Chapter CDXLI: Act 8: Parliament 1. repeated in Act 99. Parliament 7 (38)

"In her private agreement with Russia, England had consented
to the cession of Batoum, but she now sought to diminish the
value of that post by stipulating that the fortifications
should be demolished and the port declared free. The dispute,
which at one time assumed a serious character, was finally
settled by a declaration on the part of the Czar that Batoum
should be a free port. Kars, Ardahan, and Batoum were ceded to
Russia, the district of Khotur to Persia, and the Sultan
pledged himself to carry out the requisite reforms in Armenia
without loss of time, and to protect the inhabitants against
the Kurds and Circassians. At the same time a secret treaty
was made known which had been contracted between England and
Turkey on the 4th of June. By this treaty the Porte pledged
itself to carry out reforms in Asia Minor, and England, on her
part, guaranteed the integrity of the Sultan's Asiatic
possessions. To put England in a position to fulfil her part
of the treaty, and as a pledge for the execution of the
promised reforms, the Porte surrendered Cyprus to England as a
naval and military station, the latter agreeing to regard the
island as an integral part of the Turkish empire, and to make
over the surplus revenue to the Sultan. This treaty, which had
received the consent of Germany and Russia at the time of its
execution, aroused great indignation in France and Italy. … To
pacify the former state, Beaconsfield and Salisbury entered
into a secret arrangement with Waddington, in accordance with
which England was to put no obstacles in the way of a French
occupation of Tunis—an arrangement of which the French
government finally took advantage in the year 1881.
{3157}
The English representatives had also entered into an
arrangement with Austria in reference to Bosnia and
Herzegovina. In the sitting of June 29th Andrassy read a
memorandum in which he set forth that Austria had been
disturbed for a whole year by the insurrection in those
provinces, and had been compelled to receive and provide for
over 150,000 Bosnian fugitives, who positively refused again
to submit to the hardships of Turkish misrule; that Turkey was
not in a position to restore order in the disturbed districts.
… Thereupon the Marquis of Salisbury moved that Austria be
charged with the occupation and administration of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and … the congress … decided to hand over those
two provinces to Austro-Hungary. … The independence of Servia
and Montenegro was recognized on condition that full freedom
and political equality were accorded to the members of all
religions. Servia received an addition to her population of
280,000 souls, her most important acquisition being the city
and fortress of Nish. She also assumed a part of the Turkish
debt. The recognition of Roumanian independence was
conditioned on the cession of Bessarabia to Russia, and the
admission to political equality of the members of all
religions—a condition which had special reference to the Jews.
In compensation for Bessarabia Roumania was to receive the
Dobrudsha and the islands at the mouth of the Danube. …
Austria took possession of her share of the booty at once, but
not without the most obstinate resistance."

_W. Müller,
Political History of Recent Times,
section 30._

ALSO IN:
_Sir E. Hertslet,
The Map of Europe by Treaty,
volume 4, Numbers 518, 524-532._

_Duke of Argyll,
The Eastern Question,
volume 2, chapter 13._

See, also, BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: A. D. 1878.

TURKS: A. D. 1894.
Reported Atrocities in Armenia.

A disturbance of some nature—the causes and extent of which
have not yet been ascertained—occurring in Turkish Armenia
during the late weeks of summer or early part of autumn, gave
occasion for what is claimed to have been more horrible
atrocities on the part of the Turkish soldiery than were
committed in Bulgaria during the year 1877. The scene of
alleged massacres is in the mountainous district of Sassoun,
near the western end of Lake Van, where 6,000 men, women and
children are said to have been slain. The Christian world
having been roused, though not very promptly, by the reports
of this fresh outbreak of barbarism, the Porte has been forced
by pressure from the Powers to consent to the formation of a
commission to investigate the affair. England, France and
Russia are to be represented on the commission.

----------TURKS: End--------

TURLUPINS, The.

See BEGUINES.

TURNER, Nat, The Insurrection of.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832.

TURONES, The.

A tribe in ancient Gaul who gave their name to Touraine, the
district which they inhabited, and to Tours, the chief town of
that district.

See GAULS; also, VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

----------TUSCANY:Start--------

TUSCANY: A. D. 685-1115.
The founding of the duchy.
The reign of Countess Matilda.
The rise of the free cities.

"The first Lombard duke of whom any sure record remains is a
certain 'Alovisino' who flourished about the year 685; and the
last, though of more doubtful existence, is 'Tachiputo,' in
the 8th century, when Lucca was the principal seat of
government, with the privilege of coining, although her Counts
were not always Dukes and Marquises of Tuscany. About the year
800, the title of Duke seems to have changed to that of Count,
and although both are afterwards used the latter is most
common: Muratori says, that this dignity was in 813 enjoyed by
a certain Boniface whom Sismondi believes to be the ancestor
of Countess Matilda; but her father, the son of Tedaldo,
belonged to another race: he was the grandson to Attone, Azzo,
or Adelberto, Count of Cannosa. … The line of Boniface I.
finished in 1001 by the death of Hugo the Great. … After him,
on account of the civil wars between Ardoino and Henry, there
was no permanent Duke until 1014, when the latter appointed
Ranieri, whom Conrad the Salique deposed in 1027, making room
for Boniface the father of Countess Matilda. This heroine died
in 1115 after a reign of active exertion for herself and the
Church against the Emperors, which generated the infant and as
yet nameless factions of Guelph and Ghibeline. …

See 'War of Investitures,'
PAPACY: A. D. 1056-1122]

The fearless assertion of her own independence by successful
struggles with the Emperor was an example not overlooked by
the young Italian communities under Matilda's rule. … These
seeds of liberty began first to germinate amongst the Lombard
plains, but quickly spreading over the Apennines were welcomed
throughout Tuscany. …

See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.

It seems probable that in Tuscany, towards the commencement of
the 12th century, the Count's authority had passed entirely
into the principal communities, leaving that of the Marquis as
yet untouched; but there are reasons for believing that the
Countess Matilda in some of her difficulties was induced to
sell or cede a portion of her power, and probably all that of
the Count's. … Altogether, there appears little reason to
doubt the internal freedom of most Tuscan cities very early in
the 11th century."

_H. E. Napier,
Florentine History,
book 1, chapter 4 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_P. Villari,
The Two First Centuries of Florentine History,
volume I, chapter 2._

TUSCANY: A. D. 925-1020.
The rise of Pisa.

See PISA.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1063-1200.
Cultivation of architecture at Pisa.

See PISA: A. D. 1063-1293.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1077-1115.
Countess Matilda and her Donation to the Holy See.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1077-1102.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1215.
Beginning of the wars of Guelfs and Ghibellines.

See ITALY: A. D. 1215.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1248-1278.
The Guelf and Ghibelline wars.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1248-1278.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1250-1293.
Development of the popular constitution
of the Florentine Commonwealth.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1250-1293.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1282-1293.
War between Pisa and Genoa.
Battle of Meloria.
War of Florence and Lucca against Pisa.

See PISA: A. D. 1063-1293.

{3158}

TUSCANY: A. D. 1300-1313.
The new factions of Florence.
Bianchi and Neri.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1310-1313.
The visitation of the Emperor, Henry VII.
His war with the Guelfic cities.

See ITALY: A. D. 1310-1313.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1313-1328.
The wars of Florence and Pisa.
The subjection of Lucca to Castruccio Castracani
and his war with the Florentines.
The hostile visitation of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria.

See ITALY: A. D. 1313-1330.

TUSCANY: A. D 1336-1338.
War of Florence with Mastino della Scala, of Verona.

See VERONA: A. D. 1260-1338.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1341-1343.
Defeat of the Florentines by the Pisans before Lucca.
Brief tyranny of the Duke of Athens at Florence.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1341-1343.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1353-1359.
Sufferings and deliverance from "the Great Company."

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1393.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1378-1427.
The democratizing of Florence.
The Tumult of the Ciompi.
First appearances of the Medici.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1378-1427.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1390-1402.
Resistance of Florence to the conquests of the Duke of Milan.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1390-1402.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1433-1464.
The ascendancy of Cosimo de' Medici at Florence.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1433-1464.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1452-1454.
War of Florence and Milan against Venice, Naples,
Siena and other states.

See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1469-1492.
The government of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent,
at Florence.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1469-1492.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1494-1509.
The French deliverance of Pisa.
The long struggle and reconquest by Florence.

See PISA: A. D. 1494-1509.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1502-1569.
Restoration of the Medici in Florence and
their creation of the grand duchy of Tuscany.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1502-1569.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1725.
Reversion of the grand duchy pledged to the Infant of Spain.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1713-1725;
and ITALY: A. D. 1715-1735.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1735.
Reversion of the duchy secured to the ex-Duke of Lorraine.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735;
and ITALY: A. D.1715-1735.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1796.
Seizure of Leghorn by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

TUSCANY: A. D. 1801.
The grand duchy transformed into the Kingdom of Etruria
and given to the son of the Duke of Parma.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1801-1803.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1807.
End of the Kingdom of Etruria.
Cession and annexation to France.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1807.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1814-1815.
Restored to Ferdinand III.

See VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF;
and ITALY: A. D. 1814-1815.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1848-1849.
Revolution.
Expulsion of the Grand Duke.
Proclamation of a Republic and union with Rome.
The old order restored.

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

TUSCANY: A. D. 1859-1861.
Flight of the Grand Duke.
Formation of a provisional government.
Annexation to Sardinia.
Absorption in the new Kingdom of Italy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861.

----------TUSCANY: End--------

TUSCARORAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY,
and IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

TUSCULAN VILLAS.

"In Cicero's time the number of country-houses which a wealthy
Roman considered it necessary to possess had evidently become
considerable, and the amount spent upon them very great. The
orator himself had villas at Tusculum, Antium, Formiæ, Bairn,
and Pompeii, besides his town-house on the Palatine, and his
family seat at Arpinum. … The Tusculanum of Cicero had
formerly been in the possession of Sylla. … Close to the Villa
of Cicero, and so near that he could go across to fetch books
from the library, was the Villa of Lucullus. … Many other
Roman villas, lay on the Tusculan hills."

_R. Burn,
Rome and the Campagna,
chapter 14, part 3._

TUSCULUM.

"In the times of the Latin League, from the fall of Alba to
the battle of Lake Regillus, Tusculum was the most prominent
town in Latium. It suffered, like the other towns in Latium, a
complete eclipse during the later Republic and the Imperial
times; but in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth
centuries, under the Counts of Tusculum, it became again a
place of great importance and power, no less than seven popes
of the house of Tusculum having sat in the chair of St.
Peter." The ruins of Tusculum, about fifteen miles from Rome,
on the Alban hills, have been considerably explored.

_R. Burn,
Rome and the Campagna,
chapter 14, part 2._

See, also, ALBA.

TUTELOES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

TUTTLINGEN, DÜTLINGEN, Battle of (1643).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1643-1644.

TWEED RING, The.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871.

TWELVE APOSTLES OF IRELAND.

See CLONARD, MONASTERY OF.

TWELVE CÆSARS, The.

See ROME: A. D. 68-96.

TWELVE PEERS OF FRANCE.

The Twelve Peers of France were the nobles and prelates "who
held the great fiefs immediately from the Crown. … Their
number had been fixed by Louis VII. at twelve; six lay and six
ecclesiastical. They were the Dukes of Normandy, Burgundy,
Guienne, the Counts of Champagne, Flanders, Toulouse; the
Archbishop of Rheims, and the Bishops of Laon, Noyon, Châlons,
Beauvais and Langres. … The immediate vassals of the Duchy of
France, who held of the King as Duke, not as King, were not
Peers of France."

_G. W. Kitchin,
History of France,
volume 1, book 3, chapter 6, with foot-note._

TWELVE TABLES OF THE LAW, The.

See ROME: B. C. 451-449.

TWENTY-SECOND PRAIRIAL, Law of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (JUNE-JULY).

TWIGGS, General, Treacherous surrender of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860-1861 (DECEMBER-FEBRUARY).

TWIGHTWEES, OR MIAMIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY,
also ILLINOIS AND MIAMIS, and SACS, ETC.

TWILLER, Wouter Van, The governorship of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1638-1647.

{3159}

TWO SICILIES, The Kingdom of the.

The kingdom founded in Southern Italy and Sicily by the Norman
conquest in the 11th century (see ITALY: A. D. 1000-1090, and
1081-1194) maintained its existence until recent times,
sometimes as a unit, and sometimes divided into the two
dominions, insular and peninsular, of Sicily and Apulia, or
Naples. The division occurred first after the rising against
the French and the massacre known as "the Sicilian Vespers".

See ITALY: A. D. 1282-1300.

The crown of Sicily was then acquired by Peter, king of
Aragon, succeeded by his son Frederick. Charles of Anjou and
his successors were left in possession of the kingdom of
Naples, alone, although still claiming Sicily in union with
it. "As the king who reigned at Naples would not give up his
right to Sicily, … his kingdom is often called Sicily as well
as the Island Kingdom; and so when at last the two kingdoms
became one [again-see ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447], the strange
name of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies arose."

_W. Hunt,
History of Italy,
page 93._

See, also, NAPLES, and SICILY.

TYCHE.

One of the variously named parts of the ancient city of
Syracuse, Sicily. Its position was northwest of Achradina.

TYCOON, SHOGUN.

See JAPAN: SKETCH OF HISTORY.

TYLER. John:
Vice-Presidential election.
Succession to the Presidency.
Administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1840, to 1845.

TYLER, Wat, The Rebellion of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1381.

TYLIS, Celtic Empire of.

"The empire of Tylis in the Haemus, which the Celts, not long
after the death of Alexander [the Great], and nearly at the
same time with their permanent settlement in Asia Minor, had
founded in the Moeso-Thracian territory, destroyed the seed of
Greek civilisation within its sphere, and itself succumbed
during the Hannibalic war to the assaults of the Thracians,
who extirpated these intruders to the last man."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 7._

TYNDARIS, Naval battle at (B. C. 257).

See PUNIC WARS: THE FIRST.

TYNWALD, Court of.

See MANX KINGDOM;
and, also, THING.

TYRANTS, Greek.

"A 'tyranny,' in the Greek sense of the word, was the
irresponsible dominion of a single person, not founded on
hereditary right, like the monarchies of the heroic ages and
of many barbarian nations, nor on a free election, like that
of a dictator or æsymnete, but on force. It did not change its
character when transmitted through several generations, nor
was any other name invented to describe it when power, which
had been acquired by violence, was used for the public good;
though Aristotle makes it an element in the definition of
tyranny, that it is exercised for selfish ends. But, according
to the ordinary Greek notions, and the usage of the Greek
historians, a mild and beneficent tyranny is an expression
which involves no contradiction."

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 10._

"In spite of the worst which has been said against them, the
tyrants hold a legitimate place in the progress of Greek
constitutional history. They were the means of breaking down
the oligarchies in the interests of the people. … It was at
Sicyon that the first tyrannis arose. … About the year 670 B.
C. a certain Orthagoras, who is said to have been a cook,
succeeded in establishing himself as tyrant in Sicyon. Of his
reign no incident is recorded. He was succeeded by his son
Myron."

_E. Abbott,
History of Greece,
part 1, chapter 12._

ALSO IN:
_J. P. Mahaffy,
Problems in Greek History,
chapter 4._

See, also, DESPOTS.

TYRAS, The.

The ancient name of the river Dniester.

TYRCONNEL'S DOMINATION IN IRELAND.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1685-1688.

----------TYRE: Start--------

TYRE.

"Justin represents Tyre as having been founded a year before
the Capture of Troy, thus apparently reducing by about 1,500
years the date assigned to it by the priests of the temple of
Hercules. … Josephus places the settlement of Tyre 240 years
before the building of Solomon's Temple. He refers no doubt to
the same event as Justin, the occupation of the island by the
Sidonians, as he cannot have been ignorant of the mention of
Tyre in the Old Testament more than 240 years before Solomon.
The date of the building of Solomon's Temple is itself
disputed, estimates varying from 1012 B. C. to 969 B. C. …
Tyre consisted of two parts, an island about three-quarters of
a mile in length, separated from the mainland by a strait four
stadia, about half a mile, in width at its northern end, and a
town on the shore. The latter was distinguished as Palæ-Tyrus,
or Ancient Tyre, and was the chief seat of the population,
till the wars of the Assyrian monarchs against Phœnicia. It
extended along the shore from the river Leontes in the north
to the fountain of Rusel-Ain in the south, a distance of seven
miles, great part of which would be suburb rather than city.
Pliny, who wrote when its boundaries could still be traced,
computes the circuit of Palæ-Tyrus and the island together at
nineteen Roman miles, that of the island town being 22 stadia.
… Though called Old Tyre, because it lay in ruins, when the
younger city on the island was in the height of its
prosperity, it was from the first connected with it; and the
name of Tyre (Tsour), 'a rock,' would hardly be appropriate,
except to the island. … It is probable that, from the first,
the island, from the excellence of its natural harbour, was a
naval station to the city on the mainland, and, as a place of
security, the seat of the worship of the national deities,
Astarte, Belus, Hercules. … The situation of Palæ-Tyrus was
one of the most fertile spots on the coast of Phœnicia. The
plain is here about five miles wide, the soil is dark, and the
variety of its productions excited the wonder of the
Crusaders. Near the southern extremity of the city was a
fountain, which, communicating with some natural receptacle in
the mountains above, poured forth copious and perennial
streams of pure and cool water. An aqueduct distributed them
through the town. … Whatever may have been the relative
importance of Palæ-Tyrus and the island, previous to the great
migration from Sidon, occasioned by the victory of the
Ascalonites, there can be no doubt that from this time the
population of the island greatly increased. The colonization
of Gades took place about a century later. But we have no
connected history of Tyre till near the age of Solomon."

_J. Kenrick,
Phœnicia: History,
chapter 1._

See, also, PHŒNICIANS.

TYRE:
The founding of the colony of Carthage.

See CARTHAGE: THE FOUNDING OF.

TYRE: B. C. 598-585.
Siege by Nebuchadnezzar.

See PHŒNICIANS: B. C. 850-538.

{3160}

TYRE: B. C. 332.
Siege and capture by Alexander the Great.

After defeating the Persians at Issus (see MACEDONIA: B. C.
334-330), Alexander turned his attention to the tributary
Phœnician cities, whose fleets gave to the Great King a naval
power more formidable than the hosts of the nations which
marched at his command. Sidon, Byblus, and other towns
submitted promptly to the conqueror. Tyre offered a qualified
surrender, which did not satisfy the haughty Macedonian, and
he instantly laid siege to the city. Having no adequate fleet
with which to reach the island-town, he resolved to carry a
causeway across the channel which separated the island from
Old Tyre, on the mainland, and he demolished the buildings of
the latter to provide materials for the work. It was an
undertaking of immense magnitude and difficulty, and the
ingenious Tyrians found many modes of interfering with it.
They succeeded in destroying the mole when half of it had been
built; but Alexander, with obstinate perseverance, began his
work anew, on a larger scale than before. He also collected a
strong fleet of war-galleys, from Cyprus and from the
Phœnicians who had submitted to him, with which the opposition
of the enemy was checked and his own operations advanced.
After seven months of prodigious labor and incessant battle,
the strong walls of Tyre were beaten down and the city taken.
"It soon became a scene of unresisted carnage and plunder. The
Macedonians, exasperated by the length and labours of the
siege, which had lasted seven months, and by the execution of
their comrades [Greek prisoners, whom the Tyrians had put to
death on the walls, before the eyes of the besiegers, and cast
into the sea], spared none that fell into their hands. The
king—whom the Greeks call Azelmicus—with the principal
inhabitants, and some Carthaginian envoys who had been sent
with the usual offerings to Melkart, took refuge in his
sanctuary: and these alone, according to Arrian, were exempted
from the common lot of death or slavery. It was an act of
clemency, by which the conqueror at the same time displayed
his piety to the god. Of the rest, 8,000 perished in the first
slaughter, and 30,000, including a number of foreign
residents, were sold as slaves. But if we may believe Curtius,
15,000 were rescued by the Sidonians [of Alexander's navy],
who first hid them in their galleys, and afterwards
transported them to Sidon—not, it must be presumed, without
Alexander's connivance or consent. It sounds incredible, that
he should have ordered 2,000 of the prisoners to be crucified.
… Tyre was still occupied as a fortress, and soon recovered
some measure of her ancient prosperity."

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 50._

ALSO IN:
_Arrian,
Anabasis of Alexander,
book 2, chapters 15-24._

TYRE: B. C. 332-A. D. 638.
Under Greek and Roman domination.

"The Carians, with whom Alexander repeopled the city [of Tyre]
fell into the habits of the former population, and both Tyre
and Sidon recovered much of their commercial greatness. After
a long struggle be·tween the kingdoms of Egypt and Syria,
Phœnicia was finally secured to the latter by Antiochus the
Great (B. C. 198). But the commercial rivalry of Egypt proved
more serious even than political subjection; and the
foundation of Berenice on the Red Sea diverted to Alexander
much of the oriental commerce that had previously flowed
through Tyre and Sidon. But still they did not succumb to
their younger rival. Under the Romans, to whom Phœicia was
subjected with Syria [by Pompeius the Great, B. C. 64], Tyre
was still the first commercial city of the world."

_P. Smith,
History of the World: Ancient,
chapter 24._

TYRE: A. D. 638.
Capture by the Moslems.

After the taking of Jerusalem by the Caliph Omar, the Moslems
made themselves masters of the remainder of Palestine very
quickly. Tripoli was first won by treachery, and then the same
traitor who had delivered it, making his way to Tyre,
succeeded in bringing about the betrayal of that place. Many
of the inhabitants were put to the sword; but many others are
said to have saved their lives by accepting the religion of
the victors. The fall of Tyre was followed by the flight from
Cæsarea of Constantine, son of the Emperor Heraclius, who
commanded in Syria, and the entire abandonment of that rich
province to the Moslems.

_S. Ockley,
History of the Saracens,
pages 251-253 (Bohn ed.)._

TYRE: A. D. 1124.
Siege and Conquest by the Venetians and Crusaders.

The Venetians took little or no part in the First Crusade,
being largely engaged in commerce with the Saracens. But in
1124—a full quarter of a century after the taking of
Jerusalem—they found it wise to obtain an interest in the
Christian conquests that were spreading along the Levantine
coasts. They accordingly sent their doge, with a formidable
fleet, to offer aid to the Latin king of Jerusalem—then
Baldwin II.—for the reduction of either Ascalon or Tyre, both
of which cities were still held by the Moslems. Finding it
difficult to make choice between the two places, a solemn
drawing of lots took place, at the altar of the Holy
Sepulchre, as a means of ascertaining the will of God. The lot
decided that Tyre should be attacked, and operations were
accordingly begun. But "the Venetians, more devoted to the
interests of their commerce and of their nation than to those
of a Christian kingdom, demanded, before beginning the siege
of Tyre, that they should enjoy a church, a street, a common
oven, and a national tribunal in every city in Palestine. They
further demanded other privileges and the possession of a
third of the conquered city." The demands of the Venetians
were complied with, and Tyre, after a siege of over five
months, beleaguered by land and sea, was taken. The
capitulation was an honorable one and honorably respected. The
Moslem inhabitants were permitted to leave the city; the
Christians entered it triumphally, and the day on which the
news reached Jerusalem was made a festival.

_J. F. Michaud,
History of the Crusades,
book 5._

----------TYRE: End--------

TYROL:
Origin of the county and its name.

"Tyrol freed herself from the suzerainty of Bavaria in very
early times. She was divided among a number of princes, lay
and ecclesiastical. The principal of these were the counts of
the Adige or of the Tyrol, and the counts of Andechs, who
obtained the title of duke from Frederick I. [1152-1190], and
called themselves dukes of Meran. Their race came to an end in
1248, and their domains were united to those of the counts of
Tyrol who thus be·came possessed of the larger part of the
lands between the Inn and the Adige. Tyrol takes its name from
the castle of Tirol, which was built on the site of the Roman
station Teriolis, not far from Meran, on the upper waters of
the Adige."

_L. Leger,
History of Austro-Hungary,
page 144, footnote._

{3161}

"After the dissolution of the classic Roman Empire, the
Province of Rætia split up into parcels. … It is impossible,
in a sketch like this, to follow the various dynastic and
other changes, most of them extremely perplexed and obscure,
which ensued between the 5th and 10th centuries. At the end of
this period, the main constituents of the old province had
assumed something like the shape which they now bear. That is
to say, Rætia Secunda was separated from Rætia Prima, which
had also lost what formerly belonged to it south of the Alpine
ridge. … Tirol again had been detached from Rætia Prima, and
had begun to form a separate entity. Meanwhile a power of
first rate importance in the future history of Graubünden [the
Grisons] had arisen: namely the Bishopric of Chur. … The
Bishops of Chur took rank as feudal lords of the first class.
… Originally an insignificant house, exercising … the
functions of Bailies to the See of Chur, the Counts of Tirol
acquired influence and territory under the shadow of distant
ecclesiastical superiors."

_J. A. Symonds,
History of Graubünden
(In Strickland's "The Engadine"),
pages 23-27._

TYROL: A. D. 1363.
Acquired by the House of Austria.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1330-1364.

TYROL: A. D. 1805.
Taken from Austria and annexed to Bavaria.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1805-1806.

TYROL: A. D. 1809.
Heroic rising under Hofer, against the Bavarians and the French.
The crushing of the revolt.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809-1810 (APRIL-FEBRUARY).

TYROL: A. D. 1814-1815.
Restored to Austria.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (APRIL-JUNE);
and VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF.

----------TYROL: End--------

TYRONE'S REBELLIONS.
The Wars of the O'Neils.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.

TYRRHENIANS. TYRRHENIAN SEA.

The ancient race of people in western Italy whom the Romans
called Etrusci, and who called themselves the Rasenna, were
known to the Greeks as the Turrhenoi, or Tyrrhenians. They
were an enterprising maritime people, and hence the Greeks
called that part of the Mediterranean which washes the western
Italian coast the Tyrrhenian Sea.

See ETRUSCANS.

TZAR, CZAR.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1547.

TZOMBOR, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

U.

U. C., A. U. C., A. U.

Anno Urbis Conditæ: the "Year of Rome," reckoned from the
founding of the city.

See ROME: B. C. 753.

U. E. LOYALISTS.

See TORIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

UAUPE, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

UBERTI FAMILY, The.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1248-1278.

UCHEES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: UCHEAN FAMILY.

UCLES,
Battle of (1108).

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.

Battle of (1809).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808-1809 (DECEMBER-MARCH).

UDAIPORE, OODEYPOOR.

See RAJPOOTS.

UDHA-NALA, Battle of (1763).

See INDIA: A. D. 1757-1772.

UGANDA.

"It was in 1858 that the travellers Burton and Speke, starting
from Zanzibar, first made Europe acquainted with the existence
of that vast inland sea, the Victoria Lake, of which Rebmann
and Ernhardt had already heard native reports. Four years
later Speke and Grant, passing round the western shore,
reached Uganda; and they found here, if I may employ the
paradox, a singular, barbaric civilisation. Combined with the
most barbarous usages and the grossest superstition were many
of those advances in the scale of humanity which we are wont
to accept as indications of civilisation. There was an appeal
to law, and cases were decided after a formal hearing. The
administration was vested in the king,—an absolute despot,
—and from him downwards there existed a regular chain of
delegated power and control. Well-made roads, kept constantly
in repair, intersected the country in all directions. Rough
bridges were constructed across river swamps. An army was
maintained, and also a fleet of canoes on the waters of the
lake. The arts of building, smith-work, &c., were very far in
advance of anything to be found between Uganda and the coast.
The ideas of decency, the use of clothing, and the planting of
trees, were indications of long years of development, of which
the intricate customs and etiquettes surrounding the Court
were an additional proof. Speke traces the earliest
developments of this civilisation to Unyoro and its shepherd
kings, descendants of a nomadic, pastoral race—the Wahuma—whom
he supposes to be an offshoot from the Abyssinians or Gallas.
Uganda and the countries lying along the lake shore, being the
richest province of this Wahuma empire—called Kitara—had to
bring large quantities of produce to Unyoro for the king's
use, and their inhabitants were looked on as slaves. The
legend relates that a hunter named Uganda headed a revolt, and
was proclaimed king under the name of Kimera. Mtesa was the
seventh of the dynasty, according to Speke, which shows it to
be of some little antiquity. Speke was enthusiastic about the
fertility of Uganda, and the development of its people as
compared with the savage tribes of Africa. The next European
to visit the country was Colonel Chaillé Long, who was sent by
Gordon in the summer of 1874. Stanley followed in 1875, and
simultaneously Linant arrived in the country. In 1876 Gordon
sent Emin with a party of soldiers to Mtesa's capital. They
were for some time quartered there, and Gordon had views of
annexing Uganda to the Egyptian Sudan. … Stanley was even
louder in his praises of Uganda than Speke had been, and
described it as the 'Pearl of Africa.' In consequence of his
appeal on behalf of the people, a fund was started, and
missionaries were despatched to Uganda. These arrived in June
1877. … Some two years later—February 1879—the French (Roman
Catholic) Algerian Mission despatched a party of 'White
Fathers' to begin mission-work in Uganda.
{3162}
The religious differences between these two conflicting
creeds, which marked the very inauguration of the Roman
Catholic mission, much puzzled and confused Mtesa, since both
alike called themselves 'Christians.' The Arabs from the coast
had already settled in Uganda, and brought with them the
religion of Islam. … Mtesa showed great toleration to all
creeds, though at one time he had leaned to Mohammedanism, and
had ordered all Uganda to embrace that creed. Shortly after,
however, as the followers of Islam refused to eat the king's
meat because it was not killed in the orthodox way according
to the Koran, he ordered the massacre of all Mohammedans.
Mtesa died in the autumn of 1884, and Mwanga, then about
eighteen years old, succeeded him—being selected from among
Mtesa's sons on account of his personal likeness to the late
king, since in Uganda paternity is often difficult to prove.
At this time the three religions had made great progress, and
their disintegrating influences on the old customs began to be
more and more apparent. This was especially the case with
regard to the Christians, who no longer regarded the king as
divine, nor his acts, however gross and cruel, as having a
divine sanction. They owned a Higher allegiance, though they
remained obedient subjects, and distinguished themselves by
bravery in war. Such an attitude was, of course, intolerable
to a cruel despot like Mwanga. … There was still a further
reason for suspicion and fear of the white men. … The Egyptian
flag had been hoisted at Mruli and Fauvera in Unyoro, only
just beyond the borders of Uganda, and Gordon's envoys—Colonel
Long and Emin—and his troops had penetrated to Mtesa's
capital. The Arabs also told of the doings of the Belgians on
the Congo. At a later period reports reached Mwanga of German
annexations in Usagara on the East Coast. Last, and most
disturbing of all, was the news of Mr. Thomson's arrival near
Usoga in the East—the route from the coast by which native
tradition said that the conquerors of Uganda would come.
Mwanga had succeeded his father in November 1884. Early in
1885 he determined to stamp out those dangerous religions,
Mohammedan and Christian alike, which were disintegrating his
country. The missionaries Mackay and Ashe, were seized, and
their followers persecuted. But the religion spread the more.
A plot to depose Mwanga was discovered and crushed. With
varying fortunes—sometimes treated leniently, sometimes the
victims of violent persecution—the missionaries held their own
till the autumn of 1885. Then came news of Bishop Hannington's
approach." Unhappily the Bishop came by the forbidden Usoga
route, and Mwanga ordered that he be killed, with all his men,
which was done in October, 1885. "After this the position of
the Europeans was very precarious, but not till the following
May (1886) did the storm burst. Mwanga then threw aside all
restraint, and butchered the Christian converts wholesale. …
But in spite of the martyrdom by torture and burning, the
religion grew. … The heroism inspired by religion in the early
history of our own Church was repeated here in the heart of
Africa." At length, in 1888, there was a revolt, in which
Christians and Mohammedans seem to have combined, and Mwanga
fled to an island at the south of the Lake. His brother Kiwewa
was made king, and for a time, the Christians were in control
of affairs. But the Mohammedans grew jealous, and by a sudden
rising drove the Christians out. Kiwewa refusing to accept the
creed of Islam, was deposed, and another brother, Karema, was
raised to the throne. The exiled Christians now made overtures
to Mwanga, and an alliance was concluded, which resulted in
the overthrow of the Mohammedan or Arab party, and the
restoration of Mwanga to the throne, in October, 1889. The two
Christian factions, Catholic and Protestant, or French and
English, divided the country and all the offices of government
between them, but were bitterly jealous of each other and
perpetually quarreled, while the defeated Mohammedans were
still strong and unsubdued. Affairs were in this state when
Dr. Peters, the explorer in command of the German "Emin Relief
Expedition," came to Uganda, having learned of the rescue of
Emin Pasha by Stanley. Dr. Peters, with the aid of the French
party, succeeded in arranging some kind of treaty with Mwanga,
and this alarmed the Imperial British East Africa Company (see
AFRICA: A. D. 1884-1891) when news of it had been received.
That alarm was soon increased by intelligence that Emin Pasha
had entered the German service and was about to conduct a
strong expedition to the south of Lake Victoria Nyanza. These
and other circumstances led to the despatching of Captain
Lugard with a small force to Uganda to represent the British
East Africa Company and establish its influence there. Captain
Lugard arrived at Mengo, the capital of Uganda, on the 18th of
December, 1890. Meantime Great Britain and Germany, by the
Anglo-German Agreement of July 1, 1890 (see AFRICA: A. D.
1884-1891) had settled all questions between them as to their
respective "spheres of influence," and Uganda had been
definitely placed within the British "sphere." This enabled
Captain Lugard to secure the signing of a treaty which
recognized the suzerainty of the Company, established its
protectorate over Uganda, and conceded to it many important
commercial and political powers. He remained in the country
until June, 1892, during which time he was driven to take part
in a furious war that broke out between the Catholic and
Protestant parties. The war ended in a partition of territory
between the factions, and three small provinces were, at the
same time, assigned to the Mohammedans. After maintaining
Captain Lugard and his force in the country for eighteen
months, the Company found the cost so heavy and the prospect
of returns so distant, that it came to a resolution to
withdraw; but was induced by a subscription of £16,000 from
the Church Missionary Society to remain for another year in
the exercise of the control which it had acquired. At the end
of 1892 the Company renewed its resolution to evacuate the
region west of Lake Victoria, and the British Government was
urgently pressed to take upon itself the administration of the
country. It was only persuaded, however, to assume the cost of
a further occupation of Uganda for three months by the
Company's officers, in order to give more time for ensuring
the safety of missionaries and other Europeans. It consented,
moreover, to despatch a Commissioner to investigate the
situation and report upon it. The official selected for that
duty was Sir Gerald Porter, Consul-General at Zanzibar.
{3163}
Sir Gerald returned to England with his report in December,
1893, and died of typhoid fever in the month following. His
report urged the maintenance of an effective control over the
government of Uganda, to be exercised directly by the British
Government, in the form of a Protectorate, keeping the king on
his throne, with a Commissioner at his side to direct his
action in all important particulars. After much discussion,
the decision of the Government was announced at the beginning
of June, 1894. It determined to establish the proposed
Protectorate in Uganda, not extending to Unyoro, and to place
a Sub-Commissioner on duty between Lake Victoria and the sea,
for the purpose of watching over communications, and
apparently without political powers. The Government declined
to undertake the building of the railway from Mombassa on the
coast to the Lake, for which the Imperial British East Africa
Company had made surveys.

_Captain F. D. Lugard,
The Rise of our East African Empire._

ALSO IN:
_Sir Gerald Porter,
The British Mission to Uganda in 1893._

_P. L. McDermott,
British East Africa, or Ibea.
The Spectator, June 9, 1894._

See, also, AFRICAN EXPLORATION, &c., in Supplement.

UGRI.

See HUNGARIANS.

UGRO-FINNISH RACES.

See TURANIAN.

UHILCHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

UIRINA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

UKASE.

An edict of the Russian government, deriving the force of law
from the absolute authority of the Czar.

UKRAINE, The.

See RUSSIA, GREAT, &c.;
also COSSACKS.

ULADISLAUS I.,
King of Poland, A. D. 1083-1102.

Uladislaus II., King of Bohemia, 1471-1516.

Uladislaus II., Duke of Poland, 1138-1146.

Uladislaus III., Duke of Poland, 1296-1333.

Uladislaus IV. (Jagellon), King of Bohemia, 1471-1516;
V. of Hungary, 1490-1516.

Uladislaus V. (Jagellon), King of Poland
and Duke of Lithuania, 1385-1434.

Uladislaus VI., King of Poland, 1434-1444.

Uladislaus VII., King of Poland, 1632-1648.

ULCA, Battle of the (A. D. 488).

See Rom:: A. D. 488-526.

ULEMA.

See SUBLIME PORTE.

----------ULM: Start--------

ULM: A. D. 1620.
Treaty of the Evangelical Union with the Catholic League.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1618-1620.

ULM: A. D. 1702-1704.
Taken by the Bavarians and French,
and recovered by Marlborough.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1702; and 1704.

ULM: A. D. 1805.
Mack's capitulation.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805 (MARCH-DECEMBER).

----------ULM: End--------

ULMENES.

See CHILE: THE ARAUCANIANS.

ULSTER, The Plantation of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1607-1611.

ULSTER TENANT-RIGHT.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1848-1852.

ULTIMA THULE.

See THULE.

ULTRA VIRES.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1846.

ULTRAMONTANE. ULTRAMONTANISM.

The term ultramontane (beyond the mountain) has been used for
so long a time in France and Germany to indicate the extreme
doctrines of Papal supremacy maintained beyond the Alps—that
is, in Italy, and especially at Rome—that it has come to have
no other meaning. The ultramontanists in each country are
those who make themselves partisans of these doctrines, in
opposition to the more independent division of the Roman
Catholic Church.

UMBRIANS, The.

"The Umbrians at one time possessed dominion over great part
of central Italy. Inscriptions in their language also remain,
and manifestly show that they spoke a tongue not alien to the
Latin. The irruption of the Sabellian and of the Etruscan
nations was probably the cause which broke the power of the
Umbrians, and drove them back to a scanty territory between
the Æsis, the Rubicon, and the Tiber."

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
introduction, section 2._

See, also, ITALY: ANCIENT.

UNALACHTIGOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

UNAMIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

UNCIA, The.

See As;
also, FOOT, THE ROMAN.

UNCTION.

See CORONATION.

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1840-1860.

UNELLI, The.

The Unelli were one of the Armorican tribes of ancient Gaul.
Their country was "the Cotantin of the ante-revolutionary
period, the present department of Manche."

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 4, chapter 6._

UNIFORMITY, Acts of.

Two Acts of Uniformity were passed by the English Parliament
in the reign of Edward VI. (1548 and 1552), both of which were
repealed under Mary. In 1559, the second year of Elizabeth, a
more thorough-going law of the same nature was enacted, by the
provisions of which, "
(1) the revised Book of Common Prayer as established by Edward
VI. in 1552, was, with a few alterations and additions,
revised and confirmed.
(2) Any parson, vicar, or other minister, whether beneficed or
not, wilfully using any but the established liturgy, was to
suffer, for the first offence, six months' imprisonment, and,
if beneficed, forfeit the profits of his benefice for a year;
for the second offence, a year's imprisonment; for the third,
imprisonment for life.
(3) All persons absenting themselves, without lawful
or reasonable excuse, from the service at their parish church
on Sundays and holydays, were to be punished by ecclesiastical
censures and a fine of one shilling for the use of the poor."

_T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History,
chapter 12._

See, also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1559.

In 1662 soon after the Restoration, another Act of Uniformity
was passed, the immediate effect of which was to eject about
2,000 ministers from the established Church.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1662-1665.

UNIGENITUS, The Bull.

See PORT ROYAL, AND THE JANSENISTS: A. D.1702-1715.

UNION, The German Protestant (17th Century).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1608-1618.

UNION JACK.

The national flag of Great Britain and Ireland, uniting the
red cross of St. George and the diagonal crosses of St. Andrew
and St. Patrick, on a blue ground.

{3164}

UNION LEAGUE, The.

A secret political society formed in the United States soon
after the outbreak of the American Civil War, having for its
object a closer and more effective organization of the
supporters of the national government. It was very large in
numbers for a time, but declined as the need of such an
organization disappeared.

UNION OF BRUSSELS.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

UNION OF CALMAR, The.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1018-1397; and 1397-1527.

UNION OF HEILBRONN, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1632-1634.

UNION OF UTRECHT, The.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

UNITARIANISM.

"In its restricted sense Unitarianism means belief in the
personal unity of God instead of in a community of divine
persons. … Among the articles of Unitarian faith so
understood, besides the doctrine of one supreme divine person,
may be enumerated belief in human nature, in moral freedom, in
human reason, in character as of more worth than ritual or
creed, in the equal justice not to say mercy of God, in the
unreality of a devil, not to say of evil, and in the ultimate
salvation, or evolution into something better, of all souls.
Without being in any sense the first article of the faith,
either in the historical order as having been the
starting-point, or in the logical order as underlying the
whole system, or in the order of importance as being with us
the doctrine of doctrines, it has happened in spite of a
thousand protests that belief in God's personal unity has
given its name to the entire confession. The movement first
called Socinian, then Arminian, and finally Unitarian, began
as a protest of the 'natural man' against two particularly
hateful doctrines of Calvinism, that of total depravity and
that of predestination."

_S. C. Beach,
Unitarianism and the Reformation
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History)._

"The establishment of distinct Unitarian churches in England
dates back to 1774, when Theophilus Lindsey left the Church of
England and went up to London to start the first avowedly
Unitarian place of worship in the country. But that was not
the beginning of Unitarianism. Centuries before this,
Unitarianism began in England as an individual opinion, had
first its martyr-age, then a period when it was a great
ferment of controversy, and finally the distinct development
of it which stands today in our English Unitarian body. The
names of some of the Unitarian martyrs on the continent of
Europe are comparatively well known,—Servetus, burned by
Calvin; Valentine Gentilis the Italian; and other isolated
students here and there, who had been stirred up by the
Reformation spirit to read the Bible for themselves, and who
could not stop where Luther and Calvin stopped. … What is
called the 'era of toleration' began immediately after the
overthrow of the Stuarts in 1688. The sects were now at
liberty to go quietly on in their own way. On the one hand
there was the great established Episcopal Church,—at a pretty
low ebb in religious life, for its most earnest life had gone
out of it on that 'black Bartholomew's Day, 1662,' when the
two thousand Puritan clergy were ejected.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1662-1665.

On the other hand were these Puritans,—'Dissenters' they began
now to be called,—divided into three great sects, Baptists,
Independents, and English Presbyterians. Now, these were all
free. They could build churches, and they did. From 1693 to
1720 was the great 'chapel'-building time. … But now, in this
great development of chapel-building by these three
denominations, a curious thing took place, which unexpectedly
affected their after history. That curious thing was, that
while the Baptists and Independents (or Congregationalists)
tied down all these new chapels to perpetual orthodox uses by
rigid doctrinal trust-deeds, … the English Presbyterians left
theirs free. It seems strange that they should do so; for the
Presbyterians had begun by being the narrowest sect of the
Puritans, and the Scotch Presbyterians always remained so. But
the English Presbyterians had very little to do with the
Scotch ones, and through all the changes and sufferings they
had had to go through they had become broadened; and so it
carne to pass that now, when they were building their churches
or chapels up and down the country, they left them free. … The
English Presbyterians, thus left free, began to grow more
liberal. … A general reverence for Christ took the place of
the old distinct belief in his deity. … They opened the
communion to all; they no longer insisted on the old
professions of 'church-membership,' but counted all who
worshipped with them 'the church.' Thus things were going on
all through the middle of the last century. Of course it was
not the same everywhere; some still held the old views. … One
man among them, … Dr. Joseph Priestley, … was one of the
leading scientists of his time,—a restless investigator, and
at the same time an earnest religious thinker and student,
just as eager to make out the truth about religion as to
investigate the properties of oxygen or electricity. So he
investigated Christianity, studied the creeds of the churches,
came to the conclusion that they were a long way from the
Christianity of Christ, and gradually came to be a
thoroughgoing Unitarian. When he came to this conclusion he
did not hide it; he proclaimed it and preached it. … The
upshot of it was, that at length he aroused a large part of
the body to the consciousness that they were really
Unitarians. They still did not take the name; they disliked
sect-names altogether. … And so, though they mostly continued
to call themselves English Presbyterians, or simply
Presbyterians, all the world began to call them Unitarians;
and more and more the Baptists and Independents, or
Congregationalists, who had formerly fellowshipped and worked
with them, drew apart, and left them, as they are to-day, in
the reluctant isolation of a separate Unitarian body. Two
other movements of thought of a somewhat similar kind
increased and strengthened this development of a separate
Unitarian body,—one among the General Baptists, the other in
the great Episcopal Church itself."

_B. Herford,
Unitarianism in England
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History)._

{3165}

"It is hard to trace the early history of Unitarianism in New
England. The name was seldom used, yet not omitted with any
view to concealment; for we have abundant proof that the
ministers to whom it belonged preached what they believed
clearly and fully. … But a marvellous change had taken place
in the last century, at the beginning of which the denial of
the Trinity would have seemed no better than blasphemy; while
at its close nearly all the clergy of Boston and its vicinity
and many others in Massachusetts were known to dissent from
the ancestral creed, to have ceased to use Trinitarian
doxologies, and to preach what was then known as Arianism,
regarding Jesus Christ as the greatest and oldest of created
beings, but in no proper sense as God. At the same time, so
little stress was laid on the Trinity by its professed
believers that, with two or three exceptions, these Arians
remained in full church fellowship with those of the orthodox
faith. In the territory now within the limits of Boston there
were, a century ago, but two professedly Trinitarian
ministers, one of them being Dr. Thacher, of the liberal
Brattle Square Church, while Dr. Eckley, of the Old South
Church, was known to entertain doubts as to the deity of
Christ."

_A. P. Peabody,
Early New England Unitarians
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History)._

UNITED BRETHREN (Unitas Fratrum).

See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1434-1457, and 1621-1648;
also MORAVIAN OR BOHEMIAN BRETHREN.

UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS.

See TORIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

UNITED IRISHMEN, The Society of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1793-1798.

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN, Formation of the.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1707.

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, Creation of the.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1798-1800.

UNITED NETHERLANDS,
or United Provinces, or United States of the Netherlands.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581, 1581-1584,
1584-1585, and after.

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, The.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1843.

----------UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Start--------

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1492-1620.
Discovery and exploration of the Atlantic coast.

See AMERICA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1607-1752.
First settlement and organization of the
thirteen original English colonies.