN.

Julianus, Didius, Roman Emperor, A. D. 193.

JÜLICH-CLEVE CONTEST, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1608-1618;
and FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.

JULIOMAGUS.
Modern Angers.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

JULIUS II.,
Pope, A. D. 1503-1513.

Julius III., Pope, 1550-1555.

Julius Nepos, Roman Emperor (Western), 474-475.

JULY FIRST.
Dominion Day.

See CANADA: A. D. 1867.

JULY FOURTH, Independence Day.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (JULY).

JULY MONARCHY, The.

The reign of Louis Philippe, which was brought about by the
revolution of July, 1830 (see FRANCE: A.D. 1815-1830, and
1830-1840), is commonly known in France as the July Monarchy.

JUNIN, Battle of (1824).

See PERU: A. D. 1820-1826.

JUNIUS LETTERS, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1769-1772.

JUNONIA.

See CARTHAGE: B. C. 44.

JUNTA.

A Spanish word signifying council, assembly, association.

JUNTA, The Apostolic.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.

JURISFIRMA, The process of.

See CORTES, THE EARLY SPANISH.

JUROIPACH, Fortress of.

A fortress in the pass of Derbend, between the last spurs of
the Caucasus and the Caspian, which the Persians and the
Romans undertook at one time to maintain jointly. "This
fortress, known as Juroipach or Biraparach, commanded the
usual passage by which the hordes of the north were accustomed
to issue from their vast arid steppes upon the rich and
populous regions of the south for the purpose of plundering
raids, if not of actual conquests. Their incursions threatened
almost equally Roman and Persian territory, and it was felt
that the two nations were alike interested in preventing them."

_G. Rawlinson,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 19._

JURY, Trial by.

"The fabric of our judicial legislation commences with the
Assize of Clarendon.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1162-1170.

… In the provisions of this assize for the repression of
crime we find the origin of trial by jury, so often attributed
to earlier times. Twelve lawful men of each hundred, with four
from each township, were sworn to present those who were known
or reputed as criminals within their district for trial by
ordeal. The jurors were thus not merely witnesses, but sworn
to act as judges also in determining the value of the charge;
and it is this double character of Henry's [Henry II.] jurors
that has descended to our 'grand jury.' … Two later steps
brought the jury to its modern condition. Under Edward I.
witnesses acquainted with the particular fact in question were
added in each case to the general jury, and by the separation
of these two classes of jurors at a later time the last became
simply 'witnesses,' without any judicial power, while the
first ceased to be witnesses at all, and became our modern
jurors, who are only judges of the testimony given."

_J. R. Green,
Short History of English People,
chapter 2, section 8._

See LAW.

ALSO IN:
_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 13, section 164._

_W. Forsyth,
History of Trial by Jury._

JUSTICIAR.

The chief minister of the Norman kings of England. At first
the Justiciar was the lieutenant or viceroy of the king during
the absence of the latter from the kingdom; afterward a
permanent minister of justice and finance.

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
volume 1, page 346._

JUSTIN I.,
Roman Emperor (Eastern), A. D. 518-527.

Justin II., Roman Emperor (Eastern), 565-578.

JUSTINIAN I.,
Roman Emperor (Eastern), A. D. 527-565.

Justinian II. (called Rhinotmetus),
Roman Emperor (Eastern), A. D. 685-695, and 704-711.

JUSTINIAN, The Institutes, Pandects and Novels of.

See CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS.

{1935}

JUSTIZA, OR JUSTICIARY, of Aragon.

See CORTES, THE EARLY SPANISH.

JÜTERBOGK, OR DENNEWITZ, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

JUTES, The.

See ANGLES AND JUTES;
also, ENGLAND: A. D. 449-473.

JUTHUNGI, The.

See ALEMANNI, FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE.

JUVAVIUM.

See SALZBURG.

JUVENAL IA, The.

This was a festival instituted by Nero, to commemorate his
attainment of the age of manhood. "His beard was clipped, and
the first tender down of his cheek and chin enclosed in a
golden casket and dedicated to Jupiter in the Capitol. This
ceremony was followed by music and acting," in which the
emperor, himself, performed.

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 53._

JUVERNA.

See IRELAND: THE NAME.

KAABA, OR CAABA, at Mecca, The.

See CAABA.

KABALA, OR CABALA, The.

See CABALA.

KABALA, Battle of.

See SICILY: B. C. 383.

KABELJAUWS.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1345-1354;
also, 1482-1493.

KABYLES, The.

See LIBYANS; also, AMORITES.

KADESH.

A strong fortress of the ancient Hittites on the Orontes. The
name signifies "the holy city."

KADESH-BARNEA.

An important locality in Biblical history. "It looms up as the
objective point of the Israelites in their movement from Sinai
to the Promised Land. It is the place of their testing, of
their failure, of their judging, and of their dispersion. It
is their rallying centre for the forty-years of their
wandering, and the place of their re-assembling for their
final move into the land of their longings."

_H. C. Trumbull,
Kadesh-Barnea,
part 1._

Mr. Trumbull identifies the site with the oasis of Ayn Qadees,
in the Wilderness of Zin.

KADIASKERS.

See SUBLIME PORTE.

KADISIYEH, Battle of.

See CADESIA.

KADMEIA, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 383.

KADMEIANS, OR CADMEIANS.

See BŒOTIA.

KADMONITES, The.

See SARACENS.

KAFIRS. KAFIR WARS.

See SOUTH AFRICA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS,
and A. D. 1811-1868;
also, AFRICA: THE INHABITING RACES.

KAGHUL, Battle of (1770).

See TURKS: A. D. 1768-1774.

KAH-KWAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HURONS, &c.

KAINARDJI, OR KUTSCHUK KAINARDJI, Treaty of (1774).

See TURKS: A. D. 1768-1774.

KAIRWAN, The founding of.

Acbah, the first of the Moslem conquerors of Northern Africa
who penetrated as far westward as the domain of ancient
Carthage, but who did not take that city, secured his footing
in the region [A. D. 670-675] by founding a new city,
thirty-three leagues southeast of Carthage and twelve leagues
from the sea. The site chosen was a wild, thickly wooded
valley, in the midst of which the Arab leader is said to have
cleared a space, erected walls around it, and then, planting
his lance in the center, cried to his followers: "This is your
Caravan." Hence the name, Kairwan or Caerwan, or Cairoan.
Fixing his seat of government at Kairwan, building mosques and
opening markets, Acbah and his successors soon made the new
city a populous and important capital.

_W. Irving,
Mahomet and his Successors,
volume 2, chapter 44._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 51._

_A. A. Boddy,
Kairwan the Holy._

KAISAR-I-HIND.

See INDIA: A. D. 1877.

KAISER, Origin of the title.

See CÆSAR, THE TITLE.

KAISERSLAUTERN, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).

KALAPOOIAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KALAPOOIAN FAMILY.

KALB, Baron De, and the War of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

KALEVALA, KALEWALA, The.

"To a certain class of modern philologists, no poem in the
world is more familiar than the Kalewala, the long epic, which
is to the mythology and traditional lore of the Finns what the
Iliad and Odyssey of Homer are to the heroic story of ancient
Greece. It is the source from which nearly all the information
connected with the religious creed, the moral notions, the
customs, and the domestic details of a most remarkable race is
to be obtained. If we would know how the Greeks of the heroic
age prayed, fought, eat, drank, sported, and clothed
themselves, we turn to the pages of Homer. If we would obtain
similar knowledge on the subject of the Finns, we consult the
Kalewala. Though the traditions of the Finnish heroes are
possibly as old as those of Achilles and Ajax, the arrangement
of them into a continuous poem is a work of very recent date.
No Wolfian controversy will arise respecting the construction
of the Kalewala, for it is not more than twenty-five years
since the Peisistratid who first put together the isolated
songs, or Runes, published the result of his labours.
Fragments of Finnish poetry, collected from the oral
traditions of the people, had already made their appearance,
though even the first important collection of these, which was
made by Dr. Zacharias Topelius, dates no further back than
1822. … But it is with Dr. Lönnrot that the existence of the
epic as an epic, with the title 'Kalewala,' begins. He
published it in thirty-two Runes,—that is to say, books or
cantos, for the word, which previously denoted an independent
poem, now sinks into little more than a sign of division,
though here and there, it must be confessed, an abrupt
transition occurs, to which a parallel would not be found in
the Iliad or the Odyssey. In 1849 a second edition of the
Kalewala was published, likewise under the superintendence of
Dr. Lönnrot, containing fifty cantos and nearly 23,000 lines."

_J. Oxenford,
Kalewala
(Temple Bar, December, 1860)._

{1936}

"Besides its fresh and simple beauty of style, its worth as a
storehouse of every kind of primitive folk-lore, being as it
is the production of an Urvolk, a nation that has undergone no
violent revolution in language or institutions—the Kalevala
has the peculiar interest of occupying a position between the
two kinds of primitive poetry, the ballad and the epic. …
Sixty years ago, it may be said, no one was aware that Finland
possessed a national poem at all. Her people—who claim
affinity with the Magyars of Hungary, but are possibly a
back-wave of an earlier tide of population—had remained
untouched by foreign influences since their conquest by
Sweden, and their somewhat lax and wholesale conversion to
Christianity: events which took place gradually between the
middle of the twelfth and the end of the thirteenth centuries.
… The annexation of Finland by Russia, in 1809, awakened
national feeling, and stimulated research into the songs and
customs which were the heirlooms of the people. … From the
north of Norway to the slopes of the Altai, ardent explorers
sought out the fragments of unwritten early poetry. These
runes, or runots, were sung chiefly by old men called Runoias,
to beguile the weariness of the long dark winters. The custom
was for two champions to engage in a contest of memory,
clasping each other's hands, and reciting in turn till he
whose memory first gave in slackened his hold. The Kalevala
contains an instance of this practice, where it is said that
no one was so hardy as to clasp hands with Wäinämöinen, who is
at once the Orpheus and the Prometheus of Finnish mythology.
These Runoias, or rhapsodists, complain, of course, of the
degeneracy of human memory; they notice how any foreign
influence, in religion or politics, is destructive to the
native songs of a race. 'As for the lays of old time, a
thousand have been scattered to the wind, a thousand buried in
the snow. … As for those which the Munks (the Teutonic
knights) swept away, and the prayer of the priest
over-whelmed, a thousand tongues were not able to recount
them.' In spite of the losses thus caused, and in spite of the
suspicious character of the Finns, which often made the task
of collection a dangerous one, enough materials remained to
furnish Dr. Lönnrot, the most noted explorer, with thirty-five
Runots, or cantos. These were published in 1835, but later
research produced the fifteen cantos which make up the
symmetrical fifty of the Kalevala. In the task of arranging
and uniting these, Dr. Lönnrot played the part generally
ascribed to Pisistratus in relation to the Iliad and Odyssey.
He is said to have handled with singular fidelity the
materials which now come before us as one poem, not without a
certain unity and continuous thread of narrative. It is this
unity which gives the Kalevala a claim to the title of epic,
although the element of permanence which is most obvious in
the Greek epics, and in the earliest Hebrew records, is here
conspicuously absent. … Among the Finns we find no trace of
an aristocracy; there is scarcely a mention of kings, or
priests; the heroes of the poem are really popular heroes,
fishers, smiths, husbandmen, 'medicine-men' or wizards;
exaggerated shadows of the people, pursuing on a heroic scale,
not war, but the common daily business of primitive and
peaceful men. In recording their adventures, the Kalevala,
like the shield of Achilles, reflects all the life of a race,
the feasts, the funerals, the rites of seed-time and harvest,
of marriage and death, the hymn, and the magical incantation.
Were this all, the epic would only have the value of an
exhaustive collection of the popular ballads which, as we have
seen, are a poetical record of all the intenser moments in the
existence of unsophisticated tribes. But it is distinguished
from such a collection, by presenting the ballads as they are
produced by the events of a continuous narrative, and thus it
takes a distinct place between the aristocratic epics of
Greece, or of the Franks, and the scattered songs which have
been collected in Scotland, Sweden, Denmark, Greece, and
Italy. Besides the interest of its unique position as a
popular epic, the Kalevala is very precious, both for its
literary beauties and for the confused mass of folk-lore which
it contains. … What is to be understood by the word
'Kalevala'? The affix 'la' signifies 'abode.' Thus, 'Tuonela'
is 'the abode of Tuoni,' the god of the lower world; and as
'kaleva' means 'heroic,' 'magnificent,' 'Kalevala' is 'The
Home of Heroes,' like the Indian 'Beerbhoom,' or 'Virbhûmi.'
The poem is the record of the adventures of the people of
Kalevala—of their strife with the men of Pohjola, the place
of the world's end."

_A. Lang,
Kalevala
(Fraser's May, June, 1872)._

A complete translation of the Kalevala into English verse, by
John Martin Crawford, was published in New York, in 1888.

_Project Gutenberg
Kalevala: the Epic Poem of Finland—
Complete by Lönnrot and Crawford
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5186_

KALISCH, Battle of (1706).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1701-1707.

KALISCH, OR CALISCH, Treaty of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1812-1813.

KALMUKS, The.

See TARTARS.

KAMBALU, CAMBALU.

See CHINA: A. D. 1259-1294.

KAMBULA, Battle of (1879).

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1877-1879.

KAMI, OR KHEMI, OR KEM.

See EGYPT: ITS NAMES.

KANAKAS.

See HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

KANAWHA, Battle of the Great.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

KANAWHA, The proposed State of.

See WEST VIRGINIA: A. D. 1862 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

KANAWHAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

KANDHS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

----------KANSAS: Start--------

KANSAS:
The aboriginal inhabitants.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY,
and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

KANSAS: A. D. 1803.
Mostly embraced in the Louisiana Purchase.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

KANSAS: A. D. 1854.
Territorial organization.
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1854.

KANSAS: A. D. 1854-1859.
The battle-ground of the struggle against Slavery-extension.
Border-ruffians and Free State settlers.

"The attention of the whole country had now been turned to the
struggle provoked by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and the repeal
of the Missouri Compromise. The fertile soil of Kansas had
been offered as a prize to be contended for by Free and Slave
States, and both had accepted the contest. The Slave State
settlers were first in the field. The slave-holders of Western
Missouri, which shut off Kansas from the Free States, had crossed
the border, preempted lands, and warned Free State immigrants
not to pass through Missouri.
{1937}
The first election of a delegate to Congress took place
November 29th, 1854, and was carried by organized bands of
Missourians, who moved over the border on election day, voted,
and returned at once to Missouri. The spring election of 1855,
for a Territorial Legislature, was carried in the same
fashion. In July, 1855, the Legislature, all Pro-Slavery, met
at Pawnee, and adopted a State Constitution. To save trouble
it adopted the laws of the State of Missouri entire, with a
series of original statutes denouncing the penalty of death
for nearly fifty offenses against Slavery. All through the
spring and summer of 1855 Kansas was the scene of almost
continuous conflict, the Border Ruffians of Missouri
endeavoring to drive out the Free State settlers by murder and
arson, and the Free State settlers retaliating. The cry of
'bleeding Kansas' went through the North. Emigration societies
were formed in the Free States to aid, arm, equip, and protect
intending settlers. These, prevented from passing through
Missouri, took a more Northern route through Iowa and
Nebraska, and moved into Kansas like an invading army. The
Southern states also sent parties of intending settlers. But
these were not generally slave-holders, but young men anxious
for excitement. They did not go to Kansas, as their opponents
did, to plow, sow, gather crops, and build up homes.
Therefore, though their first rapid and violent movements were
successful, their subsequent increase of resources and numbers
was not equal to that of the Free State settlers. The
Territory soon became practically divided into a Pro-Slavery
district, and a Free State district. Leavenworth in the
former, and Topeka and Lawrence in the latter, were the chief
towns. September 5th, 1855, a Free State Convention at Topeka
repudiated the Territorial Legislature and all its works, as
the acts and deeds of Missourians alone. It also resolved to
order a separate election for delegate to Congress, so as to
force that body to decide the question, and to form a State
government. January 15th, 1856, the Free State settlers
[having applied to Congress for admission as a State] elected
State officers under the Topeka Free State Constitution. The
Federal Executive now entered the field. January 24th, 1856,
the President [Franklin Pierce], in a Special Message to
Congress, endorsed the Pro-Slavery Legislature, and pronounced
the attempt to form a Free State government, without the
approval of the Federal authorities in the Territory, to be an
act of rebellion. He then issued a proclamation, warning all
persons engaged in disturbing the peace of Kansas to retire to
their homes, and placed United States troops at the orders of
Governor Shannon to enforce the (Pro-Slavery) laws of the
Territory. The population of Kansas was now so large that very
considerable armies were mustered on both sides, and a
desultory civil war was kept up until nearly the end of the
year. During its progress two Free State towns, Lawrence and
Ossawattomie, were sacked. July 4th, 1856, the Free State
Legislature attempted to assemble at Topeka, but was at once
dispersed by a body of United States troops, under orders from
Washington. September 9th, a new Governor, Geary, of
Pennsylvania, arrived and succeeded in keeping the peace to
some extent by a mixture of temporizing and decided measures.
By the end, of the year he even claimed to have established
order in the Territory. … January 6th, 1857, the Free State
Legislature again attempted to meet at Topeka, and was again
dispersed by Federal interference. Its presiding officer and
many of its members were arrested by a United States deputy
marshal. The Territorial, or Pro-Slavery, Legislature
quarreled with Governor Geary, who resigned, and Robert J.
Walker, of Mississippi, was appointed in his stead. A
resolution was passed by the House [in Congress] declaring the
Acts of the Territorial Legislature cruel, oppressive,
illegal, and void. It was tabled by the Senate." A new
Congress met December 7th, 1857, "with a Democratic majority
in both branches. In the House, James L. Orr, of South
Carolina, a Democrat, was chosen Speaker. The debates of this
Session were mainly upon the last scene in the Kansas
struggle. Governor Walker had succeeded in persuading the Free
State settlers to recognize the Territorial Legislature so far
as to take part in the election which it had ordered. The
result gave them control of the Legislature. But a previously
elected Pro-Slavery Convention, sitting at Lecompton, went on
to form a State Constitution. This was to be submitted to the
people, but only votes 'For the Constitution with Slavery,' or
'For the Constitution without Slavery,' were to be received.
Not being allowed in either event to vote against the
Constitution, the Free State settlers refused to vote at all,
and the Lecompton Constitution with Slavery received 6,000
majority. The new Territorial Legislature, however, ordered an
election at which the people could vote for or against the
Lecompton Constitution, and a majority of 10,000 was cast
against it. … The President's Message argued in favor of
receiving Kansas as a State under the Lecompton Constitution
with Slavery, on the ground that the delegates had been chosen
to form a State Constitution, and were not obligated to submit
it to the people at all. This view was supported by the
Southern members of Congress, and opposed by the Republicans
and by a part of the Democrats, headed by Senator Douglas, of
Illinois. The Senate passed a bill admitting Kansas as a
State, under the Lecompton Constitution. The House passed the
bill, with the proviso that the Constitution should again be
submitted to a popular vote. The Senate rejected the proviso.
A conference committee recommended that the bill of the House
should be adopted, with an additional proviso making large
grants of public lands to the new State, if the people of
Kansas should vote to adopt the Lecompton Constitution. In
this form the bill was passed by both Houses, and became a
law. … The proffered inducement of public lands was a
failure, and in August the Lecompton Constitution was rejected
by 10,000 majority. Kansas, therefore, still remained a
Territory. In 1859, at an election called by the Territorial
Legislature, the people decided in favor of another Convention
to form a State Constitution. This body met at Wyandot, in
July, 1859, and adopted a State Constitution prohibiting
Slavery. The Wyandot Constitution was submitted to the people
and received a majority of 4,000 in its favor;" but Congress
refused the admission to Kansas under this Constitution, the
Senate rejecting, though the House approved.

_A. Johnston,
History of American Politics,
chapters 18-19._

ALSO IN:
_D. W. Wilder,
Annals of Kansas (containing the text of the several
Constitutions, etc.)._

_E. E. Hale,
Kansas and Nebraska,
chapters 8-9._

_S. T. L. Robinson,
Kansas_

_J. H. Gihon,
Governor Geary's Administration in Kansas._

_F. B. Sanborn,
Life and Letters of John Brown,
chapters 7-11._

_Reports of Select Committee,
(34th Congress, 1st Session, H. R. Report 200)._

_J. F. Rhodes,
History of the United States from 1850,
chapters 7-9 (volume 2)._

_C. Robinson,
The Kansas Conflict._

See, also, JAYHAWKERS.

{1938}

KANSAS: A. D. 1861.
Admission to the Union under the Wyandot Constitution.

"As soon as a sufficient number of Southern members of
Congress [from the seceding States] had withdrawn to give the
Republicans a majority in both Houses, Kansas was admitted as
a State [January 29, 1861] under the Wyandot Free State
Constitution."

_A. Johnston,
History of American Politics,
2d edition, page 185._

KANSAS: A. D. 1863.
Quantrell's guerrilla raid.
The sacking of Lawrence.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST: MISSOURI-KANSAS).

----------KANSAS: End----------

KANSAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

KAPOHN, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

KAPOLNA, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KAPPEL, Battle of (1531).
The Kappeler Milchsuppe.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.

KARA GEORG, The career of.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:
14-19TH CENTURIES (SERVIA).

KARAISM. KARAITES.

The Jewish sect of the Karaites originated in the teaching of
one Anan ben David, in the 8th century, whose radical doctrine
was the rejection of the Talmud and a return to the Bible "for
the ordering of religious life." Hence "the system of religion
which Anan founded received the name of the Religion of the
Text, or Karaism,"

_H. Graetz,
History of the Jews,
volume 3, chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_H. H. Milman,
History of the Jews,
book 23._

KARAKORUM.

The early capital of the Mongol empire of Jingis Khan and his
successors was at Karakorum, believed to have been situated
near the river Orkhon, or Orgon. Ogotai built a great palace
there, in 1235, called Ordu Balik, or the city of the Ordu.

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
volume 1. pages 155 and 182._

See, also,
MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227.

KARANKAWAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KARANKAWAN FAMILY.

KARIGAUM, Defense of (1817).

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819.

KARKAR, Battle of.

Fought B. C. 854, by Shalmaneser of Assyria, with the
confederate, kings of Damascus, Israel and their Syrian
neighbors; the latter defeated.

KARL.

See ETHEL.—ETHELING.

KARLINGS, OR CARLINGS.

See FRANKS: A. D. 768-814.

KARLOWITZ, OR CARLOWITZ, Peace of.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1683-1699.

KARLSBAD, OR CARLSBAD, Congress of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1814-1820.

KARMATHIANS, The.

See CARMATHIANS.

KARNATTAH.

The Moorish name of Granada, signifying "the cream of the
West."

See SPAIN: A. D. 1238-1273.

KAROKS, OR CAHROCS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS, &c.

KAROLINGIA AND KAROLINGIANS.

See CAROLINGIA; and FRANKS: A. D. 768-814.

----------KARS: Start--------

KARS: A. D. 1854-1856.
Siege and capture by the Russians.
Restoration to Turkey.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1855 and 1854-1856.

KARS: A. D. 1877.
Siege and capture by the Russians.

See TURKS: A. D. 1877-1878.

KARS: A. D. 1878.
Cession to Russia.

See TURKS: A. D. 1878 THE TREATIES.

----------KARS: End--------

KASDIM, OR CASDIM.

See BABYLONIA, PRIMITIVE.

----------KASHMERE: Start--------

KASHMERE: A. D. 1819-1820.
Conquest by Runjet Singh.

See SIKHS.

KASHMERE: A. D. 1846.

Taken from the Sikhs by the English and given as a kingdom to
Gholab Singh.

See INDIA: A. D. 1845-1849.

----------KASHMERE: Start--------

----------KASKASKIA: Start--------

KASKASKIA, French settlement of.

See ILLINOIS: A. D. 1751.

KASKASKIA: A. D. 1778.
Taken by the Virginian General Clark.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1778-1779 CLARK'S CONQUEST.

----------KASKASKIA: End----------

KASKASKIAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

KASSOPIANS.

See EPIRUS.

KATABA, OR CATAWBAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TIMUQUANAN FAMILY,
and, SIOUAN FAMILY.

KATANA, Naval Battle of.

See SYRACUSE: B. C. 397-396.

KATZBACH, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (AUGUST).

KAUS, OR KWOKWOOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KUSAN FAMILY.

KAWS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

KAZAN, The Khanate of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1238-1391.

KEARNEYITES.

See CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1877-1880.

KEARNEY'S EXPEDITION AND CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO.

See NEW MEXICO: A. D. 1846.

KEDAR, Tribe of.

"The Arabs of the tribe of Kedar are often mentioned in the
Bible, especially with reference to the trade with Phœnicia.
They furnished the caravans across the desert of Dahna, to
convey the merchandise of Hadramaut, Marah, and Oman to Syria.
They inhabited the southern portion of Yemama, on the borders
of the desert."

_F. Lenormant,
Manual of the Ancient History of the East,
book 7, chapter 1, section 7 (volume 2)._

KEECHIES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

KEEHEETSAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

KEEWATIN, District of.

"In 1876 an act was passed by the Dominion Parliament [Canada]
erecting into a separate government under the name of the
District of Keewatin the portion of the North-West Territory
lying to the north of Manitoba. The district contains about
395,000 acres, and is principally occupied by Icelandic
colonists. The Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba is ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor of Keewatin."

_J. E. C. Munro,
The Constitution of Canada,
page 35._

{1939}

KEFT.

The ancient Egyptian name of Phœnicia.

----------KEHL: Start--------

KEHL: A. D. 1703.
Taken by the French.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1702-1704.

KEHL: A. D. 1733.
Taken by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735.

----------KEHL: End--------

KEITH, George, The schism and the controversies of.

See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1692-1696.

KELLY'S FORD, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY-NOVEMBER: VIRGINIA).

KELTS, The.

See CELTS, THE.

KEM, OR KAMI, OR KHEMI.

See EGYPT: ITS NAMES.

KENAI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: BLACKFEET,
and ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

KENDALL, Amos, in the "Kitchen Cabinet" of President Jackson.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1829.

KENESAW MOUNTAIN, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-SEPTEMBER: GEORGIA).

KENITES, The.

See AMALEKITES, THE.

KENT, Kingdom of.

Formed by the Jutes in the southeast corner of Britain. The
only other settlement of the Jutes in England was in the Isle
of Wight and on the neighboring coast of Hampshire.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 449-473.

KENT, Weald of.

See ANDERIDA.

KENT'S HOLE.