Chapter IV: , VII (105)

Sir Andrew Halliday, in his "Annals of the House of Hanover,"
traces the genealogy of the Guelfs with great minuteness and
precision—with more minuteness, perhaps, in some remote
particulars, and more precision, than seems consistent with
entire credibility. He carries the line back to Edico, king or
prince of the Heruli, or Rugii, or Scyrii,—the stock from
which came Odoacer, who overturned the Western Roman Empire
and made himself the first king of Italy. Edico, who was
subject to Attila, and the favorite adviser of the king of the
Huns, is thought to have had a son or brother named Guelf or
Welf, who fell in battle with the Ostrogoths. It is to him
that Sir Andrew is disposed to assign the honor of being the
historical chief of the great family of the Guelfs. If not
from this shadowy Guelf, it is from another of like name in
the next generation—a brother of Odoacer—that he sees the
family spring, and the story of its wide-branching and
many-rooted growth, in Friuli, Altdorf, Bavaria, old Saxony,
Brunswick, Hanover,—and thence, more royally than ever, in
England,—is as interesting as a narrative of highly
complicated genealogy can be.

_Sir A. Halliday,
Annals of the House of Hanover._

From the Guelf uncertainly indicated above were descended two
Marquesses of Este, "successively known in German and Italian
story as the first and second of that name. … Azo, the
second Marquess of Este in Italy (born A. D. 995, died 1097),
the head of the Italian (junior) branch of Guelphs [see ESTE],
married Cunigunda, the sole heiress of the German Guelphs of
Altdorf, thus uniting in his family the blood, wealth, and
power of both branches of the old Guelphs, and becoming the
common father of the later German and Italian princes of the
name of Guelph.
{1615}
No wonder, then, that he was elected by the Emperor, Henry
III., as his representative in Italy. … Cunigunda, the first
wife of Azo II., bore him one son, Guelph, who was known in
German history as Guelph VI. He succeeded to his mother's
titles and vast estates on her death, A. D. 1055, and to those
of his father, A. D. 1097. … Henry IV. invested him with the
Duchy of Bavaria, A. D. 1071—a title first assumed 170 years
before (A. D. 900) by his almost mythological ancestor, Henry
of the Golden Chariot." This Guelph VI. was the grandfather of
Henry the Proud, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, referred to
above.

_P. M. Thornton,
The Brunswick Accession,
chapter 1._

ALSO IN:
_O. Browning,
Guelfs and Ghibellines._

See, also,
SAXONY: A. D. 1178-1183;
and GERMANY: A. D. 1138-1268;
and, also, ESTE, HOUSE OF.

GUELFS:
The outcrop of the contention in Italy.
Its beginnings, causes, course and meaning.

See ITALY: A. D. 1215;
and FLORENCE: A. D. 1248-1278.

----------GUELFS: End----------

GUÉLFS. White and Black (Bianchi and Neri).

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300;
and 1301-1313.

GUELPHS OF HANOVER, The Order of the.

"The Hanoverian troops having much distinguished themselves at
the battle of Waterloo, George IV. (then prince regent)
determined to found an order of merit which might, with
especial propriety, be conferred upon such of them as deserved
the distinction, and the 12th of August, 1815, was fixed upon
as the date of its foundation. By the second statute, the
Order is inseparably annexed to the possession of the
Hanoverian crown, by vesting the grand-mastership in the
sovereign of that country for the time being."

_C. R. Dodd,
Manual of Dignities,
part 3._

GUERANDE. Treaty of.

See BRITTANY: A. D. 1341-1365.

GUERNSEY, The Isle of.

See JERSEY AND GUERNSEY.

GUERRA DOS CABANOS.

See BRAZIL: A. D. 1825-1865.

GUERRILLAS.

A term of Spanish origin, derived from 'guerilla', signifying
little or petty warfare, and applied to small, irregular bands
of troops, carrying on war against an enemy by harassing,
destructive raids.

GUEUX OF THE NETHERLAND REVOLT.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1562-1566.

----------GUIANA: Start--------

GUIANA: The aboriginal inhabitants.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS.

GUIANA: 16th Century.
The search for El Dorado.

See EL DORADO.

GUIANA: A. D. 1580-1814.
Dutch, French and English settlements and conquests.

"There was one European nation which was not likely to hunt
for a golden city, when gold was to be earned by plain and
matter of fact commerce. The Dutch had as early as 1542
established a systematic if contraband trade with the Spanish
Main; and in 1580 they began to settle in Guiana by planting a
depot on the river Pomeroon, in what is now the county of
Essequibo. In 1599 they built two forts at the mouth of the
Amazon, but were driven out by the Portuguese; and about 1613
they established a colony on the Essequibo, building the fort
of 'Kyk over al', 'Look over all,' on an island where the
Massaruni flows into the Essequibo. The colony was founded by
Zeeland merchants, was known as Nova Zeelandia, and came under
the control of the Netherlands West India Company, which was
incorporated in 1621. Shortly afterwards colonisation began
further to the east on the Berbice river. The founder was a
Flushing merchant, Van Peere by name; he founded his
settlement about 1624, and he held his rights under contract
with the Chamber of Zeeland. … Thus was the present province
of British Guiana colonised by Dutchmen. … While English
discovery was attracted to the west and Orinoco, the first
attempts at English settlement were far to the east on the
Wyapoco or Oyapok river. Here, in 1604, while Ralegh was in
prison, Captain Charles Leigh founded a colony at the mouth of
the river. … In 1609 Robert Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt in
Oxfordshire took up the work in which Leigh had failed. … In
1613 he obtained from King James a grant of 'all that part of
Guiana or continent of America lying between the river of
Amazones and the river of Dessequebe,' which was not actually
possessed or inhabited by any Christian power in friendship
with England. … In 1619 a scheme was started for an Amazon
Company, the leading spirit in which was Captain Roger North.
… The company was fortunate enough to secure the powerful
patronage of the Duke of Buckingham. Harcourt threw in his lot
with them, and on the 19th of May 1627 a royal grant was made
to the Duke of Buckingham and 55 other adventurers, including
the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, who were incorporated
under the title of 'the governor and company of noblemen and
gentlemen of England for the plantation of Guiana.' The Duke
of Buckingham was Governor, North was Deputy-Governor, and the
grant included the 'royal' river of the Amazon. For about two
years the company did some solid work, sending out four ships
and 200 colonists; an attempt was then made in 1629 to bring
the territory covered by their grant immediately under royal
protection, and upon its failure their efforts at colonisation
appear to have gradually died away. The English were not the
only Europeans who tried their hand at settlement in the east
of Guiana. … In 1613, 160 French families settled in
Cayenne. The first colony failed, but in 1624 and 1626 fresh
attempts were made a little to the west on the rivers Sinamari
and Cananama; and in 1643 a Rouen Company, incorporated under
the name of the Cape North Company, sent out three or four
hundred men to Cayenne under the Sieur de Bretigny. Bretigny
ruined the scheme by savage ill-treatment of Indians and
colonists alike, and the remains of the settlement were
absorbed by a new and more powerful Normandy Company." This
failed in its turn, and gave way to a "French Equinoctial
Company," organized under the auspices of Colbert, which sent
out 1,200 colonists and fairly established them at Cayenne.
Colbert, in 1665, placed the colony, "with all the other
French possessions in the West Indies, under one strong West
India Company. Such were the beginnings of colonisation in the
west and east of Guiana. Between them lies the district now
known as Dutch Guiana or Surinam." The first settlement in
this was made in 1630 by 60 English colonists, under a Captain
Marshall.
{1616}
The colony failed, and was revived in 1650 by Lord Willoughby,
then representing the fugitive King Charles II., as Governor
of Barbadoes. In 1663, after the Restoration, Lord Willoughby,
in conjunction with Lawrence Hyde, second son of the Earl of
Clarendon, received Letters Patent "constituting them lords
and proprietors of the district between the Copenam and the
Maroni (which included the Surinam river) under the name of
Willoughby Land." Soon afterwards "war broke out with the
Dutch, and in March 1667 the colony capitulated to the Dutch
admiral Crynsenn. The peace of Breda between Great Britain and
the Netherlands, which was signed in the following July,
provided that either nation should retain the conquests which
it had made by the preceding 10th of May, and under this
arrangement Surinam was ceded to the Netherlands, while New
York became a British possession. … Thus ended for many long
years all British connexion with Guiana. … When at length
the English returned [in 1796 and 1803, during the subjection
of the Dutch to Napoleon, and while they were forced to take
part in his wars], they came as conquerors rather than as
settlers, and by a strange perversity of history, the original
Dutch colonies on the Berbice and Essequibo became a British
dependency, while the Netherlanders retain to this day the
part of Guiana which Lord Willoughby marked out for his own."
These arrangements were settled in the convention between
Great Britain and the Netherlands signed at London in 1814.

_C. P. Lucas,
History Geography of the British Colonies,
volume 2, section 2, chapter 8._

ALSO IN:
_H. G. Dalton,
History of British Guiana._

----------GUIANA: End--------

GUIENNE, OR GUYENNE.

A corruption of the name of Aquitaine, which came into use,
apparently, about the 13th century.

See AQUITAINE: A. D. 884-1151.

GUILDS, OR GILDS, Mediæval.

"The history of the Gild Merchant begins with the Norman
Conquest. The latter widened the horizon of the English
merchant even more than that of the English annalist. The
close union between England and Normandy led to an increase in
foreign commerce, which in turn must have greatly stimulated
internal trade and industry. Moreover, the greatly enhanced
power of the English crown tempered feudal turbulence,
affording a measure of security to traders in England that was
as yet unknown on the continent. … With this expansion of
trade the mercantile element would become a more potent factor
in town life, and would soon feel the need of joint action to
guard its nascent prosperity against encroachments. Not until
there was something of importance to protect, not until trade
and industry began to predominate over agriculture within the
borough, would a protective union like the Gild Merchant come
into being. Its existence, in short, presupposes a greater
mercantile and industrial development than that which
prevailed in England in the tenth century. This circumstance
and the absence of all mention of the Gild Merchant in the
records of the Anglo-Saxon period render it probable that this
fraternity first appeared in England soon after the Conqueror
had established his sway and restored order in the land.
Whether it was merely a reorganization of older gilds, a
spontaneous adaptation of the gild idea to the newly-begotten
trade interests, or a new institution directly transplanted
from Normandy, we have no means of determining with certainty.
The last-mentioned view is strongly favoured by the
circumstance that, at the time of the Conquest, the Gild
Merchant doubtless existed in Northern France and Flanders.
From the Frenchmen who became burgesses of English towns, and
from the Norman merchants who thronged the marts of England
after the Conquest, the English would soon ascertain the
advantages of formal trade organization. The earliest distinct
references to the Gild Merchant occur in a charter granted by
Robert Fitz-Hamon to the burgesses of Burford (1087-1107), and
in a document drawn up while Anselm was Archbishop of
Canterbury (1093-1109). … Whether we place the inception of
the fraternity immediately before or after the Norman
Conquest, whether we make it a continuation of older
Anglo-Saxon gilds, or a derivative from Normandy, or a wholly
new and spontaneous growth, it was doubtless at first merely a
private society, unconnected with the town government, having
for its object the protection of its members, the tradesmen of
the borough, and the maintenance of the newly invigorated
trade interests. During the twelfth century it gradually
became a recognised part of the town constitution, thus
entering upon its second stage of development. How this came
to pass can be easily realised from the later history of
English gilds in general. For in the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries … a simple social-religious gild at times
attained such power in a community that it came to be regarded
as an important constituent element of the civic
administration. Quite similar must have been the growth of the
Gild Merchant, which from the outset was doubtless composed of
the most influential burgesses, and which, as the exponent of
the mercantile interests, must always have been greatly
concerned in the increase of the privileges and prosperity of
the borough in general. It was very natural that the town
authorities should use such a society for public purposes,
entrusting to it the surveillance of the trade monopoly, in
which its members were particularly interested,—allowing it
to gradually become an important part of the civic
administrative machinery. … The beginning of this third and
final stage of development cannot be definitely fixed; for in
some places it was of an earlier date than in others. The
fourteenth century may in general be called the period of
gradual transition. In the fifteenth century the
transformation was completed. In this and the following
centuries the term 'Gilda Mercatoria' became less and less
frequent. In many places it soon wholly disappeared. Where it
continued to subsist, the Gild no longer had an individuality
of its own. Its alderman and other peculiar officers, its
whole organization as a distinctive entity, had vanished. It
had merged its identity in that of the general municipal
organism. The head of the fraternity was now the head of the
town; borough and Gild, burgesses and gildsmen were now
identical. What had once been a distinct integral part of the
civic body politic became vaguely blended with the whole of it.
{1617}
The old Gild Merchant was now rarely mentioned in connection
with the municipal trade restrictions and regulations, the
latter being commonly applied to burgesses, craftsmen,
freemen, or 'foreigners.' The exegesis of this transformation
… was due mainly to three causes: (1) the expansion of trade
and the multiplication of the craft and mercantile
fraternities, which absorbed the ancient functions of the Gild
Merchant and rendered it superfluous; (2) the growth of the
select governing body, which usurped most of the privileges of
the old burghers at large, and hence tended to obliterate the
distinction between them, or their less privileged successors,
and the ancient gildsmen, leaving both only certain trade
immunities; (3) the decay of the leet—the rallying point of
the old burghers as distinguished from that of the
gildsmen—the functions of which passed, in part, to the crafts,
but mainly to the select body and to the justices of the
peace. But even after the Gild Merchant and the borough had
thus become identical, the old dual idea did not completely
disappear, the Gild being often regarded as a particular phase
or function of the town, namely, the municipality in its
character of a trade monopoly. Hence the modern survivals of
the Gild Merchant help to elucidate its actual functions in
ancient times. In a few boroughs the select governing body of
the town—the narrow civic corporation, in distinction from
the burgesses or freemen at large—succeeded to the name and
traditions of the Gild Merchant. In some of these cases the
signification of the latter gradually dwindled down to a
periodical civic feast of the privileged few. … In the
eighteenth century we meet the word much less frequently than
in the seventeenth; and toward the beginning of the present
century it became very rare. The Municipal Corporations
Commission, in 1835, found it still used in only a few
boroughs. The remnants of the Gild Merchant and of the craft
fraternities were rapidly vanishing before the new ideas of a
more liberal age,—the age of laissez faire. The onerous,
self-destructive restrictions of gilds were now being
superseded by the stimulating measures of Chambers of
Commerce. More than six centuries elapsed before the enactment
of Magna Carta that all merchants 'may go through England, by
land and water, to buy and sell, free from all unjust
imposts,' became a realised fact throughout the realm. The
Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 provided that 'every person
in any borough may keep any shop for the sale of all lawful
wares and merchandizes by wholesale or retail, and use every
lawful trade, occupation, mystery, and handicraft, for hire,
gain, sale, or otherwise, within any borough.' In a single
town of England the Gild Merchant still subsists, but only as
the shadow of its former self—a spectre from the distant
past. At Preston the Gild Merchant has been 'celebrated'
regularly once every twenty years for more than three
centuries, on which occasions the burgesses renew their
freedom and indulge in all the festivities of a civic
carnival. The last Gild Merchant was held in 1882. There was
then much feasting and dancing, there were gay processions of
townsmen, and much talk of the glories of the past. And yet
how few even of the scholars and noblemen there assembled from
various parts of Great Britain knew what an important role the
Gild Merchant had played in the annals of English municipal
history, what strange vicissitudes it had undergone, what a
remarkable transformation the centuries had wrought in it."

_C. Gross,
The Gild Merchant,
chapters 1 and 9 (volume 1)._

"The rise of the craft gilds is, roughly speaking, a century
later [than the rise of the merchant gilds]; isolated examples
occur early in the twelfth century, they become more numerous
as the century advances, and in the thirteenth century they
appear in all branches of manufacture and in every industrial
centre. Craft gilds were associations of all the artisans
engaged in a particular industry in a particular town, for
certain common purposes. … Their appearance marks the second
stage in the history of industry, the transition from the
family system to the artisan (or gild) system. In the former
there was no class of artisans properly so called; no class,
that is to say, of men whose time was entirely or chiefly
devoted to a particular manufacture; and this because all the
needs of a family or other domestic group, whether of
monastery or manor-house, were satisfied by the labours of the
members of the group itself. The latter, on the contrary, is
marked by the presence of a body of men each of whom was
occupied more or less completely in one particular
manufacture. The very growth from the one to the other system,
therefore, is an example of 'division of labour,' or, to use a
better phrase, of 'division of employments.' … When the
place of the young manufactures of the twelfth century in the
development of mediæval society is thus conceived, the
discussion as to a possible Roman 'origin' of the gilds loses
much of its interest. No doubt modern historians have
exaggerated the breach in continuity between the Roman and the
barbarian world; no doubt the artisans in the later Roman
Empire had an organization somewhat like that of the later
gilds. Moreover, it is possible that in one or two places in
Gaul certain artisan corporations may have had a continuous
existence from the fifth to the twelfth century. It is even
possible that Roman regulations may have served as models for
the organization of servile artisans on the lands of
monasteries and great nobles,—from which, on the continent,
some of the later craft gilds doubtless sprang. But when we
see that the growth of an artisan class, as distinguished from
isolated artisans here and there, was impossible till the
twelfth century, because society had not yet reached the stage
in which it was profitable or safe for a considerable number
of men to confine themselves to any occupation except
agriculture; and that the ideas which governed the craft gilds
were not peculiar to themselves but common to the whole
society of the time; then the elements of organization which
may conceivably have been derived from or suggested by the
Roman artisan corporations become of quite secondary
importance. There is, as we have said, little doubt that some
of the craft gilds of France and Germany were originally
organizations of artisan serfs on the manors of great lay or
ecclesiastical lords. This may also have been the case in some
places in England, but no evidence has yet been adduced to
show that it was so. … The relation of the craft gilds to
the merchant gild is a still more difficult question. In many
of the towns of Germany and the Netherlands a desperate
struggle took place during the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries between a burgher oligarchy, who monopolized the
municipal government, and were still further strengthened in
many cases by union in a merchant gild, and the artisans
organized in their craft gilds; the craftsmen fighting first
for the right of having gilds of their own, and then for a
share in the government of the town.
{1618}
These facts have been easily fitted into a symmetrical theory
of industrial development; the merchant gilds, it is said,
were first formed for protection against feudal lords, but
became exclusive, and so rendered necessary the formation of
craft gilds; and in the same way the craft gilds became
exclusive afterwards, and the journeymen were compelled to
form societies of their own for protection against the
masters. … The very neatness of such a theory, the readiness
with which it has been accepted by popular writers in spite of
the paucity of English evidence, have perhaps led some
historians to treat it with scant consideration. … At the
end of the reign of Edward III. there were in London
forty-eight companies or crafts, each with a separate
organization and officers of its own, a number which had
increased to at least sixty before the close of the century."

_W. J. Ashley,
An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory,
book 1, chapter 2 (volume 1)._

"The unions known by the names of mystery, faculty, trade,
fellowship, or (from the fact of possessing particular
costumes) livery company, existed in large numbers throughout
the realm, and were frequently divided into two or three
categories. Thus in London the principal crafts were the
twelve 'substantial companies' or 'livery companies' [Mercers,
Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, Merchant
Tailors, Haberdashers, Salters, Ironmongers, Vintners,
Cloth-workers]. … A perfect acquaintance with the details of
the trade and the desire as well as the ability to produce
good work were in all cases preliminary requisites [of
membership]. In fact the main provisions of the craft, the
very soul of its constitution, were the regulations intended
to ensure the excellence of the products and the capacity of
the workman. … The whole character of the craft guild is
explained by these regulations, designed to prevent fraud and
deception of the public."

_E. R. A. Seligman,
Mediæval Guilds of England
(American Economics Association,
volume 2, number 5), part 2, section 2._

ALSO IN:
_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 11._

_W. Herbert,
History of Twelve Great Livery Companies._

See, also, COMMUNE.

GUILDS OF FLANDERS.

"In the course of the tenth century Bruges had waxed great and
wealthy through its trade with England, while the Ghent people
constructed a port at the junction of their two rivers. The
Flemings, nevertheless, were still noted for the boorishness
of their demeanour, their addiction to intemperance, and their
excessive turbulence. Their pagan ancestors had been
accustomed to form associations for their mutual protection
against accidents by fire or water, and similar misadventures.
These unions were called 'Minne,' or Friendships—an idea
reproduced in the 'Amicitiæ,' to which allusion is so
frequently made in the deeds of ancient corporations. …
After a time the name of 'Minne' came to be supplanted by that
of 'Ghilde,' meaning a feast at the common expense. Each
ghilde was placed under the tutelage of a departed hero, or
demigod, and was managed by officers elected by the members—
social equality being the foundation of each fraternity.
Subsequent to the introduction of Christianity the demigod was
replaced by a saint, while the members were enjoined to
practise works of piety. … The Ghildes were the base of the
municipal administration, and gradually assumed the government
of the town, but took another form and appellation. The word
was thenceforward applied, in its restricted sense of Guild,
as referring to trade corporations, while the previous
organisation came to be described in French and Latin
documents as Commune or Communia, and embraced all who were
entitled to gather together in the cauter, or public place,
when the bell rang out the summons from the town belfry. In
Flanders the Communes grew out of popular institutions of
ancient date, and, though, no doubt, their influence was
sensibly increased by their confirmation at the hands of King
or Count, they did not owe their origin to royal or
seigniorial charters."

_J. Hutton,
James and Philip Van Arteveld,
part 1, chapter 1._

GUILDS OF FLORENCE.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1250-1293.

GUILFORD COURT HOUSE, Battle of (1781).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780-1781.

GUILLOTINE, The origin of the.

"It was during these winter months [of the session of the
French National Assembly, 1790] that Dr. Guillotin read his
long discourse upon the reformation of the penal code; of
which the 'Moniteur' has not preserved a single word. This
discourse attracts our attention on two accounts:—First, it
proposed a decree that there should be but one kind of
punishment for capital crimes; secondly, that the arm of the
executioner should be replaced by the action of a machine,
which Dr. Guillotin had invented. 'With the aid of my
machine,' said the glib doctor, 'I will make your head spring
off in the twinkling of an eye, and you will suffer nothing.'
Bursts of laughter met this declaration; nevertheless, the
Assembly listened with attention, and adopted the proposal."

_G. H. Lewes,
Life of Robespierre,
chapter 10._

ALSO IN:
_G. Everitt,
Guillotine the Great and her Successors._

_J. W. Croker,
History of the Guillotine._

----------GUINEGATE: Start--------

GUINEGATE, Battle of (1478).

A bloody but indecisive battle, fought between the French, on
one side, and Flemish and Burgundian troops on the other, in
the war produced by the attempt of Louis XI. to rob Mary of
Burgundy of her heritage. It was followed by a long truce, and
a final treaty.

_E. Smedley,
History of France,
part 1, chapter 17._

GUINEGATE: Battle of (1513).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1513-1515.

----------GUINEGATE: End----------

GUINES, Treaty of (1547).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1532-1547.

GUISCARD, Robert, and Roger and the Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily.

See ITALY: A. D. 1000-1090; and 1081-1194.

GUISE, Duke of, Assassination.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

GUISES, The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

GUIZOT'S MINISTRY.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1841-1848.

GUJERAT, Battle of (1849).

See INDIA: A. D. 1845-1849.

GUNDEBERTUS, King of the Lombards, A. D. 662-672.

{1619}

GUNPOWDER PLOT, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1605.

GURKHAS, OR GOORKAS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

GURU, OR GOOROO.

See SIKHS.

GUSTAVUS (I.) Vasa, King of Sweden, A. D. 1523-1560.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1397-1527, and 1523-1604.

Gustavus (II.) Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1611-1632.

Campaigns and death in Germany.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1630-1631, to 1631-1632.

Gustavus III., King of Sweden, 1771-1792.

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1792-1809.

GUTBORM, King of Norway, A. D. 1204-1205.

GUTENBERG, and the invention of Printing.

See PRINTING: A. D. 1430-1456.

GUTSTADT, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).

GUTHRIE, The founding of the city of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

GUTTONES, The.

See PRUSSIAN LANGUAGE, THE OLD.

GUUCHIES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

GUY FAWKES' DAY.

November 5, the anniversary of the day on which the
conspirators of the "Gunpowder Plot" intended to blow up King
and Parliament, in England.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1605.

GWENT.

See BRITAIN: 6TH CENTURY.

GWLEDIG.

A Welsh title, signifying ruler, or prince, which was taken by
the native leader in Britain after the Romans left. He was the
successor of the Roman Duke of Britain.

_J. Rhys,
Celtic Britain,
chapter 3._

See, also, ARTHUR, KING.

GWYNEDD.

See BRITAIN: 6TH CENTURY.

GYLIPPUS, and the defense of Syracuse.

See SYRACUSE: B. C. 415-413.

GYMNASIA, German.

See EDUCATION, MODERN:
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.—PRUSSIA: A. D. 1874.

GYMNASIA, Greek.

"Amongst public buildings [of the ancient Greeks] we mentioned
first the gymnasia, which, originating in the requirements of
single persons, soon became centre-points of Greek life.
Corporeal exercise was of great importance amongst the Greeks,
and the games and competitions in the various kinds of bodily
skill … formed a chief feature of their religious feasts.
This circumstance reacted on both sculpture and architecture,
in supplying the former with models of ideal beauty, and in
setting the task to the latter of providing suitable places
for these games to be celebrated. For purposes of this kind
(as far as public exhibition was not concerned) the palæstrai
and gymnasia served. In earlier times these two must be
distinguished. In the palæstra … young men practised
wrestling and boxing. As these arts were gradually developed,
larger establishments with separate compartments became
necessary. Originally such places were, like the schools of
the grammarians, kept by private persons; sometimes they
consisted only of open spaces, if possible near a brook and
surrounded by trees. Soon, however, regular
buildings—gymnasia—became necessary. At first they
consisted of an uncovered, court surrounded by colonnades,
adjoining which lay covered spaces, the former being used for
running and jumping, the latter for wrestling. In the same
degree as these exercises became more developed, and as
grown-up men began to take an interest in these youthful
sports, and spent a great part of their day at the gymnasia,
these grew in size and splendour. They soon became a necessary
of life, and no town could be without them, larger cities
often containing several."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 25._

Of gymnasia "there were many at Athens; though three only,
those of the Academy, Lyceum, and Cynosarges, have acquired
celebrity: The site of the first of these gymnasia being low
and marshy was in ancient times infested with malaria, but
having been drained by Cimon and planted with trees it became
a favourite promenade and place of exercise. Here, in walks
shaded by the sacred olive, might be seen young men with
crowns of rushes in flower upon their heads, enjoying the
sweet odour of the smilax and the white poplar, while the
platanos and the elm mingled their murmurs in the breeze of
spring. The meadows of the Academy, according to Aristophanes
the grammarian, were planted with the Apragmosune, a sort of
flower so called as though it smelt of all kind of fragrance
and safety, like our heart's-ease or flower of the Trinity.
This place is supposed to have derived its name from Ecadamos,
a public-spirited man who bequeathed his property for the
purpose of keeping it in order. … The name of the Lyceum,
sometimes derived from Lycus, son of Pandion, probably owed
its origin to the temenos of Lycian Apollo there situated. It
lay near the banks of the Ilissos, and was adorned with
stately edifices, fountains and groves. … In this place
anciently the Polemarch held his court and the forces of the
republic were exercised before they went forth to war.
Appended to the name of the Cynosarges, or third gymnasium
surrounded with groves, was a legend which related that when
Diomos was sacrificing to Hestia, a white dog snatched away a
part of the victim from the altar, and running straightway out
of the city deposited it on the spot where this gymnasium was
afterwards erected."

_J. A. St. John,
The Hellenes,
book 2, chapter 5._

"The name of that most illustrious of the Athenian gymnasia,
the Academy, has been preserved through the dark ages, and
exactly in the situation indicated by ancient testimony. We
are informed that the Academy was six or eight stades distant
from a gate in the wall of the asty named Dipylum, and that
the road from thence to the Academy led through that part of
the outer Cerameicus, in which it was a custom to bury the
Athenian citizens who had fallen in battle on important
occasions. Dipylum was the gate from whence began the Sacred
Way from Athens to Eleusis. … It appears also that the
Academy lay between the Sacred Way and the Colonus Hippius, a
height near the Cephissus, sacred to Neptune, and the scene of
the Œdipus Coloneus of Sophocles; for the Academy was not far
from Colonus, and the latter was ten stades distant from the
city. That part of the plain which is near the olive-groves,
on the northeastern side of Athens, and is now called
Akadhimia, is entirely in conformity with these data. It is on
the lowest level, where some water-courses from the ridges of
Lycabettus are consumed in gardens and olive plantations."

_W. M. Leake,
Topography of Athens,
section 2._

See, also,
EDUCATION, ANCIENT: GREECE.

{1620}

GYMNASIARCH.

See LITURGIES.

GYPSIES, The.

"Having in various and distant countries lived in habits of
intimacy with these people, I have come to the following
conclusions respecting them: that wherever they are found,
their manners and customs are virtually the same, though
somewhat modified by circumstances, and that the language they
speak amongst themselves, and of which they are particularly
anxious to keep others in ignorance, is in all countries one
and the same, but has been subjected more or less to
modification; and lastly, that their countenances exhibit a
decided family resemblance, but are darker or fairer according
to the temperature of the climate, but invariably darker, at
least in Europe, than the natives of the countries in which
they dwell, for example, England and Russia, Germany and
Spain. The names by which they are known differ with the
country, though, with one or two exceptions, not materially;
for example, they are styled in Russia, Zigani; in Turkey and
Persia, Zingarri; and in Germany, Zigeuner; all which words
apparently spring from the same etymon, which there is no
improbability in supposing to be 'Zincali,' a term by which
these people, especially those of Spain, sometimes designate
themselves, and the meaning of which is believed to be, 'The
black men of Zend or Ind.' In England and Spain they are
commonly known as Gypsies and Gitanos, from a general belief
that they were originally Egyptians, to which the two words
are tantamount; and in France as Bohemians, from the
circumstance that Bohemia was the first country in civilized
Europe where they made their appearance; though there is
reason for supposing that they had been wandering in the
remote regions of Sclavonia for a considerable time previous,
as their language abounds with words of Sclavonic origin,
which could not have been adopted in a hasty passage through a
wild and half populated country. But they generally style
themselves and the language which they speak, Rommany. This
word … is of Sanscrit origin, and signifies, 'The Husbands,'
or that which pertaineth unto them. From whatever motive this
appellation may have originated, it is perhaps more applicable
than any other to a sect or caste like them, who have no love
and no affection beyond their own race; who are capable of
making great sacrifices for each other, and who gladly prey
upon all the rest of the human species, whom they detest, and
by whom they are hated and despised. It will perhaps not be
out of place to observe here, that there is no reason for
supposing that the word Roma or Rommany is derived from the
Arabic word which signifies Greece or Grecians, as some people
not much acquainted with the language of the race in question
have imagined. … Scholars have asserted that the language
which they speak proves them to be of Indian stock, and
undoubtedly a great number of their words are Sanscrit. …
There is scarcely a part of the habitable world where they are
not to be found; their tents are alike pitched on the heaths
of Brazil and the ridges of the Himalayan hills, and their
language is heard at Moscow and Madrid, in the streets of
London and Stamboul."

_G. Borrow,
The Zincali,
volume 1, pages 2-5._

"One day, 450 years ago, or thereabouts, there knocked at the
gates of the city of Lüneburg, on the Elbe, as strange a
rabble rout as had ever been seen by German burgher. There
were 300 of them, men and women, accompanied by an
extraordinary number of children. They were dusky of skin,
with jet-black hair and eyes; they wore strange garments; they
were unwashed and dirty even beyond the liberal limits
tolerated by the cold-water-fearing citizens of Lüneburg; they
had with them horses, donkeys, and carts; they were led by two
men whom they described as Duke and Count. … All the
Lüneburgers turned out to gaze open-mouthed at these pilgrims,
while the Duke and the Count told the authorities their tale,
which was wild and romantic. … Many years before, they
explained, while the tears of penitence stood in the eyes of
all but the youngest children, they had been a Christian
community, living in orthodoxy, and therefore happiness, in a
far-off country known as Egypt. … They were then a happy
Christian flock. To their valley came the Saracens, an
execrable race, worshipping Mahound. Yielding, in an evil
hour, to the threats and persecutions of their conquerors,
they—here they turned their faces and wept aloud—they
abjured Christ. But thereafter they had no rest or peace, and
a remorse so deep fell upon their souls that they were fain to
arise, leave their homes, and journey to Rome in hope of
getting reconciliation with the Church, They were graciously
received by the Pope, who promised to admit them back into the
fold after seven years of penitential wandering. They had
letters of credit from King Sigismund—would the Lüneburgers
kindly look at them?—granting safe conduct and recommending
them to the protection of all honest people. The Lüneburg folk
were touched at the recital of so much suffering in a cause so
good; they granted the request of the strangers. They allowed
them to encamp, … The next day the strangers visited the
town. In the evening a good many things were missed,
especially those unconsidered trifles which a housewife may
leave about her doorway. Poultry became suddenly scarce; eggs
doubled in price; it was rumoured that purses had been lost
while their owners gazed at the strangers; cherished cups of
silver were not to be found. … While the Lüneburgers took
counsel, in their leisurely way, how to meet a case so
uncommon, the pilgrims suddenly decamped, leaving nothing
behind them but the ashes of their fires and the picked bones
of the purloined poultry. … This was the first historical
appearance of Gipsies. It was a curious place to appear in.
The mouth of the Elbe is a long way from Egypt, even if you
travel by sea, which does not appear to have been the case;
and a journey on laud not only would have been infinitely more
fatiguing, but would, one would think, have led to some notice
on the road before reaching Lüneburg. There, however, the
Gipsies certainly are first heard of, and henceforth history
has plenty to say about their doings. From Lüneburg they went
to Hamburg, Lübeck, Rostock, Griefswald, travelling in an
easterly direction. They are mentioned as having appeared in
Saxony, where they were driven away, as at Lüneburg, for their
thievish propensities. They travelled through Switzerland,
headed by their great Duke Michael, and pretending to have
been expelled from Egypt by the Turks, Their story in these
early years, though it varied in particulars, remained the
same in essentials.
{1621}
In Provence they called themselves Saracens; in Swabia they
were Egyptians doomed to everlasting wanderings for having
refused hospitality to the Virgin and Joseph; at Bâle, where
they exhibited letters of safe conduct from the Pope, they
were also Egyptians. Always the Land of the Nile; always the
same pretence, or it may be reminiscence, of sojourn in Egypt;
always, to soothe the suspicions of priests, faithful and
submissive sons of the Church. From the very first their real
character was apparent. They lie, cheat, and steal at
Lüneburg; they lie and steal everywhere; they tell fortunes
and cut purses, they buy and sell horses, they poison pigs,
they rob and plunder, they wander and they will not work. They
first came to Paris in the year 1427, when more people went to
see them, we are told, than ever crowded to the Fair of
Laudet. … They remained at St. Denis for a month, when they
received peremptory orders to quit for the usual reason. …
In the 16th century trouble began for the Roman folk. By this
time their character was perfectly well known. They were
called Bohemians, Heathen, Gitanos, Pharaohites, Robbers,
Tartars, and Zigeuner. They had abandoned the old lying story
of the penitential wanderings; they were outcasts; their hand
was against every man's hand; their customs were the same then
as they are described now by Leland or Borrow."

_Gipsies and their Friends
(Temple Bar, volume 47), pages 65-67._

"Since the publication of Pott's book upon the gypsies [_Die
Zigeuner in Europa und Asien_]—about 30 years ago—we have
come to regard the origin of this singular people with
considerable unanimity of opinion. Almost nobody doubts now
that they are Indians; and the assumption that all the gypsies
scattered throughout Europe are descended from one parent
stock meets with little contradiction. Both of these beliefs
are the outcome of the investigation of their language. …
Pott, in the introduction to his book, and quoting from the
'Shah-Name' of Firdousi, informs us that, during the 5th
century of our era, the Persian monarch, Behram Gour, received
from an Indian king 12,000 musicians of both sexes, who were
known as Luris. Now, as this is the name by which the gypsies
of Persia are known even at the present day, and as, moreover,
the author of the Persian work 'Modjmal at-tawarikh'
emphatically says that the Luris or Lulis of modern Persia are
the descendants of these same 12,000 musicians, there is no
hazard in the assumption that we have here the first recorded
gypsy migration. Confirmation of this is afforded by the
Arabian historian, Hamza of Ispahan, who wrote half a century
before Firdousi, and who was well versed in the history of the
Sassasinides. It is related by this author that Behram Gour
caused 12,000 musicians, called Zott, to be sent from India
for the benefit of his subjects. And 'Zott' is the name by
which the gypsies were known to the Arabs, and which they even
bear in Damascus at the present day. In the Arabic dictionary
'al-Kamus' this entry occurs: 'Zott, arabicized from Jatt, a
people of Indian origin. The word might be pronounced Zatt
with equal correctness.' … For the fatherland of these Zott,
or Jatt, we have not long to seek. Istakhri and Ibn-Haukal,
the celebrated 10th-century geographers, recount as follows:—
'Between al-Mansura and Mokran the waters of the Indus have
formed marshes, the borders of which are inhabited by certain
Indian tribes, called Zott; those of them who dwell near the
river live in huts, like the huts of the Berbers, and subsist
chiefly on fish and water-fowl; while those occupying the
level country further inland live like the Kurds, supporting
themselves on milk, cheese, and maize.' In these same regions
there are yet two more tribes placed by these geographers,
namely, the Bodha and the Meid. The former are properly,
according to Ibn-Haukal, a subdivision of the Zott. … In
course of time the Meds (to adopt the spelling favoured by Sir
Henry Elliott) overcame the Zotts, whom they treated with such
severity that they had to leave the country. The Zotts then
established themselves on the river Pehen, where they soon
became skilful sailors"; while those living farther to the
north, known as Kikan, became famed as breeders of horses and
herders of buffalos. When the Arabs, in their career of
conquest, came in contact with the Zotts, the latter joined
them, and large colonies of them were removed, for some
reason, to western Asia, and settled with their herds on the
lower Euphrates and Tigris, and in Syria. The Zotts on the
Tigris became strong and troublesome in time, and in 834 the
khalif Motacem, after subjugating them by force, removed them
from the country, to the number of 27,000, sending them to
Ainzarba, on the northern frontier of Syria. In 855, Ainzarba
was captured by the Byzantines, who carried off the Zotts,
with all their buffalo herds. "Here, then, we have the first
band of gypsies brought into the Greek Empire. … As regards
the destinies of the Zotts after they had been brought to Asia
Minor from Ainzarba, in the year 855, I have been unable—in
the course of a hurried search—to discover anything. But, now
that we know the year in which they entered Byzantine
territory, others may be more successful. Whether the name
Zott, or rather its Indian form Jatt (or Jaut), has also been
brought with them into Europe, I am, of course, as little able
to say."

_M. J. de Goeje,
A Contribution to the History of the Gypsies
(In "Accounts of the Gypsies of India,"
edited by D. MacRitchie)._

"Students of the gipsies, and especially those who have
interested themselves in the history of the race, will have
read with regret the announcement of the death, at Paris, on
March 1st, of the veteran 'tsiganologue,' M. Paul Bataillard.
For the last half century he had devoted his leisure time to
the study of the early notices of the presence of gipsies in
Europe. … It was his opinion that there have been gipsies in
Eastern Europe since prehistoric times, and that it is to them
Europe owes its knowledge of metallurgy. Heterodox although
this opinion may be, it has recently been observed by Mr. F.
H. Groome that 'Bataillard's theory is gaining favour with
foreign archæologists, among whom MM. Mortillet, Chantre, and
Burnouf had arrived independently at similar conclusions.'"

_The Athenæum,
March 31, 1894._

ALSO IN:
_C. G. Leland,
English Gipsies,
chapters 8-10._

_W. Simson.
History of the Gipsies._

GYRWAS.

"Fen-folk"—the name taken by a body of Engle freebooters who
occupied the islands in the Fen district of England for a long
time before they were able to possess the Roman-British towns
and country on its border.

_J. R. Green,
The Making of England,
chapter 2._

See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.

{1622}

H

HAARLEM: A. D. 1572-1573.
Siege and capture by Alva's Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1572-1573.

HABEAS CORPUS, Act and Writ of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1679 (MAY).

HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG, Origin of the House of.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1246-1282.

HABSBURG-LORRAINE, The House of.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1745 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

HACKINSACKS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

HADI, Al, Caliph, A. D. 786-809.

HADRIAN,
Roman Emperor, A. D. 117-138.
Hadrian I., Pope, 772-795.
Hadrian II., Pope, 867-872.
Hadrian III., Pope, 884-885.
Hadrian IV., Pope, 1154-1159.
Hadrian V., Pope, 1276, July to August.

HADRIANOPLE.

See ADRIANOPLE.

HADRIAN'S MAUSOLEUM.

See CASTLE ST. ANGELO.

HADRIAN'S WALL.

See ROMAN WALLS IN BRITAIN.

HADRUMETUM, OR ADRUMETUM.

See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF.

HÆDUI, The.

See ÆDUI.

HÆMUS, Mount.

The ancient name of the Balkan chain of mountains.

HÆRRED, The.

See HUNDRED, THE.

HAGENAU, Treaty of (1330).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1330-1364.

HAGUE, The:
Origin and Name.

"Unlike other Dutch cities, the Hague owed its importance, not
to commerce or manufactures, but to having early been made the
seat of government of the United Provinces, and to the
constant presence of the officers of state and the foreign
ministers accredited to the republic. For four centuries the
abode of the counts of Holland, it derives its name from the
'Haeg 'or hedge encircling the magnificent park which formed
their ancient hunting ground, and the majestic trees in which,
at this day, attract the admiration of Europe."

_J. R. Brodhead,
History of the State of New York,
volume 1, page 61._

HAGUENAU: Cession to France.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

HAIDAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SKITTAGETAN FAMILY.

HAIDERABAD, OR HYDERABAD, The Nizam of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1662-1748; and 1877.

HAINAULT.

Hainault, the region of the Netherlands occupied anciently by
the Nervii, became a county under hereditary lords in the 9th
century. In the 11th century it was joined by marriage to the
territories of the counts of Flanders, and so remained, until
the beginning of the 14th century. In 1300 Hainault and
Holland became joined under the same family of counts.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 922-1345.

HAITI.

See HAYTI.

HAKO, OR HAKON I. (called the Good),
King of Norway, A. D. 940-963.
Hako II. (Jarl), King of Norway, 977-995.
Hako III., King of Norway, 1202-1204.
Hako IV., King of Norway, 1207-1263.
Hako V., King of Norway, 1299-1319.
Hako VI., King of Norway, 1343-1380.

HALF-BREEDS.

See STALWARTS.

HALFWAY COVENANT, The.

See BOSTON: A. D. 1657-1669.

HALIARTUS, Battle of (B. C. 395).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

HALICARNASSUS.

See CARIANS;
and ASIA MINOR;
THE GREEK COLONIES;
also, MACEDONIA: B. C. 334-330.

HALIDON HILL, Battle of (1333).

See BERWICK-UPON-TWEED: A. D. 1293-1333;
and SCOTLAND: A. D. 1332-1333.

HALIFAX: A. D. 1749.
The founding of the city.

"In the year [1749] after the peace [of Aix-la-Chapelle] the
land forces in Great Britain were reduced to little more than
18,000 men; those in Minorca, Gibraltar, and the American
plantations, to 10,000; while the sailors retained in the
Royal Navy were under 17,000. From the large number both of
soldiers and seamen suddenly discharged, it was feared that
they might be either driven to distress or tempted to
depredation. Thus, both for their own comfort and for the
quiet of the remaining community, emigration seemed to afford
a safe and excellent resource. The province of Nova Scotia was
pitched upon for this experiment, and the freehold of fifty
acres was offered to each settler, with ten acres more for
every child brought with him, besides a free passage, and an
exemption from all taxes during a term of ten years. Allured
by such advantages, above 4,000 persons, with their families,
embarked under the command of Colonel Cornwallis, and landed
at the harbour of Chebuetow. The new town which soon arose
from their labours received its name from the Earl of Halifax,
who presided at the Board of Trade, and who had the principal
share in the foundation of this colony. In the first winter
there were but 300 huts of wood, surrounded by a palisade."

_Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope),
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapter 31 (volume 4)._

See, also,
NOVA SCOTIA: A. D. 1749-1755.

HALIFAX CURRENCY.

"For many years Canada used what was called 'Halifax
currency,' in which the nomenclature of sterling money was
that employed, but having a pound of this currency valued at
four dollars."

_G. Bryce,
Short History of the Canadian People,
page 433._

HALIFAX FISHERY AWARD.

See FISHERIES, NORTH AMERICAN: A. D. 1877-1888.

HALLECK, General Henry W. Command in Missouri.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY-NOVEMBER).

Command in the Valley of the Mississippi.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE);
(APRIL-MAY: TENNESSEE-MISSISSIPPI);
(JUNE-OCTOBER: TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY).

Command of all the armies.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER: MISSISSIPPI).

HAMADAN.

The capital city of ancient Media.

HAMATH, Kingdom of.

"It is impossible to doubt that the Hamathites are identical
with the Canaanitish tribe that was settled in the town of
Hamath, afterwards called Epiphania, on the Orontes, between
the Hittites and the Amorites of Kadesh. After the time of
David they were succeeded in that town by the Arimæans."

_F. Lenormant,
Manual of Ancient History of the East,
book 6, chapter 1 (volume 2)._

{1623}

----------HAMBURG: Start----------

HAMBURG:
The origin of the city, its freedom and commercial rise.

See HANSA TOWNS.

HAMBURG: A. D. 1801-1803.
One of six Free Cities which survived the Peace of Luneville.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1801-1803.

HAMBURG: A. D. 1806.
Occupied and oppressed by the French.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1806 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

HAMBURG: A. D. 1810.
Annexation to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1810 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

HAMBURG: A. D. 1810-1815.
Loss and recovery of the autonomy of a Free City.

See CITIES, IMPERIAL AND FREE, OF GERMANY.

HAMBURG: A. D. 1813.
Expulsion of the French.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1812-1813.

HAMBURG: A. D. 1813.
Defense by Marshal Davoust.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

HAMBURG: A. D. 1815.
Once more a Free City and a member of the Germanic
Confederation.

See VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF.

HAMBURG: A. D. 1888.
Surrender of free privileges.
Absorption in the Zollverein and Empire.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1888.

----------HAMBURG: End----------

HAMILCAR BARCA, and the First Punic War.

See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.

HAMILTON, Alexander,
The framing and adoption of the Federal Constitution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1787, and 1787-1789.

HAMILTON, Alexander:
Financial organization of the United States Government.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792;
also, TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES):
A. D. 1789-1791.

HAMILTON, Alexander:
The Federal Party.