Chapter IV: , VII (147)

One of the most noted of the caves which have been carefully
explored for relics of early man, coeval with extinct animals.
It is in Devonshire, England, near Torquay.

_W. B. Dawkins,
Cave Hunting._

----------KENTUCKY: Start----------

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1748.
First English exploration from Virginia.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1754.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1765-1778.
Absence of Indian inhabitants.
Early exploration and settlement by the whites.
The colony of Transylvania.

In the wars that were waged between the Indian tribes of the
South, before the advent of white settlers, Kentucky became "a
sort of border-land such as separated the Scots and English in
their days of combat. … The Chickasaws alone held their
ground, being the most northern of the sedentary Southern
Indians. Their strongholds on the bluffs of the Mississippi
and the inaccessibility of this country on account of its
deep, sluggish, mud-bordered streams, seem to have given them
a sufficient measure of protection against their enemies, but
elsewhere in the State the Indians were rooted out by their
wars. The last tenants of the State, east of the Tennessee
River, were the Shawnees,—that combative folk who ravaged
this country with their ceaseless wars from the head-waters of
the Tennessee to the Mississippi, and from the Lakes to
Alabama. It was no small advantage to the early settlers of
Kentucky that they found this region without a resident Indian
population, for, bitter as was the struggle with the claimants
of the soil, it never had the danger that would have come from
a contest with the natives in closer proximity to their homes.
… As Kentucky was unoccupied by the Indians, it was
neglected by the French. … Thus the first settlers found
themselves, in the main, free from these dangers due to the
savages and their Gallic allies. The land lay more open to
their occupancy than any other part of this country ever did
to its first European comers. … In 1765 Colonel George
Croghan, who had previously visited the Ohio with Gist, made a
surveying journey down that stream from Pittsburg to the
Mississippi. … In 1766 a party of five persons, including a
mulatto slave, under the command of Captain James Smith,
explored a large part of what is now Tennessee, and probably
extended their journey through Southern Kentucky. Journeys to
Kentucky now became frequent. Every year sent one or more
parties of pioneers to one part or another of the country. In
1769 Daniel Boone and five companions, all from the Yadkin
settlements in North Carolina, came to Eastern Kentucky. One
of the party was killed, but Boone remained, while his
companions returned to their homes. Thus it will be seen that
Boone's first visit was relatively late in the history of
Kentucky explorations. Almost every part of its surface had
been traversed by other explorers before this man, who passes
in history as the typical pioneer, set foot upon its ground.
In the time between 1770 and 1772 George Washington, then a
land-surveyor, made two surveys in the region which is now the
northeast corner of Kentucky. … The first distinct effort to
found a colony was made by James Harrod and about forty
companions, who found their way down the Ohio near to where
Louisville now stands, and thence by land to what is now
Mercer County, in Central Kentucky, where they established, on
June 16, 1774, a village which they called, in honor of their
leader, Harrodsburg. Earlier attempts at settlement were made
at Louisville, but the fear of Indians caused the speedy
abandonment of this post. … In 1775 other and stronger
footholds were gained. Boone built a fort in what is now
Madison County, and Logan another at St. Asaphs, in Lincoln
County. The settlement of Kentucky was greatly favored by the
decisive victory gained by Lord Dunmore's troops over the
Indians from the north of the Ohio, at the mouth of the
Kanawha.

See OHIO VALLEY: A. D. 1774.

… That the process of possessing the land was going on with
speed may be seen from the fact that Henderson and Company,
land-agents at Boonesborough, issued from their office in the
new-built fort entry certificates of surveys for 560,000 acres
of land. The process of survey was of the rudest kind, but it
served the purpose of momentary definition of the areas, made
it possible to deal with the land as a commodity, and left the
tribulations concerning boundaries to the next generation.
These land deeds were given as of the 'colony of
Transylvania,' which was in fact the first appellation of
Kentucky, a name by which it was known for several years
before it received its present appellation. At this time, the
last year that the work of settling Kentucky was done under
the authority of his majesty King George III., there were
probably about 150 men who had placed themselves in
settlements that were intended to be permanent within the
bounds of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky. There may
have been as many more doing the endless exploring work which
preceded the choice of a site for their future homes. The men
at Boone's Station claimed, and seem to have been awarded, a
sort of hegemony among the settlements.
{1940}
On the 23d of May, at the call of Colonel Henderson, the
land-agent of the proprietors, delegates from these
settlements met at Boonesborough, and drew up a brief code of
nine laws for the government of the young Commonwealth. …
The Boonesborough parliament adjourned to meet in September,
but it never reassembled. The venture which led to its
institution fell altogether to ruin, and the name of
Transylvania has been almost entirely forgotten. … The
colony of Transylvania rested on a purchase of about
17,000,000 acres, or about one half the present area of
Kentucky, which was made by some people of North Carolina from
the Overhill Cherokee Indians, a part of the great tribe that
dwelt on the Holston River. For this land the unfortunate
adventurers paid the sum of £10,000 of English money. …
Immediately after the Boonesborough parliament the position of
the Transylvania company became very insecure; its own people
began to doubt the validity of the titles they had obtained
from the company, because, after a time, they learned from
various sources that the lands of this region of Kentucky had
been previously ceded to the English government by the Six
Nations, and were included in the Virginia charter. In the
latter part of 1775, eighty men of the Transylvania settlement
signed a memorial asking to be taken under the protection of
Virginia; or, if that colony thought it best, that their
petition might be referred to the General Congress. … The
proprietors of the colony made their answer to this rebellion
by sending a delegate to the Federal Congress at Philadelphia,
who was to request that the colony of Transylvania be added to
the number of the American colonies. … Nothing came of this
protest. Congress refused to seat their delegate, Patrick
Henry and Jefferson, then representing Virginia, opposing the
efforts of the proprietors. The Governor of North Carolina
issued a proclamation declaring their purchase illegal. The
colony gradually fell to pieces, though the State of Virginia
took no decided action with reference to it until, in 1778,
that Commonwealth declared the acts of the company void, but,
in a generous spirit, offered compensation to Colonel
Henderson and the other adventurers. The Transylvania company
received 200,000 acres of valuable lands, and their sales to
actual settlers were confirmed by an act of the Virginia
Assembly. Thus the strongest, though not the first, colony of
Kentucky, was a misadventure and quickly fell to pieces."

_N. S. Shaler,
Kentucky,
chapters 5-7._

ALSO IN;
_T. Roosevelt,
The Winning of the West,
volume 1, chapters 6 and 8-12._

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1768.
The Treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix.
Pretended cession of the country south of the Ohio.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1774.
The western Territorial claims of Virginia.
Lord Dunmore's war with the Indians.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1775-1784.
A county of Virginia.
Indian warfare of the Revolution.
Aspirations towards State independence.

"In the winter of 1775 Kentucky was formed into a county of
Virginia. … About this time Harrodsburg, Boonesborough and
Logan's Fort were successively assailed by the Indians. They
withstood the furious attacks made upon them; not, however,
without great loss. During the succeeding summer they were
considerably reinforced by a number of men from North
Carolina, and about 100 under Colonel Bowman from Virginia. In
1778 Kentucky was invaded by an army of Indians and Canadians
under the command of Captain Duquesne; and the expedition of
Colonel George Rodgers Clark against the English post of
Vincennes and Kaskaskia took place this year. In February of
this year Boone, with about 30 men, was engaged in making salt
at the Lower Blue Licks, when he was surprised by about 200
Indians. The whole party surrendered upon terms of
capitulation. The Indians carried them to Detroit, and
delivered them all up to the commandant, except Boone, whom
they carried to Chilicothe. Boone soon effected his escape.
… After … some weeks … Captain Duquesne, with about 500
Indians and Canadians, made his appearance before
Boonesborough, and besieged the fort for the space of nine
days, but finally decamped with the loss of 30 men killed, and
a much greater number wounded. … About the first of April,
1779, Robert Patterson erected a block house, with some
adjacent defenses, where the city of Lexington now stands.
This year, the celebrated land law of Kentucky was passed by
the Legislature of Virginia, usually called the Occupying
Claimant Law. The great defect of this law was, that Virginia,
by this act, did not provide for the survey of the country at
the expense of the State. … Each one holding a warrant could
locate it where he pleased, and survey it at his own cost. …
The consequence of this law was … a flood of emigration
during the years 1780 and 1781. During this period the
emigrants were greatly annoyed by the frequent incursions of
the Indians, and their entire destruction sometimes seemed
almost inevitable. This law was a great feast for the lawyers
of that day. … In November, 1780, Kentucky was divided into
three counties, bearing the names of Fayette, Lincoln, and
Jefferson. … In 1782, Indian hostility was earlier, more
active and shocking than it had ever been in the country
before; a great battle was fought upon Hinkston's Fork of the
Licking, near where Mount Sterling now stands, in which the
Indians were victorious. In this battle, Estill, who commanded
the whites, and nearly all of his officers, were killed. Near
the Blue Licks another battle was soon afterwards fought with
Captain Holder, in which the whites were again defeated; in
both these last mentioned battles the contending foe were
Wyandottes. … Peace was made with Great Britain in 1783, and
hostilities ceased; hostilities with the Indians also for a
time seemed suspended, but were soon renewed with greater
violence than ever. During the cessation of hostilities with
the Indians, settlements in Kentucky advanced rapidly. … As
early as 1784 the people of Kentucky became strongly impressed
with the necessity of the organization of a regular
government, and gaining admission into the Union as a separate
and independent State; but their efforts were continually
perplexed and baffled for the space of eight years before
their desire was fully accomplished. And though they were
often tempted by Spain with the richest gifts of fortune if
she would declare herself an independent State, and although
the Congress of the Confederated States continually turned a
deaf ear to her reiterated complaints and grievances, and
repulsed her in every effort to obtain constitutional
independence, she maintained to the last the highest respect
for law and order, and the most unswerving affection for the
Government. … With the view to admission into the Union as
an independent State, there were elected and held nine
Conventions in Kentucky within the space of eight years."

_W. B. Allen,
History of Kentucky,
chapters 2-3._

ALSO IN:
_J. M. Brown,
Political Beginnings of Kentucky._

{1941}

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1778-1779.
Conquest of the Northwest by the Virginian General Clark, and
its annexation to the Kentucky District.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1778-1779 CLARK'S CONQUEST.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1781-1784.
Conflicting territorial claims of Virginia and New York and
their cession to the United States.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1781-1786.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1785-1800.
The question of the free navigation of the Mississippi.
Discontent of the settlers.
Intrigues of Wilkinson.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1785-1800.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1789-1792.
Separation from Virginia and admission to the Union as a
State.

"In the last days of the Continental Congress, Virginia, after
some struggles, having reluctantly consented to her
organization on that condition as an independent state,
Kentucky had applied to that body for admission into the
confederacy. That application had been referred to the new
federal government about to be organized, a delay which had
made it necessary to recommence proceedings anew; for the
Virginia Assembly had fixed a limitation of time, which, being
over-past, drove back the separatists to the original
starting-point. On a new application to the Virginia
Legislature, a new act had authorized a new Convention, being
the third held on that subject: to take the question of
separating into consideration. But this act had imposed some
new terms not at all agreeable to the Kentuckians, of which
the principal was the assumption by the new state of a portion
of the Virginia debt, on the ground of expenses incurred by
recent expeditions against the Indians. The Convention which
met under this act proceeded no further than to vote a
memorial to the Virginia Legislature requesting the same terms
formerly offered. That request was granted, and a fourth
Convention was authorized again to consider the question of
separation, and, should that measure be still persisted in, to
fix the day when it should take place. Having met during the
last summer [1790], this Convention had voted unanimously in
favor of separation; had fixed the first day of June, 1792, as
the time; and had authorized the meeting of a fifth Convention
to frame a state Constitution. In anticipation of these
results, an act of Congress was, now passed [February 4, 1791]
admitting Kentucky into the Union from and after the day above
mentioned, not only without any inspection of the state
Constitution, but before any such Constitution had been
actually formed." In the Constitution subsequently framed for
the new state of Kentucky, by the Convention appointed as
above, an article on the subject of slavery "provided that the
Legislature should have no power to pass laws for the
emancipation of slaves without the consent of their owners,
nor without paying therefor, previous to such emancipation, a
full equivalent in money; nor laws to prevent immigrants from
bringing with them persons deemed slaves by the laws of anyone
of the United States, so long as any persons of like age and
description should be continued in slavery by the laws of
Kentucky. But laws might be passed prohibiting the
introduction of slaves for the purpose of sale, and also laws
to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity."

_R. Hildreth,
History of the United States,
volume 4, chapters 3-4._

ALSO IN:
_J. M. Brown,
The Political Beginnings of Kentucky._

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1790-1795.
War with the Indian tribes of the Northwest.
Disastrous expeditions of Harmar and St. Clair, and Wayne's
decisive victory.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1790-1795.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1798.
The Nullifying resolutions.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1798.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1861 (January-September).
The struggle with Secession and its defeat.
"Neutrality" ended.

"In the days when personal leadership was more than it can
ever be again, while South Carolina was listening to the
teachings of John C. Calhoun, which led her to try the
experiment of secession, Kentucky was following Henry Clay,
who, though a slave-holder, was a strong Unionist. The
practical effect was seen when the crisis came, after he had
been in his grave nine years. Governor Beriah Magoffin
convened the Legislature in January, 1861, and asked it to
organize the militia, buy muskets, and put the State in a
condition of armed neutrality; all of which it refused to do.
After the fall of Fort Sumter he called the Legislature
together again, evidently hoping that the popular excitement
would bring them over to his scheme. But the utmost that could
be accomplished was the passage of a resolution by the lower
house (May 16) declaring that Kentucky should occupy 'a
position of strict neutrality,' and approving his refusal to
furnish troops for the National army. Thereupon he issued a
proclamation (May 20) in which he 'notified and warned all
other States, separate or united, especially the United and
Confederate States, that I solemnly forbid any movement upon
Kentucky soil.' But two days later the Legislature repudiated
this interpretation of neutrality, and passed a series of acts
intended to prevent any scheme of secession that might be
formed. It appropriated $1,000,000 for arms and ammunition,
but placed the disbursement of the money and control of the
arms in the hands of Commissioners that were all Union men. It
amended the militia law so as to require the State Guards to
take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States,
and finally the Senate passed a resolution declaring that
'Kentucky will not sever connection with the National
Government, nor take up arms with either belligerent party.'
Lovell H. Rousseau (afterward a gallant General in the
National service), speaking in his place in the Senate, said:
'The politicians are having their day; the people will yet
have theirs. I have an abiding confidence in the right, and I
know that this secession movement is all wrong. There is not a
single substantial reason for it; our Government had never
oppressed us with a feather's weight.' The Rev. Robert J.
Breckinridge and other prominent citizens took a similar
stand, and a new Legislature, chosen in August, presented a
Union majority of three to one.
{1942}
As a last resort, Governor Magoffin addressed a letter to
President Lincoln, requesting that Kentucky's neutrality be
respected and the National forces removed from the State. Mr.
Lincoln, in refusing his request, courteously reminded him
that the force consisted exclusively of Kentuckians, and told
him that he had not met any Kentuckian except himself and the
messengers that brought his letter who wanted it removed. To
strengthen the first argument, Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter
fame, who was a citizen of Kentucky, was made a General and
given the command in the State in September. Two months later,
a secession convention met at Russellville, in the southern
part of the State, organized a provisional government, and
sent a full delegation to the Confederate Congress at
Richmond, who found no difficulty in being admitted to seats
in that body. Being now firmly supported by the new
Legislature, the National Government began to arrest prominent
Kentuckians who still advocated secession, whereupon others,
including ex-Vice-President John C. Breckinridge, fled
southward and entered the service of the Confederacy. Kentucky
as a State was saved to the Union, but the line of separation
was drawn between her citizens, and she contributed to the
ranks of both the great contending armies."

_R. Johnson,
Short History of the War of Secession,
chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_N. S. Shaler,
Kentucky,
chapter 15._

_E. P. Thompson,
History of First Kentucky Brigade,
chapter 2._

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1861 (April).
Governor Magoffin's reply to President Lincoln's call for
troops.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL).

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1862 (January-February).
Expulsion of Confederate armies along the whole line.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY—TENNESSEE).

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1862 (August-October).
Bragg's invasion.
Buell's pursuit.
Battle of Perryville.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-OCTOBER: TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY).

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1863 (July).
John Morgan's Raid.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY: KENTUCKY).

----------KENTUCKY: End----------

KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1798.

KENYER-MESÖ, Battle of (1479).

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1471-1487.

KERAÏT, The.

See PRESTER JOHN, THE KINGDOM OF.

KERAMEIKOS, The.

See CERAMICUS OF ATHENS.

KERBELA, The Moslem tragedy at.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 680.

KERESAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KERESAN FAMILY.

KERESTES, OR CERESTES, Battle of (1596).

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1595-1606.

KERMENT, Battle of (1664).

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1660-1664.

KERNE.

See RAPPAREES.

KERNSTOWN, Battles of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861-1862 (DECEMBER-APRIL: VIRGINIA);
and 1864 (JULY: VIRGINIA-MARYLAND).

KERTCH, Attack on (1855).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856.

KERYKES, The.

See PHYLÆ.

KESSELSDORF, Battle of (1745).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1744-1745.

KEYNTON, OR EDGEHILL, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1642 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

KEYSERWERTH, Siege and storming of (1702).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1702-1704.

KHAJAR DYNASTY, The.

See PERSIA: A. D. 1499-1887.

KHALIF.

See CALIPH.

KHALSA, The.

See SIKHS;
also, INDIA: A. D. 1836-1845, and 1845-1849.

KHAN. KHAGAN.

"'Khan' is the modern contracted form of the word which is
found in the middle ages as 'Khagan,' or 'Chagan,' and in the
Persian and Arabic writers as 'Khakan' or 'Khacan.' Its
original root is probably the 'Khak,' which meant King' in
ancient Susianian, in Ethiopic ('Tirhakah'), and in Egyptian
('Hyk-sos')."

_G. Rawlinson,
The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 14, foot-note._

KHAR, OR KHARU, The.

"The term Khar in Egyptian texts appears to apply to the
inhabitants of that part of Syria generally known as Phœnicia,
and seems to be derived from the Semitic Akharu, 'the back' or
'west.'"

_C. R. Conder,
Syrian Stone Lore,
chapter 1._

KHAREJITES, The.

A democratical party among the Mahometans, which first took
form during the Caliphate of Ali, A. D. 657. The name given to
the party, Kharejites, signified those who "go forth"—that is
in secession and rebellion. It was their political creed that,
"believers being absolutely equal, there should be no Caliph,
nor oath of allegiance sworn to any man; but that the
government should be in the hands of a Council of State
elected by the people." Ali attacked and dispersed the
Kharejites, in a battle at Nehrwan, A. D. 658; but they
continued for a long period to give trouble to succeeding
Caliphs.

_Sir W. Muir,
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
chapters 40 and 42, with foot-note._

KHARTANI, Tragedy of the Cave of.

See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1830-1846.

KHARTOUM, The Mahdi's siege of.

See EGYPT: A. D. 1884-1885.

KHAZARS, OR CHAZARS, OR KHOZARS, The.

"This important people, now heard of for the first time in
Persian history [late in the fifth century of the Christian
era], appears to have occupied, in the reign of Kobad, the
steppe country between the Wolga and the Don, whence they made
raids through the passes of the Caucasus into the fertile
provinces of Iberia, Albania, and Armenia. Whether they were
Turks, as is generally believed, or Circassians, as has been
ingeniously argued by a living writer [H. H. Howorth], is
doubtful; but we cannot be mistaken in regarding them as at
this time a race of fierce and terrible barbarians."

_G. Rawlinson,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 18._

"After the fall of the Persian empire [see MAHOMETAN CONQUEST:
A. D. 632-651], they [the Khazars, or Chazars] crossed the
Caucasus, invaded Armenia, and conquered the Crimean
peninsula, which bore the name of Chazaria for some time. The
Byzantine emperors trembled at the name of the Chazars, and
flattered them, and paid them a tribute, in order to restrain
their lust after the booty of Constantinople. The Bulgarians,
and other tribes, were the vassals of the Chazars, and the
people of Kiev (Russians) on the Dnieper were obliged to
furnish them every year with a sword, and fine skins from
every fur hunt.
{1943}
With the Arabs, whose near neighbours they gradually became,
they carried on terrible wars. Like their neighbours, the
Bulgarians and the Russians, the Chazars professed a coarse
religion, which was combined with sensuality and lewdness. The
Chazars became acquainted with Islamism and Christianity
through the Arabs and Greeks. … There were also Jews in the
land of the Chazars; they were some of the fugitives who had
escaped (723) the mania for conversion which possessed the
Byzantine Emperor Leo. … As interpreters or merchants,
physicians or counsellors, the Jews were known and beloved by
the Chazarian court, and they inspired the warlike Bulan with
a love of Judaism. … It is possible that the circumstances
under which the Chazars embraced Judaism have been embellished
by legend, but the fact itself is too definitely proved on all
sides to allow of there being any doubt as to its reality.
Besides Bulan, the nobles of his kingdom, numbering nearly
4,000, adopted the Jewish religion. Little by little it made
its way among the people, so that most of the inhabitants of
the towns of the Chazarian kingdom were Jews. … A successor
of Bulan, who bore the Hebrew name of Obadiah, was the first
to occupy himself earnestly with the Jewish religion. He …
founded synagogues and schools. … After Obadiah came a long
series of Jewish Chagans, for according to a fundamental law
of the state only Jewish rulers were permitted to ascend the
throne."

_H. Graetz,
History of the Jews,
volume 3, chapter 5._

KHEDIVE.

See EGYPT: A. D. 1840-1869.

KHEMI, OR KEM.

See EGYPT: ITS NAMES.

KHITA, The.

See HITTITES, THE.

KHITAI. KHITANS, The.

See CHINA: THE NAMES OF THE COUNTRY.

KHIVA.

See KHUAREZM.

KHODYA.

See SUBLIME PORTE.

KHOKAND,
Russian conquest of the Khanate of (1876).

See. RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KHONDS, The.

See TURANIAN RACES.

----------KHORASSAN: Start--------

KHORASSAN: A. D. 1220-1221.
Conquest and destruction by the Mongols.

In the autumn of A. D. 1220, one division of the armies of
Jingis Khan, commanded by his son Tului, poured into
Khorassan. "Khorassan was then one of the richest and most
prosperous regions on the earth's surface; its towns were very
thickly inhabited, and it was the first and most powerful
province of Persia. The Mongol invasion altered all this, and
the fearful ravage and destruction then committed is almost
incredible." On the capture of the city of Nessa the
inhabitants were tied together with cords and then massacred
in a body—70,000 men, women and children together—by
shooting them with arrows. At Meru (modern Merv) the wholesale
massacre was repeated on a vastly larger scale, the corpses
numbering 700,000, according to one account, 1,300,000
according to another. Even this was exceeded at Nishapoor
("city of Sapor"), the ancient capital of Khorassan. "To
prevent the living hiding beneath the dead, Tului ordered
every head to be cut off, and separate heaps to be made of
men's, women's, and children's heads. The destruction of the
city occupied fifteen days; it was razed to the ground, and
its site was sown with barley; only 400 artisans escaped, and
they were transported into the north. According to Mirkhond
1,747,000 men lost their lives in this massacre." The
destroying army of demons and savages moved on to Herat, then
a beautiful city surrounded by villages and gardens. It
surrendered, and only 12,000 of its soldiers were slain at
that time; but a few months later, upon news of a defeat
suffered by the Mongols, Herat rebelled, and brought down upon
itself a most terrible doom. Captured once more, after a siege
of six months, the city experienced no mercy. "For a whole
week the Mongols ceased not to kill, burn, and destroy, and it
is said that 1,600,000 people were killed; the place was
entirely depopulated and made desert." At Bamian, in the Hindu
Kush, "every living creature, including animals and plants as
well as human beings, was destroyed; a heap of slain was piled
up like a mountain."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, pages 86-91._

KHORASSAN: A. D. 1380.
Conquest by Timour.

See TIMOUR.

----------KHORASSAN: End--------

KHOTZIM.

See CHOCZIM.

KHOULIKOF, Battle of (1383).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1237-1480.

----------KHUAREZM: Start--------

KHUAREZM, OR CHORASMIA (modern Khiva).

"The extensive and fertile oasis in the midst of the sandy
deserts of Central Asia, known in these days as the Khanat of
Khiva, was called by the Greeks Chorasmia and by the Arabs
Khwarezm [or Khuarezm]. The Chorasmians were of the Aryan
race, and their contingent to the army of Xerxes was equipped
precisely in the Bactrian fashion. It is probable that
Chorasmia formed a portion of the short-lived Greco-Bactrian
monarchy, and it certainly passed under the domination of the
White Huns, from whom it was subsequently wrested by the
Toorks."

_J. Hutton,
Central Asia,
chapter 10._

KHUAREZM: 12th Century.
The Khuarezmian, or Khahrezmian,
or Korasmian, or Carizmian Empire.

"The sovereigns of Persia were in the habit of purchasing
young Turks, who were captured by the various frontier tribes
in their mutual struggles, and employing them in their
service. They generally had a body guard formed of them, and
many of them were enfranchised and rose to posts of high
influence, and in many cases supplanted their masters. The
founder of the Khuarezmian power was such a slave, named
Nushtekin, in the service of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah. He
rose to the position of a Teshtedar or chamberlain, which
carried with it the government of the province of Khuarezm,
that is of the fertile valley of the Oxus and the wide steppes
on either side of it, bounded on the west by the Caspian and
on the east by Bukharia." The grandson of Nushtekin became
virtually independent of the Seljuk sultan, and the two next
succeeding princes began and completed the overthrow of the
Seljuk throne. The last Seljuk sultan, Togrul III., was slain
in battle, A. D. 1193, by Takish or Tokush, the Khuarezmian
ruler, who sent his head to the Caliph at Bagdad and was
formally invested by the Caliph with the sovereignty of
Khorassan, Irak Adjem and other parts of the Persian domain
not occupied by the Atabegs and the Assassins. Takish's son
extended his conquests in Transoxiana and Turkestan (A. D.
1209), and acquired Samarkand, which he made his capital. "He
controlled an army of 400,000 men, and his dominions, at the
invasion of the Mongols, stretched from the Jaxartes to the
Persian Gulf, and from the Indus to the Irak Arab and
Azerbaidjan."

_H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, pages 7-8._

{1944}

KHUAREZM: A. D. 1220.
Destruction by the Mongols.

In May, 1220, the Mongol army of Jingis Khan marched upon
Urgendj, or Khuarezm—the original capital of the empire of
Khuarezm, to which it gave its name. That city, which is
represented by the modern Khiva, was "the capital of the rich
cluster of cities that then bordered the Oxus, a river very
like the Nile in forming a strip of green across two sandy
deserts which bound it on either hand." The Mongols were
commanded, at first, by the three elder sons of Jingis Khan:
but two of them quarreled, and the siege was protracted
through six months without much progress being made. Jingis
then placed the youngest son, Ogotai, in charge of operations,
and they were carried forward more vigorously. "The Mongols at
length assaulted the town, fired its buildings with naptha,
and after seven days of desperate street-fighting captured it.
This was probably in December, 1220. They sent the artisans
and skilled workmen into Tartary, set aside the young women
and children as slaves, and then made a general massacre of
the rest of the inhabitants. They destroyed the city, and then
submerged it by opening the dykes of the Oxus. The ruins are
probably those now known as Old Urgendj. Rasehid says that
over 100,000 artisans and craftsmen were sent into Mongolia."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 85._

ALSO IN:
_J. Hutton,
Central Asia,
chapter 4._

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227.

KHUAREZM: A. D. 1873.
Conquest by the Russians.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

----------KHUAREZM: End--------

KHUAREZMIANS IN JERUSALEM, The.

See JERUSALEM: A. D. 1242.

KICHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES, QUICHES, and MAYAS.

KICKAPOO INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
ALGONQUIAN FAMILY and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

KIEFT, Governor William, Administration of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1638-1647.

KIEL, Peace of.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1813-1814.

----------KIEV: Start--------

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 882.
Capital of the Russian state.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 862.

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 1240.
Destroyed by the Mongols.

In December, 1240, the Mongols, pursuing their devastating
march through Russia, reached Kiev. It was then a famous city,
known among the Russians as "the mother of cities,
magnificently placed on the high banks of the Dnieper, with
its white walls, its beautiful gardens, and its thirty
churches, with their gilded cupolas, which gave it its pretty
Tartar name, Altundash Khan (i. e., the court of the Golden
Heads): it was the metropolitan city of the old Russian
princes, the seat of the chief patriarch of all Russia. It had
latterly, namely, in 1204, suffered from the internal broils
of the Russian princes, and had been much plundered and burnt.
It was now to be for a while erased altogether." Kiev was
taken by storm and the inhabitants "slaughtered without mercy:
the very bones were torn from the tombs and trampled under the
horses' hoofs. … The magnificent city, with the ancient
Byzantine treasures which it contained, was destroyed." During
the 14th and 15th centuries Kiev seems to have remained in
ruins, and the modern city is said to be "but a shadow of its
former self."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
volume 1, pages 141-142. (1876)_

----------KIEV: End--------

KILIDSCH.

See TIMAR.

KILIKIA.

See CILICIA.

KILKENNY, The Statute of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1327-1367.

KILKENNY ARTICLES, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1652.

KILLIECRANKIE, Battle of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1689 (JULY).

KILPATRICK'S RAID TO RICHMOND.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

KILSYTH, Battle of (1645).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1644-1645.

KIMON, Peace of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 460-449.

KINBURN, Battle of (1787).

See TURKS: A. D. 1776-1792.

KINDERGARTEN, The.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &c.: A. D. 1816-1892.

KING, Origin of the word.

"Cyning, by contraction King, is closely connected with the
word 'Cyn' or 'Kin.' … I do not feel myself called upon to
decide whether Cyning is strictly the patronymic of 'cyn,' or
whether it comes immediately from a cognate adjective (see
Allen, Royal Prerogative, 176: Kemble, i. 153). It is enough
if the two words are of the same origin, as is shown by a
whole crowd of cognates, 'cynebarn,' 'cynecyn,' 'cynedom,'
'cynehelm,' 'cynehlaford.' … (I copy from Mr. Earle's
Glossarial Index.) In all these words 'cyn' has the meaning of
'royal.' The modern High-Dutch König is an odd corruption: but
the elder form is 'Chuninc.' The word has never had an English
feminine: Queen is simply 'Cwen,' woman, wife. … The notion
of the King being the 'canning' or 'cunning' man [is] an idea
which could have occurred only to a mind on which all Teutonic
philology was thrown away."

_E. A. Freeman,
History of the Norman Conquest of England,
chapter 3, section 1, and note L (volume 1)._

KING GEORGE'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744: 1745: and 1745-1748.

KING MOVEMENT, The.

See NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1853-1883.

KING OF THE ROMANS.

See ROMANS, KING OF THE.

KING OF THE WOOD.

See ARICIAN GROVE.

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675: 1675: and 1676-1678.

KING WILLIAM'S WAR.

The war in Europe, of "the Grand Alliance" against Louis XIV.
of France, frequently called "the War of the League of
Augsburg," extended to the American colonies of England and
France, and received in the former the name of King William's
War.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1689-1690;
CANADA: A. D. 1689-1690, and 1692-1697;
also, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1690;
and NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1694-1697.

KING'S BENCH.

See CURIA REGIS.

{1945}

KING'S COLLEGE.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1746-1787.

KING'S HEAD CLUB.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1678-1679.

KING'S MOUNTAIN, Battle of (1780).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780-1781.

KING'S PEACE, The.

"The peace, as it was called, the primitive alliance for
mutual good behaviour, for the performance and enforcement of
rights and duties, the voluntary restraint of free society in
its earliest form, was from the beginning of monarchy [in
early England] under the protection of the king. … But this
position is far from that of the fountain of justice and
source of jurisdiction. The king's guarantee was not the sole
safeguard of the peace; the hundred had its peace as well as
the king; the king too had a distinct peace which like that of
the church was not that of the country at large, a special
guarantee for those who were under special protection. …
When the king becomes the lord, patron and 'mundborh' of his
whole people, they pass from the ancient national peace of
which he is the guardian into the closer personal or
territorial relation of which he is the source. The peace is
now the king's peace. … The process by which the national
peace became the king's peace is almost imperceptible; and it
is very gradually that we arrive at the time at which all
peace and law are supposed to die with the old king, and rise
again at the proclamation of the new."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 72 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_G. E. Howard,
On the Development of the King's Peace
(Nebraska University Studies, volume 1, number 3)._

_Sir F. Pollock,
Oxford Lectures, 3._

See, also, ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN.

----------KINGSTON, Canada: Start--------

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1673.
The building of Fort Frontenac.
La Salle's seigniory.

In 1673, Count Frontenac, governor of Canada, personally
superintended the construction of a fort on the north shore of
Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Cataraqui, where the city of
Kingston now stands, the site having been recommended by the
explorer La Salle. The following year this fort, with
surrounding lands to the extent of four leagues in front and
half a league in depth, was granted in seigniory to La Salle,
he agreeing to pay the cost of its construction and to
maintain it at his own charge. He named the post Frontenac.

_F. Parkman,
La Salle,
chapter. 6._

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1758.
Fort Frontenac taken by the English.

See CANADA: A. D. 1758.

----------KINGSTON, Canada: End--------

KINSALE, Battle of (1601).

See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.

KINSTON, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: NORTH CAROLINA).

KIOWAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KIOWAN FAMILY.

KIPCHAKS, The.

"The Kipchaks were called Comans by European writers. … The
name Coman is derived no doubt from the river Kuma, the
country about which was known to the Persians as Kumestan. …
A part of their old country on the Kuma is still called Desht
Kipchak, and the Kumuks, who have been pushed somewhat south
by the Nogays, are, I believe, their lineal descendants.
Others of their descendants no doubt remain also among the
Krim Tartars. To the early Arab writers the Kipchaks were
known as Gusses, a name by which we also meet with them in the
Byzantine annals. This shows that they belonged to the great
section of the Turks' known as the Gusses or Oghuz Turks. …
They first invaded the country west of the Volga at the end of
the ninth century, from which time till their final dispersal
by the Mongols in the thirteenth century they were very
persistent enemies of Russia. After the Mongol conquest it is
very probable that they became an important element in the
various tribes that made up the Golden Horde or Khanate of
Kipchak."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 17._

See, also, MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294;
and RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRCH-DENKERN, OR WELLINGHAUSEN, Battle of (1761).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1761-1762.

KIRGHIZ, Russian subjugation of the.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRIRI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

KIRK OF SCOTLAND.

See CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

KIRKE'S LAMBS.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

KIRKI, Battle of (1817).

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819.

KIRKSVILLE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

KIRRHA.

See DELPHI.

KISSIA.

See ELAM.

KIT KAT CLUB, The.

See CLUBS.

KITCHEN CABINET, President Jackson's.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1829.

KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

"Amongst the accumulations of Neolithic age which are thought
by many archæologists to be oldest are the well-known
'Kjökkenmödingr' or kitchen-middens of Denmark. These are
heaps and mounds composed principally of shells of edible
molluscs, of which the most abundant are oyster, cockle,
mussel, and periwinkle. Commingled with the shells occur bones
of mammals, birds, and fish in less or greater abundance, and
likewise many implements of stone, bone, and horn, together
with potsherds. The middens are met with generally near the
coast, and principally on the shores of the Lymfjord and the
Kattegat; they would appear, indeed, never to be found on the
borders of the North Sea. They form mounds or banks that vary
in height from 3 or 5 feet up to 10 feet, with a width of 150
to 200 feet, and a length of sometimes nearly 350 yards. …
The Danish savants (Forchhammer, Steenstrupp, and Worsaae),
who first examined these curious shell-mounds, came to the
conclusion that they were the refuse-heaps which had
accumulated round the dwellings of some ancient coast-tribe.
… Shell-mounds of similar character occur in other
countries."

_J. Geikie,
Prehistoric Europe,
chapter 15._

KIT'S COTY HOUSE.

The popular name of a conspicuous Cromlech or stone burial
monument in Kent, England, near Addington.

KITTIM.

The Hebrew name of the island of Cyprus.

See, also, JAVAN.

KITUNAHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KITUNAHAN FAMILY.

KJÖKKENMÖDINGR.

See KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

{1946}

KLAMATHS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS, &c.

KLEINE RATH, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

KLEISTHENES, Constitution of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.

KLEOMENIC WAR, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 280-146.

KLERUCHS.

"Another consequence of some moment arose out of this victory
[of the Athenians over the citizens of Chalkis, or Chalcis, in
the island of Eubœa, B. C. 506—see ATHENS: B. C. 509-506].
The Athenians planted a body of 4,000 of their citizens as
Kleruchs (lot-holders) or settlers upon the lands of the
wealthy Chalkidian oligarchy called the Hippobotæ—proprietors
probably in the fertile plain of Lelantum between Chalkis and
Eretria. This is a system which we shall find hereafter
extensively followed out by the Athenians in the days of their
power; partly with the view of providing for their poorer
citizens—partly to serve as garrison among a population
either hostile or of doubtful fidelity. These Attic Kleruchs
(I can find no other name by which to speak of them) did not
lose their birthright as Athenian citizens. They were not
colonists in the Grecian sense, and they are known by a
totally different name—but they corresponded very nearly to
the colonies formerly planted out on the conquered lands by
Rome."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 31 (volume 4)._

ALSO IN:
_A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of Athens,
book 3, chapter 18._

See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 440-437.

KLOSTER-SEVEN, Convention of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (JULY-DECEMBER); and 1758.

KNECHTE, The.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: GERMANY.

KNIGHT-SERVICE.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Orders of, and their modern imitations.
Alcantara.

See ALCANTARA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
American Knights.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
Avis.

See AVIS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Bath.

See BATH.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Black Eagle:
A Prussian Order instituted by Frederick III., Elector of
Brandenburg, in 1701.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Blue Ribbon.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Brethren of Dobrin.

See PRUSSIA: 13TH CENTURY.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Calatrava.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Christ: a Papal Order, instituted by Pope John XXII., in 1319;
also a Portuguese Order.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1415-1460.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Crescent: instituted by René of Anjou, titular King of
Naples, in 1448, but suppressed by Pope Paul II., in 1464;
also a Turkish Order

See CRESCENT.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Ecu.

See BOURBON: THE HOUSE OF.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Elephant: a Danish Order, instituted in 1693, by King
Christian V.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Garter.

See GARTER.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Circle.

See GOLDEN CIRCLE.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Fleece.

See GOLDEN FLEECE.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Horseshoe.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1710-1716.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Spur: instituted by Pope Paul III., in 1550.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Guelphs of Hanover.

See GUELPHS OF HANOVER.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Holy Ghost.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1578-1580.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Hospitallers.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Indian Empire: instituted by Queen Victoria, in 1878.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Iron Cross: a Prussian Order, instituted in 1815 by
Frederick William III.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Iron Crown.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Legion of Honor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1803.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Lion and the Sun: a Persian Order, instituted in 1808.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Lone Star.

See CUBA: A. D. 1845-1860.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Malta.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Maria Theresa.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KNIGHTHOOD:
La Merced.

See MERCED.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Mighty Host.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
Our Lady of Montesa.

See OUR LADY, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Polar Star: a Swedish Order, of uncertain origin.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Rhodes.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Round Table.

See ARTHUR, KING.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Andrew: a Scotch Order

See ST. ANDREW;
also a Russian Order, instituted in 1698 by Peter the Great.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. George: a Russian Order, founded by Catharine II.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Gregory: an Order instituted in 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Jago or Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. James of Compostella.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Januarius: instituted by Charles, King of the Two
Sicilies, in 1738.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. John.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. John of the Lateran: instituted in 1560, by Pope Pius IV.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Lazarus.

See ST. LAZARUS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Louis.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Michael.

See ST. MICHAEL.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Michael and St. George.

See ST. MICHAEL, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Patrick: instituted by George III. of England, in 1783.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Stephen.

See ST. STEPHEN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Thomas of Acre.

See ST. THOMAS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Seraphim.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sons of Liberty.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Southern Cross.

See SOUTHERN CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Star.

See STAR.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Star of India.

See STAR OF INDIA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Starry Cross.

See STARRY CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Swan.

See SWAN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sword: a Swedish Order.

See SWORD;

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sword: a German Order.

See LIVONIA: 12TH-13TH CENTURIES.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Templars.

See TEMPLARS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Teutonic.

See TEUTONIC KNIGHTS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Thistle: instituted by James V. of Scotland, in 1530.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Tower and Sword.

See TOWER AND SWORD.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Victoria Cross.

See VICTORIA CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The White Camellia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The White Cross: an Order founded by the Grand Duke of
Tuscany, in 1814.

KNIGHTHOOD:
White Eagle: a Polish Order, instituted in 1325 by Ladislaus
IV., and revived by Augustus in 1705.

KNIGHTS.

See CHIVALRY;
also, COMITATUS.

KNIGHTS BACHELORS.

"The word 'bachelor,' from whence has come 'bachelier,' does
not signify 'bas chevalier,' but a knight who has not the
number of 'bachelles' of land requisite to display a banner:
that is to say, four 'bachelles.' The 'bachelle' was composed
of ten 'maz,' or 'meix' (farms or domains), each of which
contained a sufficiency of land for the work of two oxen
during a whole year."

_J. Froissart,
Chronicles (translated by Johnes),
book 1, chapter 61, foot-note (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_Sir W. Scott,
Essay on Chivalry_

_R. T. Hampson,
Origines Patriciœ,
page 338._

{1947}

KNIGHTS BANNERETS.

"The name [banneret] imports the bearer of a small banner,
and, in this respect, he differed from the baron, who bore a
gonfanon or banner of war, and the simple knight, who bore a
penon. The banner, properly so called, was a square flag; the
penon, according to the illuminations of ancient manuscripts,
was a small square, having two long triangles attached to the
side opposite that which was fixed to the lance or spear.
These pendant portions resembling tails were so denominated.
Rastal defines a banneret to be a knight made upon the field
of battle, with the ceremony of cutting off the point of his
standard, and so making this like a banner. And such, he says,
are allowed to display their arms on a banner in the king's
army, like the barons. That was, no doubt, the mode of
creation; but it appears … that a knight, or an esquire of
four bacelles, or cow lands, and therefore, a bachelor, to
whom the king had presented a banner on his first battle,
became a banneret on the second; so that, in such cases, there
would be no such ceremony necessary."

_R. T. Hampson.
Origines Patriciœ,
chapter 11._

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE.

During the thirteenth century there grew up in England the
practice of sending to the Great Council of the king a certain
number of knights from each shire to represent the "lesser
baronage." which had formerly possessed the privilege of
attending the council in person, but which had become more
neglectful of attendance as their numbers increased. In
theory, these knights of the shire, as they came to be called,
were representatives of that "lesser baronage" only. "But the
necessity of holding their election in the County Court
rendered any restriction of the electoral body physically
impossible. The court was composed of the whole body of
freeholders, and no sheriff could distinguish the 'aye, aye'
of the yeoman from the 'aye, aye' of the lesser baron. From
the first moment therefore of their attendance we find the
knights regarded not as mere representatives of the baronage,
but as knights of the shire, and by this silent revolution the
whole body of the rural freeholders were admitted to a share
in the government of the realm."

_J. R. Green,
Short History of the English People,
chapter 4._

The history of the knights of the shire is the history of the
origin of county representation in the English Parliament. The
representation of boroughs, or towns, has a history quite
distinct. Of the leading part played by the knights of the
shire in the development and establishment of the English
Constitution Mr. Stubbs remarks ("Constitutional History of
England," chapter 17, section 272): "Both historical evidence
and the nature of the case lead to the conviction that the
victory of the constitution was won by the knights of the
shires; they were the leaders of parliamentary debate; they
were the link between the good peers and the good towns; they
were the indestructible element of the house of commons; they
were the representatives of those local divisions of the realm
which were coeval with the historical existence of the people
of England, and the interests of which were most directly
attacked by the abuses of royal prerogative."

See, also, PARLIAMENT, THE ENGLISH: EARLY
STAGES IN ITS EVOLUTION.

KNOW NOTHING PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

KNOX, General Henry, in the Cabinet of President Washington.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.

KNOX, John, and the Reformation in Scotland.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1547-1557, to 1558-1560.

----------KNOXVILLE: Start--------

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (September).
Evacuated by the Confederates and occupied by the Union
forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: TENNESSEE).

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (November-December).
Longstreet's siege.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER; TENNESSEE).

----------KNOXVILLE: End--------

KNUT, OR CANUTE, ERICSSON, King of Sweden, A. D. 1167-1199.

KNYDUS, OR CNYDUS, Battle of (B. C. 394).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

KOASSATI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

KOLARIANS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

KOLDING, Battle of (1849).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (DENMARK): A. D. 1848-1862.

KOLIN, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KOLOMAN, King of Hungary, A. D. 1095-1114.

KOLUSCHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KOLUSCHAN FAMILY.

KOMANS COMANS CUMANS, The.

See PATCHINAKS; KIPCHAKS; COSSACKS;
also, HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.

KOMORN, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KONDUR, OR CONDORE, Battle of (1758).

See INDIA: A. D. 1758-1761.

KONIEH, Battle of (1832).

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

KÖNIGGRÄTZ, OR SADOWA, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

KONSAARBRUCK, Battle of (1675).

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

KOORDS KURDS, The.

See CARDUCHI.

KORAN, The.

"The Koran, as Mr. Kingsley quaintly, but truly, says, 'after
all is not a book, but an irregular collection of Mohammed's
meditations and notes for sermons.' It is not a code, it is
not a journal, it is a mere gathering together of irregular
scraps, written on palm-leaves and bones of mutton, which
Abu-Bekr [the bosom friend of Mahomet and the first of the
Caliphs or successors of the Prophet] put together without the
slightest regard to chronological order, only putting the long
fragments at the beginning, and the short fragments at the
end. But so far from having the Koran of Mahomet, we have not
even the Koran of Abu-Bekr. Caliph Othman [the third Caliph],
we know, gave enormous scandal by burning all the existing
copies, which were extremely discordant, and putting forth his
own version as the 'textus ab omnibus receptus.' How much then
of the existing Koran is really Mahomet's; how much has been
lost, added, transposed, or perverted; when, where, and why
each fragment was delivered, it is often impossible even to
conjecture. And yet these baskets of fragments are positively
worshipped."

_E. A. Freeman,
History and Conquests of the Saracens,
lecture 2._

ALSO IN:
_S. Lane-Poole,
Studies in a Mosque,
chapter 4._